1.2 2012-01-22 21:01:2012 11:54 AAO part_of NCBITaxon:8292 BILA BSPO CARO EHDAA EHDAA2 EMAPA EV FBbt part_of NCBITaxon:7227 FMA part_of NCBITaxon:9606 GO HAO part_of NCBITaxon:7399 MA part_of NCBITaxon:10088 MFO part_of NCBITaxon:8089 NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy http://ontology.neuinfo.org/NIF/BiomaterialEntities/NIF-GrossAnatomy.owl# OG OGES SPD part_of NCBITaxon:6893 TADS part_of NCBITaxon:6939 TAO part_of NCBITaxon:32443 TGMA part_of NCBITaxon:44484 VAO WBbt part_of NCBITaxon:6237 Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ XAO part_of NCBITaxon:8353 ZFA part_of NCBITaxon:7954 cjm ncithesaurus part_of NCBITaxon:40674 uberon core classes typically found across vertebrates. one purpose is to create a rough set of terms that could be used to start a new vertebrate AO developmental_classification derived from the union of EHDAA2 and EMAPA - still to be checked taxonomic disambiguation term replaced by has_synonym_type database_cross_reference core classes typically found across metazoa. one purpose is to create a rough set of terms that could be used to start a new metazoan AO. Note this subset is not yet fully fleshed out A subset specifically created for the 2012 Phenotype RCN meeting. Includes some human-specific terms that may eventually be removed when they are adequately represented with part of relationships in FMA has_obo_namespace dubious or contested synonym subset_property classes that are defined by relative position counting from first in a series in an individual organism rather than by homology A class which has a weakened disjointness axiom, to avoid inconsistency. These are kept separately in the uberon_disjoint_from_strict ontology. synonym_type_property treat-xrefs-as-has-subclass has_exact_synonym A grouping class that originates in two or more separate anatomical ontologies. Includes 'region of X' type terms Subset consisting of classes creating for grouping purposes homologous_to homologous_to true uberon indicates that a synonym is used in an inconsistent or confusing way, typically between species developmental term treat-xrefs-as-reverse-genus-differentia has_narrow_synonym consider has_broad_synonym abstract upper-level terms not directly useful for analysis plural term shorthand organs, excluding individual muscles and skeletal elements has_obo_format_version in_subset definition expand expression to Terms in this subset group together terms from different anatomy ontologies that have conflicting upper ontology/CARO assignments. For example, in FMA the naris is immaterial and in ZFA it is an organism subdivision. has_alternative_id A class that represents an early developmental structure, like a blastocyst. This part of the ontology is undergoing review to remove inappropriate grouping classes. functional_classification Uberon slim - somewhat arbitrary subset that excludes obscure terms and deep compositional terms classes that have some inconsistency with FMA treat-xrefs-as-equivalent expert consultation and attribution required somewhat fuzzy grouping for analysis purposes, currently composed of something like: liver, heart, skeletal, kidney, bladder, brain, skin, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestines, trachea nose, lungs, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, gonads has_related_synonym dubious_for_taxon S dubious_for_taxon T if it is probably the case that no instances of S can be found in any instance of T. dubious_for_taxon this relation lacks a strong logical interpretation, but can be used in place of never_in_taxon where it is desirable to state that the definition of the class is too strict for the taxon under consideration, but placing a never_in_taxon link would result in a chain of inconsistencies that will take time to resolve. Example: metencephalon in teleost true true uberon S dubious_for_taxon T if it is probably the case that no instances of S can be found in any instance of T. UBERON:cjm a synonym made on the basis of a possibly homologous structure in another species has_fused_element A single bone in one species may correspond to the fusion of two or more bones found as distinct elements in another. For example, tibiofibula has_fused_element tibia. A has_fused_element B does not imply that A has_part some B, rather than A has_part some B', where B' is not a subtype of B (because B is a distinct element but B' is a regional part) but has some evolutionary relationship to B. has_fused_element true true uberon x has_fused_element y iff: there exists some z : x has_part z, z homologous_to y, and y is a distinct element, the boundary between x and z is largely fiat Indicates that subclasses in AOs may be inappropriately linked part_of BFO:0000050 note that all the uses of part_of in this ontology are for proper part of part_of part_of uberon has part BFO:0000051 has_part has_part uberon bearer of BFO BFO:0000053 bearer_of bearer_of realized by BFO BFO:0000054 realized_by realized_by participates in BFO BFO:0000056 participates_in participates_in preceded_by BFO:0000062 disjoint_from part_of, but this cannot be expressed in OWL2 preceded_by preceded_by uberon existence_starts_during BFO:0000068 Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing during some s. begins_to_exist_during existence_starts_during existence_starts_during uberon Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing during some s. UBERON:cjm existence_ends_during BFO:0000069 Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely. ceases_to_exist_during existence_ends_during existence_ends_during todo - add full axioms to bfo uberon Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely. UBERON:cjm distal_to BSPO:0000097 distal_to distal_to uberon x distal_to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal). BSPO:cjm x distal_to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal). dorsal_to BSPO:0000098 dorsal_to dorsal_to uberon x dorsal_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). BSPO:cjm x dorsal_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). proximal_to BSPO:0000100 proximal_to proximal_to uberon x proximal_to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y. BSPO:cjm x proximal_to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y. ventral_to BSPO:0000102 uberon ventral_to ventral_to x ventral_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). BSPO:cjm x ventral_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). deep_to BSPO:0000107 Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines. deep_to deep_to uberon BSPO:cjm Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines. in_left_side_of BSPO:0000120 X left_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the left portion. in_left_side_of in_left_side_of uberon BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X left_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the left portion. in_right_side_of BSPO:0000121 X right_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the right portion. in_right_side_of in_right_side_of uberon BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X right_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the right portion. in_proximal_side_of BSPO:0000124 X proximal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the proximal portion. in_proximal_side_of in_proximal_side_of uberon BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X proximal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the proximal portion. in_distal_side_of BSPO:0000125 X distal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the distal portion. in_distal_side_of in_distal_side_of uberon BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X distal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the distal portion. immediately_deep_to BSPO:0001107 This relation holds when both the deep_to and ajdacent_to relationship similarly hold. immediately_deep_to immediately_deep_to uberon BSPO:cjm This relation holds when both the deep_to and ajdacent_to relationship similarly hold. continuous_with FMA:85972 continuous_with continuous_with sourced from FMA uberon branch_of FMA:85994 Source: FMA. Editor note: we need to check if FMA branch_of implies part_of. the relation we intend to use here should - for example, see vestibulocochlear nerve branch_of branch_of uberon supplies FMA:86003 arterial supply of relation between an artery and the structure is supplies with blood. source: FMA supplies supplies uberon FMA:86003 arterial supply of overlaps A overlaps B if they share some part in common. BFO_0000051 some (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) RO:0002131 overlaps overlaps uberon only_in_taxon RO:0002160 S only_in_taxon T iff: S SubClassOf in_taxon only T only_in_taxon only_in_taxon uberon PMID:20973947 S only_in_taxon T iff: S SubClassOf in_taxon only T never_in_taxon RO:0002161 S never_in_taxon T iff: S SubClassOf in_taxon only not T never_in_taxon never_in_taxon true uberon PMID:20973947 S never_in_taxon T iff: S SubClassOf in_taxon only not T develops_from RO:0002202 develops_from develops_from uberon develops_into RO:0002203 develops_into develops_into uberon directly_develops_from RO:0002207 directly_develops_from directly_develops_from uberon capable_of RO:0002215 capable_of capable_of uberon adjacent_to RO:0002220 adjacent_to adjacent_to uberon x adjacent_to y iff: x and y share a boundary develops_from_part_of RO:0002225 develops_from_part_of develops_from_part_of uberon develops_in RO:0002226 develops_in develops_in uberon x develops_in y if x is located in x whilst x is developing. has developmental contribution from RO:0002254 has_developmental_contribution_from has_developmental_contribution_from uberon developmentally_replaces RO:0002285 developmentally_replaces developmentally_replaces uberon finishes Relation between occurrents, shares an end boundary with. finishes finishes ncithesaurus:Finish uberon Allen:starts Relation between occurrents, shares an end boundary with. UBERON:cjm ZFS:finishes anterior_to 2009-07-31T02:15:46Z anterior_to cjm uberon x anterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail: bearer BSPO:cjm x anterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail: bearer attached_to FMA:85990 attached_to uberon channel for carries channel_for uberon channels_from channels_from uberon channels_into channels_into uberon coincides_with Relation between occurrents, shares start and end boundaries. coincides_with coincides_with uberon Allen:starts Relation between occurrents, shares start and end boundaries. UBERON:cjm composed_primarily_of composed_primarily_of uberon x composed_primarily_of y iff: more than half of the mass of x is made from parts of y connects connects uberon contains contains uberon directly_preceded_by directly_preceded_by uberon encloses encloses uberon x encloses y iff the convex hull formed by x contains all or the majority of y. UBERON:cjm x encloses y iff the convex hull formed by x contains all or the majority of y. existence_ends_at c existence_ends_at e iff c exists_at e and not ( exists e2 : c exists_at e2 and e before e2). existence_ends_at uberon UBERON:cjm c existence_ends_at e iff c exists_at e and not ( exists e2 : c exists_at e2 and e before e2). existence_ends_before Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist before s. existence_ends_before uberon Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist before s. UBERON:cjm existence_ends_with Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c ceases to exist at the end of p. existence_ends_with uberon Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c ceases to exist at the end of p. UBERON:cjm existence_starts_after Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing after some s has completed. disjoint_from existence_starts_during (but this cannot be expressed in OWL2) existence_starts_after uberon Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing after some s has completed. UBERON:cjm existence_starts_and_ends_during existence_starts_and_ends_during uberon existence_starts_at c existence_starts_at e iff c exists_at e and not ( exists e2 : c exists_at e2 and e2 before e) existence_starts_at uberon UBERON:cjm c existence_starts_at e iff c exists_at e and not ( exists e2 : c exists_at e2 and e2 before e) existence_starts_or_ends_during existence_starts_or_ends_during uberon existence_starts_with Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c comes into existence at the start of p. existence_starts_with uberon Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c comes into existence at the start of p. UBERON:cjm exists_during exists_during uberon has_end has_end uberon has_function_in has_function_in uberon has_quality c has_quality q iff: q inheres_in c and q is a quality. has_quality uberon has_start has_start uberon induced_by induced_by sources for induced_by relationships in Uberon: Developmental Biology, Gilbert, 8th edition, figure 6.5(F) t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of organ induction (GO:0001759) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor tissue type T to T', where T' develops_from T. uberon GO:0001759 t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of organ induction (GO:0001759) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor tissue type T to T', where T' develops_from T. location_of 2009-07-30T10:22:21Z cjm location_of uberon output_of output_of uberon secreted_by secreted_by uberon secretes secretes uberon site_of C site_of P iff exists species S such that P occurs_in C for all members of S. Example: bursa of Fabricius site_of B-cell differentiation. site_of uberon C site_of P iff exists species S such that P occurs_in C for all members of S. Example: bursa of Fabricius site_of B-cell differentiation. GOC:cjm spatially_disjoint_from A is spatially_disjoint_from B if they have no parts in common. BFO_0000051 exactly 0 (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) in future this will be treated as an annotation assertion non_overlapping_with shares_no_parts_with spatially_disjoint_from uberon A is spatially_disjoint_from B if they have no parts in common. SO:cjm start_of start_of uberon starts Relation between occurrents, shares a start boundary with. starts uberon Allen:starts Relation between occurrents, shares a start boundary with. UBERON:cjm ZFS:starts surrounded_by surrounded_by uberon x surrounded_by y iff: x is adjacent to y and for every region r adjacent to x, r overlaps y UBERON:cjm x surrounded_by y iff: x is adjacent to y and for every region r adjacent to x, r overlaps y surrounds inverse of surrounded_by surrounds uberon UBERON:cjm inverse of surrounded_by tributary_of taken from the FMA tributary_of uberon processual entity 2009-04-09T05:51:24Z An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. UBERON:0000000 cjm uberon An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. span:ProcessualEntity uterine cervix BTO:0001421 EFO:0000979 EV:0100114 FMA:17740 GAID:376 Lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. MA:0000392 MAT:0000292 MESH:A.05.360.319.679.256 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVipEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245494008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies. UBERON:0000002 VHOG:0001359 canalis cervicis uteri cervical canal cervical canal of uterus cervix cervix of uterus neck of uterus uberon uterine cervix Lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. Wikipedia:Cervix FMA FMA:17740 FMA:TA canalis cervicis uteri naris AAO:0000311 EHDAA2:0001225 EHDAA:9083 EMAPA:17847 MA:0000282 Orifice of the olfactory system. The naris is the route by which odorants enter the olfactory system[MAH]. SCTID:272650008 TAO:0000550 UBERON:0000003 VHOG:0000663 ZFA:0000550 consistency notes: we have classified this as an orifice, according to FMA. Note that in FMA, orifices are immaterial entities, but in ZFA this is a surface structure. Taxon notes: in actinopterygians, both pairs of nares are external. In tetrapods, the exhalant empties into the buccal cavity galen:Naris uberon Orifice of the olfactory system. The naris is the route by which odorants enter the olfactory system[MAH]. UBERON:MAH FMA ZFA olfactory apparatus BTO:0000840 EFO:0000828 EHDAA2:0001274 EHDAA:1502 EMAPA:16542 EV:0100037 EV:0100370 FMA:46472 GAID:77 MA:0000281 MAT:0000139 MESH:A.01.456.505.733 MIAA:0000139 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181195007 TAO:0000047 TODO - distinguish generic olfactory apparatus from nose; we have olfactory organ for the generic organ - add new class 'olfactory structure'? UBERON:0000004 ZFA:0000047 a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout[WP]. GO: The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity). galen:Nose nasal sac ncithesaurus:Nose nose peripheral olfactory organ proboscis uberon ZFA:0000047 nasal sac Wikipedia:Nose a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout[WP]. GO: The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity). chemosensory organ FBbt:00005157 UBERON:0000005 chemosensory sensory organ uberon FBbt:00005157 chemosensory sensory organ islet of Langerhans A primitive exocrine pancreas can be found in holocephalan cartilaginous fish; a pancreatic duct directly ending in the gut lumen is connected to a glandular structure made of exocrine cells and associated with cell islets, which comprises three different hormone-producing cell types: insulin, somatostatin and glucagon (Yui and Fujita, 1986)[PMID:16417468] AAO:0010406 BTO:0000991 EFO:0000856 EMAPA:19246 EMAPA:19247 EMAPA:19248 EV:0100130 FMA:16016 GAID:324 MA:0000127 MAT:0000076 MESH:A.03.734.414 MIAA:0000076 Regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (i.e., hormone-producing) cells. UBERON:0000006 VHOG:0000646 XAO:0000159 island of Langerhans island of pancreas islets of langerhans ncithesaurus:Islet_of_Langerhans pancreatic insula pancreatic islet uberon BTO:0000991 island of pancreas BTO:0000991 island of Langerhans Regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (i.e., hormone-producing) cells. Wikipedia:Islet_of_Langerhans pituitary gland AAO:0010536 BM:Die-Hy-HY BTO:0001073 EFO:0000857 EHDAA2:0001471 EHDAA:2183 EHDAA:4477 EMAPA:16647 EMAPA:16898 EV:0100132 FMA:13889 GAID:457 MA:0000176 MAT:0000077 MESH:A.06.407.747 MIAA:0000077 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1353 OpenCyc:Mx4rv6NQYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181125003 TAO:0000118 Taxon notes: The lamprey possesses a distinct pituitary organ and hormones, the ascidian does not show distinct evidence of them [Sower S, Freamat M, Kavanaugh S. The origins of the vertebrate hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) endocrine systems: new insights from lampreys. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009;161:20-9] The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands [GO]. An endocrine gland located ventral to the diencephalon and derived from mixed neuroectodermal and non neuroectodermal origin [ZFIN]. UBERON:0000007 VHOG:0000143 XAO:0000017 ZFA:0000118 glandula pituitaria http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray1180.png/200px-Gray1180.png hypophysis hypophysis cerebri ncithesaurus:Pituitary_Gland pituitary pituitary body uberon ZFA Wikipedia MA:0000176 hypophysis cerebri BTO:0001073 glandula pituitaria ZFA:0000118 hypophysis The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands [GO]. An endocrine gland located ventral to the diencephalon and derived from mixed neuroectodermal and non neuroectodermal origin [ZFIN]. Wikipedia:Pituitary_gland ZFIN:curator BTO BTO:0001073 pituitary BTO:0001073 pituitary body submucosa A layer of dense irregular connective tissue in the gastrointestinal tract that supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle (fibers running circularly within layer of longitudinal muscle). [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002107 FMA:85391 FMA:85392 UBERON:0000009 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png ncithesaurus:Submucosa organ submucosa region of submucosa see comments re FMA for mucosa submucosa of organ submucosa of region of organ submucous layer tela submucosa uberon BTO:0002107 submucous layer FMA:85392 region of submucosa FMA:85391 submucosa of organ A layer of dense irregular connective tissue in the gastrointestinal tract that supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle (fibers running circularly within layer of longitudinal muscle). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submucosa BTO:0002107 tela submucosa FMA:85391 organ submucosa FMA:85392 submucosa of region of organ peripheral nervous system AAO:0000429 BILA:0000081 BTO:0001028 EFO:0000891 EHDAA2:0001445 EHDAA:2893 EMAPA:16665 EMAPA:18370 EV:0100335 FBbt:00005098 FMA:9903 GAID:715 MA:0000218 MAT:0000338 MESH:A.08.800 MIAA:0000338 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1111 Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system PNS SCTID:362292005 TAO:0000142 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000010 VHOG:0000399 XAO:0000178 ZFA:0000142 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png/200px-Nervous_system_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Peripheral_Nervous_System uberon FB:gg Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system OMD:peripheral+nervous+system Wikipedia:Peripheral_nervous_system ZFIN:curator parasympathetic nervous system AAO:0010488 BTO:0001833 EFO:0000894 EHDA:10096 EHDAA2:0001402 EHDAA:4655 EMAPA:17270 FMA:9907 GAID:708 MA:0000223 MAT:0000101 MESH:A.08.800.050.600 MIAA:0000101 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2517 PNS - parasympathetic SCTID:362496006 TAO:0001575 The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is a division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), along with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS). The ANS is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). ANS sends fibers to three tissues: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glandular tissue. This stimulation, sympathetic or parasympathetic, is to control smooth muscle contraction, regulate cardiac muscle, or stimulate or inhibit glandular secretion [Wikipedia]. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia [GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000011 VHOG:0000755 ZFA:0001575 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray839.png/200px-Gray839.png ncithesaurus:Parasympathetic_Nervous_System parasympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi uberon The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is a division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), along with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS). The ANS is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). ANS sends fibers to three tissues: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glandular tissue. This stimulation, sympathetic or parasympathetic, is to control smooth muscle contraction, regulate cardiac muscle, or stimulate or inhibit glandular secretion [Wikipedia]. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia [GO]. Wikipedia:Parasympathetic_nervous_system FMA:9907 FMA:TA pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi somatic nervous system EFO:0000892 EFO:0000898 FMA:9904 MA:0002850 MAT:0000099 MAT:0000342 MIAA:0000099 MIAA:0000342 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100301 PNS - somatic The part of the peripheral nervous system consisting of efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction, including all the neurons connected with skeletal muscles, skin, and sense organs[WP, modified]. UBERON:0000012 WBbt:0005760 somatic nervous system, somatic division somatic peripheral nervous system uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100301 somatic nervous system, somatic division NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100301 somatic peripheral nervous system The part of the peripheral nervous system consisting of efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction, including all the neurons connected with skeletal muscles, skin, and sense organs[WP, modified]. Wikipedia:Somatic_nervous_system sympathetic nervous system AAO:0010487 BTO:0001832 EFO:0000893 EHDAA2:0001971 EHDAA:3769 EMAPA:16985 FMA:9906 GAID:710 MA:0000225 MESH:A.08.800.050.800 MIAA:0000100 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2516 SCTID:362484004 TAO:0001576 The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is a branch of the autonomic nervous system along with the enteric nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. It is always active at a basal level (called sympathetic tone) and becomes more active during times of stress. Its actions during the stress response comprise the fight-or-flight response [Wikipedia]. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000013 VHOG:0000384 ZFA:0001576 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray838.png/200px-Gray838.png ncithesaurus:Sympathetic_Nervous_System pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi sympathetic nervous system sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system uberon FMA:9906 FMA:TA pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is a branch of the autonomic nervous system along with the enteric nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. It is always active at a basal level (called sympathetic tone) and becomes more active during times of stress. Its actions during the stress response comprise the fight-or-flight response [Wikipedia]. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO]. Wikipedia:Sympathetic_nervous_system zone of skin A sub-region of the skin. Note the distinct between the entire skin of the body, of which there is only 1 in an organism, and zones of skin, of which there can be many. Examples: skin of knee EHDAA2:0001844 EHDAA:6530 EV:0100152 FMA:86166 GAID:933 MA:0000151 MAT:0000284 MESH:A.17.815 MIAA:0000284 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:20795001 UBERON:0000014 VHOG:0000860 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skin.svg/200px-Skin.svg.png portion of skin region of skin skin skin region skin zone uberon we assume that mouse, HOG and GAID all mean zone of skin when they say skin. We also choose skin as an exact synonym, as it is more intuitive MA:0000151 skin A sub-region of the skin. Note the distinct between the entire skin of the body, of which there is only 1 in an organism, and zones of skin, of which there can be many. Examples: skin of knee GOC:cjm Wikipedia:Skin anatomical boundary AEO:0000192 FMA:50705 Structural anatomical relation which holds between each anatomical entity of one to three dimensions and some immaterial anatomical entity of one lower dimension such that the latter demarcates (delimits) the former from its neighborhood. UBERON:0000015 anatomical boundary entity uberon FMA:50705 anatomical boundary entity FMA:256502 Structural anatomical relation which holds between each anatomical entity of one to three dimensions and some immaterial anatomical entity of one lower dimension such that the latter demarcates (delimits) the former from its neighborhood. endocrine pancreas BTO:0000650 EV:0100129 FMA:16018 MA:0001582 MESH:A.03.734.414 SCTID:361339003 TAO:0001260 The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin[GO]. UBERON:0000016 VHOG:0000049 ZFA:0001260 endocrine pancreas endocrine part of pancreas islets of Langerhans ncithesaurus:Endocrine_Pancreas pars endocrina pancreatis uberon GOC:GO The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin[GO]. Wikipedia:Endocrine_pancreas BTO:0000650 endocrine part of pancreas exocrine pancreas AAO:0010407 BTO:0000434 EV:0100093 FMA:16017 MA:0002415 SCTID:248202004 TAO:0001249 The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO]. The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion. UBERON:0000017 VHOG:0000048 XAO:0000137 ZFA:0001249 exocrine pancreas exocrine part of pancreas ncithesaurus:Exocrine_Pancreas pars exocrina pancreatis uberon GOC:GO The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO]. The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion. Wikipedia:Exocrine_pancreas BTO:0000434 exocrine part of pancreas compound eye A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia BTO:0001921 FBbt:00004508 Facettenauge HAO:0000217 Komplexauge TGMA:0000024 UBERON:0000018 adult compound eye insect eye uberon zusammengesetztes Auge BTO:0001921 Komplexauge BTO:0001921 Facettenauge A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia FB:gg Wikipedia:Compound_eye BTO:0001921 zusammengesetztes Auge camera-type eye AAO:0010340 BTO:0004688 EHDAA2:0000484 EHDAA:936 FMA distinguishes Eye (subdivision of face) from Eyeball (organ). Here we are referring to the organ but we also include Eye as being subsumed FMA:12513 FMA:54448 GO: The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field[FMA]. MA:0000261 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1169 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngx4rwKSh9pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVil5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvViTvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Orbital part of face Orbital region TAO:0000107 UBERON:0000019 UBERON:FMA_12513-MIAA_0000283-XAO_0000181 XAO:0000179 ZFA:0000107 eyeball ncithesaurus:Eye regio orbitalis uberon vertebrate eye definitional definitional GO: The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field[FMA]. GO:0043010 Image:http://genome.cshlp.org/content/14/8/1555/F1.large.jpg Image:http://www.pnas.org/content/94/6/2098/F1.large.jpg FMA:12513 eyeball FMA:54448 FMA:TA regio orbitalis sense organ AEO:0000094 An organ that is part of a sense organ system. BTO:0000202 EHDAA2:0001824 EHDAA:500 EMAPA:16192 FBbt:00005155 GAID:63 HAO:0000930 MA:0000017 MESH:A.09 SCTID:244485009 Sinnesorgan This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000020 VHOG:0001407 WBbt:0006929 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray722.png/200px-Gray722.png organ of sense organ system organ of sensory organ system organ of sensory system sense organ system organ sensillum sensor sensory organ sensory organ system organ sensory system organ uberon WBbt:0006929 sensillum OBOL:automatic sensory system organ OBOL:automatic organ of sensory system OBOL:automatic organ of sense organ system An organ that is part of a sense organ system. Wikipedia:Sense_organ BTO:0000202 Sinnesorgan OBOL:automatic sensory organ system organ OBOL:automatic sense organ system organ OBOL:automatic organ of sensory organ system cutaneous appendage Appendage that protrudes from the skin. FMA:71012 SCTID:276160000 UBERON:0000021 epidermal appendage epidermal growth examples: hair, nail (FMA); feather, claw, hoof, horn, wattle, spur, beak, scale(?), antler, bristle. Mammary glands develop by similar mechanisms, and their is an argument for including them here (e.g. PMID:20484386), but they don't fit the current definition. skin appendage uberon Appendage that protrudes from the skin. UBERON:cjm FMA:71012 skin appendage feather BTO:0000447 EFO:0000955 GAID:1214 MAT:0000156 MESH:A.13.370 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjW-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:410027006 They are among the characteristics that distinguish the extant Aves from other living groups. Feathers have also been noticed in those Theropoda which have been termed feathered dinosaurs. Although feathers cover most parts of the body of birds, they arise only from certain well-defined tracts on the skin. They aid in flight, thermal insulation, waterproofing and coloration that helps in communication and protection UBERON:0000022 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. Feathers are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. The β-keratins in feathers, beaks and claws — and the claws, scales and shells of reptiles — are composed of protein strands hydrogen-bonded into β-pleated sheets, which are then further twisted and crosslinked by disulfide bridges into structures even tougher than the α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof. The exact signals that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg. uberon Wikipedia:Feather one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. Feathers are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. The β-keratins in feathers, beaks and claws — and the claws, scales and shells of reptiles — are composed of protein strands hydrogen-bonded into β-pleated sheets, which are then further twisted and crosslinked by disulfide bridges into structures even tougher than the α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof. The exact signals that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg. wing Appendage that is used to produce lift for flight through the air. BTO:0001463 EFO:0000885 GAID:1217 MAT:0000202 MESH:A.13.395.823 MIAA:0000202 This class is not monophyletic. See also: GO:0007629 UBERON:0000023 uberon Appendage that is used to produce lift for flight through the air. Wikipedia:Wing forelimb wing Forelimb that is used to produce lift for flight through the air. TODO - check specific definition of forelimb UBERON:0000024 uberon tube Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts. with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system UBERON:0000025 epithelial or endothelial tube galen:Tube uberon Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts. with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system GO:0035295 PMID:12526790 appendage AEO:0000193 BILA:0000018 CARO:0010003 EFO:0000799 EHDAA2:0003193 EV:0100155 FBbt:00007000 GO includes tree trunks, but excludes antennae. We modify trunk to body in our definition. Note this is currently a subtype of organism subdivision - which would exclude feathers HAO:0000144 MAT:0000023 MIAA:0000023 Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS]. Organ or organ part that is attached to the body of an organism. For example a limb[GO, modified]. An appendage is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body, such as a vertebrate's limbs[BILA]. OpenCyc:Mx4rvViC-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000026 VAO:0000075 XAO:0000218 limbs/digits/tail ncithesaurus:Appendage uberon MP:0000001 limbs/digits/tail BILA:0000018 GO:0048736 Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS]. Organ or organ part that is attached to the body of an organism. For example a limb[GO, modified]. An appendage is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body, such as a vertebrate's limbs[BILA]. Wikipedia:Appendage lymph node BTO:0000784 EFO:0000872 EV:0100050 FMA:5034 GAID:947 MA:0000139 MAT:0000442 MESH:A.15.382.520.604.412 OpenCyc:Mx4rwLPqLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles. They contain white blood cells that use oxygen to process. Thus they are important in the proper functioning of the immune system. The lymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and inside the lymph node the fibrous capsule extends to form trabeculae. The substance of the lymph node is divided into the outer cortex and the inner medulla surrounded by the former all around except for at the hilum, where the medulla comes in direct contact with the surface. Thin reticular fibers, elastin and reticular fibers form a supporting meshwork called reticular network (RN) inside the node, within which the white blood cells (WBCs), most prominently, lymphocytes are tightly packed as follicles in the cortex. Elsewhere, there are only occasional WBCs. The RN provides not just the structural support, but also provide surface for adhesion of the dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. It allows for exchange of material with blood through the high endothelial venules and provides the growth and regulatory factors necessary for activation and maturation of immune cells[WP]. SCTID:181756000 UBERON:0000029 VHOG:0001273 ZFA:0005318 galen:Lymphnode ncithesaurus:Lymph_Node uberon GAID:947 Oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles. They contain white blood cells that use oxygen to process. Thus they are important in the proper functioning of the immune system. The lymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and inside the lymph node the fibrous capsule extends to form trabeculae. The substance of the lymph node is divided into the outer cortex and the inner medulla surrounded by the former all around except for at the hilum, where the medulla comes in direct contact with the surface. Thin reticular fibers, elastin and reticular fibers form a supporting meshwork called reticular network (RN) inside the node, within which the white blood cells (WBCs), most prominently, lymphocytes are tightly packed as follicles in the cortex. Elsewhere, there are only occasional WBCs. The RN provides not just the structural support, but also provide surface for adhesion of the dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. It allows for exchange of material with blood through the high endothelial venules and provides the growth and regulatory factors necessary for activation and maturation of immune cells[WP]. Wikipedia:Lymph_node lamina propria A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. BTO:0002330 FMA:62517 SCTID:298225002 UBERON:0000030 lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosae ncithesaurus:Lamina_Propria tunica propria uberon A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. Wikipedia:Lamina_propria BTO:0002330 tunica propria lamina propria of trachea MA:0001858 UBERON:0000031 lamina propria mucosa of trachea lamina propria mucosa of windpipe lamina propria mucosae of trachea lamina propria mucosae of windpipe lamina propria of windpipe ncithesaurus:Trachea_Lamina_Propria trachea lamina propria trachea lamina propria mucosa trachea lamina propria mucosae tracheal lamina propria uberon windpipe lamina propria windpipe lamina propria mucosa windpipe lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of trachea OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of windpipe OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of trachea OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic lamina propria of windpipe OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic trachea lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria OBOL:automatic trachea lamina propria mucosae cranial structure UBERON:0000032 skeletal element that is part of a cranium. uberon UBERON:automatic skeletal element that is part of a cranium. head AAO:0010335 AEO:0000106 BILA:0000115 BTO:0000282 EFO:0000964 EHDAA2:0003106 FBbt:00000004 FMA:7154 GAID:61 HAO:0000397 MA:0000023 MAT:0000294 MESH:A.01.456 MIAA:0000294 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1230 OpenCyc:Mx4rEOLm4rgPEdmAAAACs6hRjg OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi6YJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302548004 SPD:0000016 TAO:0001114 TGMA:0000002 The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. UBERON:0000033 UBERON:FBbt_00000004-FBbt_00003007-FMA_46565-FMA_7154-FMA_87596-MA_0000023-MA_0000316-MIAA_0000017-MIAA_0000149-MIAA_0000294-MIAA_0000340-WBbt_0005739-XAO_0003024-ZFA_0000737-ZFA_0001114 WBbt:0005739 XAO:0003024 ZFA:0001114 adult head cephalic area galen:Head head (volume) ncithesaurus:Head uberon SPD:0000016 cephalic area GO:0060322 The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. Wikipedia:Head FMA:7154 head (volume) primary ovarian follicle BTO:0000410 EMAPA:19284 FMA:18634 MA:0002907 SCTID:258665002 UBERON:0000035 folliculus ovaricus primarius ovary primary follicle preantral follicle of ovary primary egg follicle primary follicle of ovary uberon FMA:18634 primary follicle of ovary MA:0002907 ovary primary follicle secondary ovarian follicle EMAPA:29862 FMA:18637 MA:0002908 MA:0002909 UBERON:0000036 antral follice antral follicle of ovary antral ovarian follice folliculus ovaricus secondarius ovary antral follicle ovary secondary follicle secondary egg follicle secondary follicle of ovary uberon MA:0002908 ovary secondary follicle GO:0001547 antral ovarian follice GO:0001547 antral follice MA:0002909 ovary antral follicle tertiary ovarian follicle EMAPA:30763 FMA:18641 Graafian follicle Ovarian follicle is the basic unit of female reproductive biology and is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte (aka ovum or egg). These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte. These eggs/ova are only developed once every menstrual cycle (i. e, once a month). [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:362261008 UBERON:0000037 folliculi ovarici vesiculosi folliculus ovaricus tertiarius folliculus ovaricus tertiarius (vesiculosus) folliculus ovaricus tertiarius (vesiculous) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Primary_follicle-4.JPG/200px-Primary_follicle-4.JPG ncithesaurus:Graafian_Follicle tertiary egg follicle tertiary follicle of ovary uberon vesicular follicle of ovary vesicular ovarian follicle FMA:18641 vesicular ovarian follicle FMA:18641 FMA:TA folliculi ovarici vesiculosi FMA:18641 folliculus ovaricus tertiarius (vesiculosus) FMA:18641 vesicular follicle of ovary FMA:18641 tertiary follicle of ovary Ovarian follicle is the basic unit of female reproductive biology and is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte (aka ovum or egg). These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte. These eggs/ova are only developed once every menstrual cycle (i. e, once a month). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Graafian_follicle follicular fluid BTO:0004383 FMA:18665 Follicular fluid is a liquid which fills the follicular antrum and surrounds the ovum in an ovarian follicle. This fluid is rich in hyaluronic acid. GAID:372 MA:0002511 MESH:A.05.360.319.114.630.535.150 The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle ( OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes. UBERON:0000038 antral fluid, ovarian follicle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray3.png/200px-Gray3.png liquor follicularis liquor folliculi ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Follicle_Fluid ovarian follicular fluid ovary follicle fluid ovary follicular fluid uberon BTO:0004383 ovarian follicular fluid MESH:D015571 The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle ( OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes. Wikipedia:Follicular_fluid BTO:0004383 ovary follicular fluid FMA:18665 liquor follicularis MA:0002511 ovary follicle fluid follicular antrum FMA:18675 Region of ovarian follicle filled with follicular fluid. UBERON:0000039 antral cavity antrum folliculare uberon FMA:18675 antral cavity Region of ovarian follicle filled with follicular fluid. Wikipedia:Follicular_antrum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_antrum FMA:18675 antrum folliculare Leydig's organ A hemopoietic organ found in elasmobranchs. Along with the spleen and special tissue around the gonads, this structure produces red blood cells and it is nestled along the top and bottom of the esophagus. Taxon notes: Found in elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) but with some exceptions. Phenotype notes: Leydig's organ can be quite large - a 1.6-kilogram (3.5-pound) one was reported from a 1.8-metre (6-foot) long Bluntnose Sixgill Shark (Hexanchus griseus). Structure notes: divided into dorsal and ventral patches, gradation varies between species. Lacks erythroblasts and fat cells[Honma 1983] UBERON:0000040 uberon A hemopoietic organ found in elasmobranchs. Along with the spleen and special tissue around the gonads, this structure produces red blood cells and it is nestled along the top and bottom of the esophagus. Wikipedia:Leydig's_organ http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/p_blood_cells.htm dermal denticle Multi-tissue structure composed of enameloid, dentine surrounding a pulp cavity, and bone of attachment anchoring the element into the dermis[VAO]. small outgrowths which cover the skin of many cartilaginous fish including sharks. They are similar in structure to teeth, and teeth may have evolved from denticle-like structures in primitive fish.[citation needed] The placoid scales in sharks are formed of dentine with dermal papillae located in the core. These scales develop from the dermal layer of the skin, which is in contrast to the epidermal development seen the in the elasmoid scales of tetrapods. The shape of denticle varies from species to species and can be used in identification. Studies have found that the denticles create tiny vortices that reduce drag to make swimming more efficient. Denticles also allow sharks to swim silently compared to other fish that generate considerable noise when they ply the water[WP]. TODO check dentin def // Scales and teeth of sharks are examples of dermal skeletal elements that are still composed of the three ancient components-enamel, dentine, and bone. UBERON:0000041 VAO:0000079 placoid scale uberon Multi-tissue structure composed of enameloid, dentine surrounding a pulp cavity, and bone of attachment anchoring the element into the dermis[VAO]. small outgrowths which cover the skin of many cartilaginous fish including sharks. They are similar in structure to teeth, and teeth may have evolved from denticle-like structures in primitive fish.[citation needed] The placoid scales in sharks are formed of dentine with dermal papillae located in the core. These scales develop from the dermal layer of the skin, which is in contrast to the epidermal development seen the in the elasmoid scales of tetrapods. The shape of denticle varies from species to species and can be used in identification. Studies have found that the denticles create tiny vortices that reduce drag to make swimming more efficient. Denticles also allow sharks to swim silently compared to other fish that generate considerable noise when they ply the water[WP]. VAO:0000079 Wikipedia:Dermal_denticle serous membrane FMA:45637 FMA:9581 GAID:19 MESH:A.10.615.789 SCTID:362878009 TODO - add generic membrane parent? TODO - split into serosa and serous membrane? UBERON:0000042 ZFA:0005425 a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png ncithesaurus:Serosa serosa tunica serosa uberon wall of serous sac FMA:9581 tunica serosa FMA:9581 wall of serous sac Wikipedia Wikipedia:Serosa Wikipedia:Serous_membrane a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP]. tendon A fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together and can only exert a pulling force. AEO:0000091 BTO:0001356 EFO:0000952 EHDAA2:0003091 EMAPA:25053 EV:0100149 FMA:9721 GAID:276 MA:0000115 MESH:A.02.880 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjefJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:256667004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000043 VAO:0000073 VHOG:0001286 XAO:0000173 galen:Tendon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Achilles-tendon.jpg/200px-Achilles-tendon.jpg ncithesaurus:Tendon sinew uberon Wikipedia:Tendon sinew MA A fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together and can only exert a pulling force. BTO:0000421 OMD:connective+tissue OMD:tendon Wikipedia:Tendon http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon OG dorsal root ganglion AAO:0011032 BTO:0001264 DRG Development notes: The sensory ganglia of spinal nerves arise only from the neural crest, whereas many sensory ganglia of the “dorsal” cranial nerves arise from epibranchial placodes as well as the neural crest[doi: 10.1093/icb/icn065]. Other ontology notes: FMA treats dorsal root ganglion and spinal ganglion as equivalent labels. MA is the only ontology to introduce two classes here (also EHDAA2) EFO:0000900 EHDAA2:0000418 EHDAA2:0001897 EHDAA:2899 EMAPA:16668 EMAPA:18372 EV:0100373 FMA:5888 MA:0000231 MA:0000232 MAT:0000162 MIAA:0000162 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2596 SCTID:244455004 TAO:0000200 UBERON:0000044 VHOG:0000222 XAO:0000210 ZFA:0000200 dorsal root ganglia dorsal root ganglion ganglion of dorsal root ganglion on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve that is one of a series of ganglia lodging cell bodies of sensory neurons[BTO]. Trunk ganglion which is located adjacent to the spine on a dorsal root and contains the cell bodies of afferent sensory nerves[..]. one on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve[TFD]. ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis ganglion spinale ganglion spinalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DRG_Chicken_e7.jpg/200px-DRG_Chicken_e7.jpg ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Root_Ganglion spinal ganglion uberon BTO:0001264 ganglion spinale FMA:5888 spinal ganglion dorsal root ganglia Wikipedia:Dorsal_root_ganglion ganglion on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve that is one of a series of ganglia lodging cell bodies of sensory neurons[BTO]. Trunk ganglion which is located adjacent to the spine on a dorsal root and contains the cell bodies of afferent sensory nerves[..]. one on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve[TFD]. OBOL:automatic ganglion of dorsal root MA BTO:0001264 dorsal root ganglion FMA:5888 ganglion spinalis BTO:0001264 ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis ZFA ganglion A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. AAO:0010426 AEO:0000135 BTO:0000497 EFO:0000899 EHDAA2:0003135 EHDAA:2897 EHDAA:4662 EHDAA:5621 EHDAA:918 EV:0100372 FBbt:00005137 FMA:5884 MA:0002406 MAT:0000207 MAT:0000343 MESH:A.08.340 MIAA:0000207 MIAA:0000343 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100302 TAO:0000190 TGMA:0001016 TODO - check vert vs invert. Other species: Any of a number of aggregations of neurons, glial cells and their processes, surrounded by a glial cell and connective tissue sheath (plural: ganglia). // Subdivision of neural tree (organ) which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord); together with a nucleus and its associated nerve, it constitutes a neural tree (organ). Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion. // a cluster of nerve cells and associated glial cells (nuclear location) // Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system. // Structures containing a collection of nerve cell bodies. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com). UBERON:0000045 UBERON:FBbt_00005137-FMA_5884-FMA_5888-MA_0000232-MA_0002406-MIAA_0000162-MIAA_0000207-MIAA_0000343-WBbt_0005189-XAO_0000209-XAO_0000210-ZFA_0000190-ZFA_0000200 VHOG:0000156 WBbt:0005189 XAO:0000209 ZFA:0000190 ganglia ncithesaurus:Ganglion neural ganglion uberon A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. Wikipedia:Ganglion BTO EHDAA2 BTO:0000497 neural ganglion definitional stemma UBERON:0000046 eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light pit eye uberon Wikipedia:Eye#Pit_eyes Wikipedia:Stemma eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light Wikipedia:Eye#Pit_eyes pit eye simple eye An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. TGMA:0000729 UBERON:0000047 uberon An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. Wikipedia:Eye#Simple_eyes pinhole eye Simple eye that has a small aperture (which may be adjustable) and deep pit. It is only found in the nautiloids. UBERON:0000048 uberon DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000245 Simple eye that has a small aperture (which may be adjustable) and deep pit. It is only found in the nautiloids. Wikipedia:Pinhole_eye spherical lensed eye UBERON:0000049 simple eye that consists of a lens of one refractive index uberon Wikipepedia:Eye#Spherical_lensed_eye simple eye that consists of a lens of one refractive index simple eye with multiple lenses UBERON:0000050 simple eye that has two or more lenses. Some marine organisms bear more than one lens; for instance the copeopod Pontella has three. The outer has a parabolic surface, countering the effects of spherical aberration while allowing a sharp image to be formed. Copilla's eyes have two lenses, which move in and out like a telescope uberon Wikipedia:Eye#Multiple_lenses simple eye that has two or more lenses. Some marine organisms bear more than one lens; for instance the copeopod Pontella has three. The outer has a parabolic surface, countering the effects of spherical aberration while allowing a sharp image to be formed. Copilla's eyes have two lenses, which move in and out like a telescope fornix of vagina FMA:19985 SCTID:245475003 There are three named fornices: The posterior fornix is the larger recess, behind the cervix. It is close to the rectouterine pouch. There are two smaller recesses in front and at the sides: the anterior fornix is close to the vesicouterine pouch. the lateral fornix. Some women receive enjoyment from stimulation of the fornices, while other women say that their fornices cannot be stimulated without stimulation of the cervix, which may be painful. The fornices appear to be close to at least two erogenous zones, the AFE zone, which is near the anterior fornix, and the cul-de-sac, which is near the posterior fornix. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000051 fornix fornix vaginae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Vaginal_Fornix uberon vaginal fornix FMA:19985 FMA:TA fornix vaginae There are three named fornices: The posterior fornix is the larger recess, behind the cervix. It is close to the rectouterine pouch. There are two smaller recesses in front and at the sides: the anterior fornix is close to the vesicouterine pouch. the lateral fornix. Some women receive enjoyment from stimulation of the fornices, while other women say that their fornices cannot be stimulated without stimulation of the cervix, which may be painful. The fornices appear to be close to at least two erogenous zones, the AFE zone, which is near the anterior fornix, and the cul-de-sac, which is near the posterior fornix. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fornix_vaginae fornix of brain FMA:83865 MA:0002747 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_705 The fornix (Latin, 'vault' or 'arch') is a C-shaped bundle of fibres in the brain, and carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000052 brain fornix cerebral fornix fornix fornix of neuraxis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray747.png/200px-Gray747.png ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Fornix neuraxis fornix uberon FMA:83865 neuraxis fornix The fornix (Latin, 'vault' or 'arch') is a C-shaped bundle of fibres in the brain, and carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fornix_of_brain FMA:83865 fornix of neuraxis macula lutea BTO:0003015 EV:0100349 FMA:58637 GAID:909 MA:0001306 MESH:A.09.371.729.522 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2540 Oval yellow spot near the center of the retina of the human eye. It has a diameter of around 5 mm and is often histologically defined as having two or more layers of ganglion cells. Near its center is the fovea, a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells in the eye and is responsible for central vision, and also contains the parafovea and perifovea[WP]. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed) SCTID:362517001 UBERON:0000053 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png/200px-Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png macula macula flava retinae macula retinae maculae ncithesaurus:Macula uberon BTO:0003015 macula flava retinae BTO:0003015 macula retinae MESH:A.09.371.729.522 Oval yellow spot near the center of the retina of the human eye. It has a diameter of around 5 mm and is often histologically defined as having two or more layers of ganglion cells. Near its center is the fovea, a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells in the eye and is responsible for central vision, and also contains the parafovea and perifovea[WP]. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed) Wikipedia:Macula_lutea macula GAID:777 Patches of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium of the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. Each patch has its own charcteristic shape and polarity pattern. TAO:0000386 UBERON:0000054 ZFA:0000386 macula maculae sensory macula sensory patch uberon maculae :Macula_of_saccule Patches of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium of the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. Each patch has its own charcteristic shape and polarity pattern. ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000386 sensory patch ZFA:0000386 sensory macula vessel A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. UBERON:0000055 compare with UBERON:0008782 uberon A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. UBERON:cjm ureter AAO:0010254 BTO:0001409 EFO:0000930 EHDAA2:0002139 EHDAA:9341 EMAPA:17950 EV:0100097 FMA:9704 GAID:438 MA:0000378 MAT:0000120 MESH:A.05.810.776 MIAA:0000120 OpenCyc:Mx4rvhmm6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302511008 The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.[GO]. Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. In humans, organ with organ cavity which connects the renal sinus to the urinary bladder. Examples: There are only two ureters, the right and the left ureters. UBERON:0000056 VHOG:0000605 XAO:0000144 galen:Ureter http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Urinary_system.svg/200px-Urinary_system.svg.png metanephric duct ncithesaurus:Ureter uberon ISBN10:0073040584 VHOG:0000605 metanephric duct GO:0090189 The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.[GO]. Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. In humans, organ with organ cavity which connects the renal sinus to the urinary bladder. Examples: There are only two ureters, the right and the left ureters. Wikipedia:Ureter MA:0000378 GO urethra A tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. BTO:0001426 EFO:0000931 EMAPA:30901 EV:0100099 FMA:19667 GAID:390 MA:0000379 MAT:0000121 MESH:A.05.360.444.492.726 MIAA:0000121 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjkypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302513006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000057 VHOG:0001264 XAO:0000153 galen:Urethra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Urethra uberon A tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. Wikipedia:Urethra Wikipedia duct A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination[ZFA]. FMA:30320 TODO - make distinctions between duct and tube clearer. Single layer of cells vs multiples? Function (e.g. exocrine gland duct?). Different ontologies use it in different ways UBERON:0000058 XAO:0004000 ZFA:0005171 anatomical duct exocrine duct exocrine gland duct galen:Duct ncithesaurus:Duct uberon A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Duct_(anatomy) ZFA:0005171 large intestine AAO:0010396 BTO:0000706 EFO:0000840 EMAPA:19252 EV:0100077 FMA:7201 GAID:306 MA:0000333 MESH:A.03.492.411.495 MIAA:0000046 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkF5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181254001 The large intestine consists of the cecum and colon[WP]. Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the small intestine and distally with the anal canal.[FMA]. UBERON:0000059 VHOG:0000054 XAO:0000131 galen:LargeIntestine intestinum crassum ncithesaurus:Large_Intestine uberon FMA:7201 The large intestine consists of the cecum and colon[WP]. Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the small intestine and distally with the anal canal.[FMA]. Wikipedia:Large_intestine_(anatomy) BTO:0000706 intestinum crassum anatomical wall Anatomical organ component enclosing an organ cavity. EMAPA:25036 FMA:82482 UBERON:0000060 UBERON:0009915 galen:Wall merged FMA organ wall in to this class uberon wall wall of organ FMA:82482 wall of organ Anatomical organ component enclosing an organ cavity. FMA:82482 anatomical structure AAO:0010825 AEO:0000003 BILA:0000003 CARO:0000003 EHDAA2:0003003 FBbt:00007001 FMA:67135 GAID:781 HAO:0000003 MA:0003000 MESH:A.13 Material anatomical entity that has inherent 3D shape and is generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. SCTID:362889002 TAO:0000037 TGMA:0001823 UBERON:0000061 UBERON:CARO_0000003-CARO_0000024-FBbt_00000001-FBbt_00007001-FMA_67135-FMA_67498-WBbt_0003760-WBbt_0007833-XAO_0003000-XAO_0003041-ZFA_0000037-ZFA_0000496-ZFA_0001094 XAO:0003000 ZFA:0000037 biological structure uberon CARO:0000003 Material anatomical entity that has inherent 3D shape and is generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. organ Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions[GO]. BILA:0000053 EFO:0000634 FMA:67498 MA:0003001 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5XMb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3iWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000062 ncithesaurus:Organ note that CARO does not include a generic 'organ' class, only simple and compound organ uberon Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions[GO]. Wikipedia:Organ_(anatomy) organ segment FMA:86140 Organ region with one or more fixed or anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyeball[FMA]. UBERON:0000063 organ region with fixed fiat boundary segment of organ uberon FMA:86140 organ region with fixed fiat boundary FMA:86140 segment of organ FMA:86140 Organ region with one or more fixed or anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyeball[FMA]. organ part EFO:0000635 FMA:82472 SCTID:91717005 UBERON:0000064 anatomical structure which has as its direct parts two or more types of tissue and is continuous with one or more anatomical structures likewise constituted by two or more portions of tissues distinct from those of their complement. Examples: osteon, cortical bone, neck of femur, bronchopulmonary segment, left lobe of liver, anterior right side of heart, interventricular branch of left coronary artery, right atrium, mitral valve, head of pancreas[FMA]. cardinal organ part uberon FMA:82472 anatomical structure which has as its direct parts two or more types of tissue and is continuous with one or more anatomical structures likewise constituted by two or more portions of tissues distinct from those of their complement. Examples: osteon, cortical bone, neck of femur, bronchopulmonary segment, left lobe of liver, anterior right side of heart, interventricular branch of left coronary artery, right atrium, mitral valve, head of pancreas[FMA]. respiratory tract EHDAA2:0001606 EHDAA:1568 EHDAA:2219 EMAPA:16737 MESH:A.04 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvM--pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361110005 UBERON:0000065 VHOG:0000393 anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts uberon UBERON:cjm anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts fully formed stage BTO:0001043 FBdv:00005369 The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both juvenile stage, and adult stage. UBERON:0000066 WBls:0000041 adult stage fully formed animal stage juvenile-adult stage uberon The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both juvenile stage, and adult stage. UBERON:cjm embryo stage part A stage that is part of the embryo stage. UBERON:0000067 embryonic stage part uberon A stage that is part of the embryo stage. UBERON:cjm embryo stage A life cycle stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the fully formed embryo. EV:0300001 FBdv:00005289 OGES:000000 OGES:000022 SCTID:296280003 UBERON:0000068 XAO:1000012 embryogenesis embryonic stage uberon larval stage AEO:0000126 BTO:0000915 BTO:0000954 EFO:0001303 It is a misunderstanding that the larval form always reflects the group's evolutionary history. It could be the case, but often the larval stage has evolved secondarily, as in insects. In these cases the larval form might differ more from the group's common origin than the adult form[WP]. Uberon includes clade-specific subclasses. OGES:000008 UBERON:0000069 a distinct juvenile stage many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. ammocoete ammocoete stage bipinnaria bipinnaria stage caterpillar caterpillar stage glochidium glochidium stage grub grub stage larva larva stage leptocephalus leptocephalus stage maggot maggot stage naiad, nymph naiad, nymph stage nauplius nauplius stage nymph nymph stage planula planula stage trochophore trochophore stage uberon veliger veliger stage wriggler wriggler stage zoea zoea stage Wikipedia:Larva grub stage Wikipedia:Larva leptocephalus Wikipedia:Larva zoea Wikipedia:Larva zoea stage Wikipedia:Larva veliger stage Wikipedia:Larva nauplius stage Wikipedia:Larva wriggler Wikipedia:Larva nymph Wikipedia:Larva naiad, nymph stage Wikipedia:Larva ammocoete stage Wikipedia:Larva caterpillar Wikipedia:Larva glochidium stage Wikipedia:Larva grub Wikipedia:Larva trochophore stage Wikipedia:Larva caterpillar stage Wikipedia:Larva maggot Wikipedia:Larva maggot stage Wikipedia:Larva naiad, nymph Wikipedia:Larva nymph stage Wikipedia:Larva wriggler stage Wikipedia:Larva planula Wikipedia:Larva a distinct juvenile stage many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Wikipedia:Larva bipinnaria Wikipedia:Larva leptocephalus stage Wikipedia:Larva ammocoete Wikipedia:Larva planula stage Wikipedia:Larva nauplius Wikipedia:Larva glochidium Wikipedia:Larva veliger Wikipedia:Larva bipinnaria stage Wikipedia:Larva trochophore pupal stage A life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. The pupal stage is found only in holometabolous insects, those that undergo a complete metamorphosis, going through four life stages; embryo, larva, pupa and imago. FBdv:00005349 UBERON:0000070 pupa stage uberon A life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. The pupal stage is found only in holometabolous insects, those that undergo a complete metamorphosis, going through four life stages; embryo, larva, pupa and imago. Wikipedia:Pupa death stage AO notes - ncit:Death is an outcome End of the life of an organism. UBERON:0000071 XAO:0000437 death uberon End of the life of an organism. XAO:0000437 segment of respiratory tract An organ segment that is part of a respiratory tract [Obol]. MA:0000434 Note that MA:0000434 has subclasses upper and lower, so it corresponds to a segment of the tract, rather than the tract as a whole UBERON:0000072 respiratory tract uberon An organ segment that is part of a respiratory tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA:0000434 respiratory tract regional part of nervous system 2009-06-18T09:00:04Z An anatomical structure that is part of a nervous system [Obol]. Melissa Haendel NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1157 SCTID:25087005 UBERON:0000073 grouping class ncithesaurus:Nervous_System_Part part of nervous system uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1157 part of nervous system An anatomical structure that is part of a nervous system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus 2009-06-18T09:26:37Z A capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney[GO]. AAO:0010388 BTO:0000530 EFO:0003667 EV:0100386 FMA:15624 MA:0001657 MESH:A.05.810.453.736.520 Melissa Haendel UBERON:0000074 XAO:0000146 ZFA - The multi-tissue structure where the glomerular basement membrane supported by mesonephric podocytes filters blood from the glomerular capillaries. TODO - split glomerulus and glomerular tuft? DONE. GUDMAP: 'Together, the Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus comprise the definitive renal corpuscle.' - here the glomerulus is part of the capsule? ZFA:0001288 glomerular capillary tuft glomerular tuft glomerulus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Renal_corpuscle.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1130.svg/200px-Gray1130.svg.png malphigian glomerulus ncithesaurus:Glomerulus renal corpuscle uberon ZFA:0001288 glomerular capillary tuft A capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney[GO]. MP:0005325 Wikipedia:Glomerulus BTO:0000530 malphigian glomerulus Wikipedia subdivision of skeletal system 2009-07-30T03:53:53Z FMA:23879 FMA:85544 SCTID:118966000 UBERON:0000075 cjm galen:ComplexSkeletalStructure ncithesaurus:Skeletal_System_Part note we consciously merge the two FMA classes below skeletal system part skeletal system subdivision skeleton part subdivision of skeleton subdivision of skeleton (in vivo) uberon FMA:85544 skeletal system subdivision FMA:23879 subdivision of skeleton (in vivo) external ectoderm EHDAA2:0001968 EHDAA:1494 EHDAA:350 EHDAA:4784 EHDAA:4790 EHDAA:4796 EHDAA:7860 EMAPA:16096 EMAPA:16539 FMA:87656 In vertebrates, the ectoderm has three parts: external ectoderm (also known as surface ectoderm), the neurectoderm (neural crest, and neural tube). The surface ectoderm (or external ectoderm forms the following structures: Skin Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity saliavary glands, and glands of mouth and nasal cavity Enamel - as a side note dentin and dental pulp are formed from ectomesenchyme which is derived from ectoderm Epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands Lens and cornea of the eye Apical ectodermal ridge inducing development of the limb buds of the embryo. Sensory receptors in epidermis [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000076 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ectoderm.png/200px-Ectoderm.png ncithesaurus:Surface_Ectoderm surface ectoderm uberon The surface ectoderm (or external ectoderm forms the following structures: Skin Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity saliavary glands, and glands of mouth and nasal cavity Enamel - as a side note dentin and dental pulp are formed from ectomesenchyme which is derived from ectoderm Epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands Lens and cornea of the eye Apical ectodermal ridge inducing development of the limb buds of the embryo. Sensory receptors in epidermis [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_ectoderm mixed endoderm/mesoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm. Grouping term for query purposes. UBERON:0000077 uberon An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm. UBERON:cjm mixed ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Grouping term for query purposes UBERON:0000078 uberon An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. UBERON:cjm male reproductive system BTO:0000082 EFO:0000970 EHDAA2:0001054 EHDAA:8136 EMAPA:17968 EV:0100101 FBbt:00004927 FMA:45664 GAID:386 HAO:0000505 MA:0000396 MESH:A.05.360.444 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361340001 TGMA:0000634 UBERON:0000079 VHOG:0000725 WBbt:0008423 XAO:0000155 genitalia of male organism male genital organ male genital system male genitalia male genitals male organism genitalia male organism reproductive system male reproductive tract ncithesaurus:Male_Reproductive_System reproductive system of male organism systema genitale masculinum the organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa. uberon OBOL:automatic genitalia of male organism OBOL:automatic male organism genitalia BTO:0000082 male genital organ MP:0001145 the organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa. FMA:45664 male genital system OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive system MA:0000396 male reproductive tract OBOL:automatic reproductive system of male organism BTO:0000082 systema genitale masculinum mesonephros BTO:0001542 By contrast to the pronephros, the histological features of the mesonephros, with its primitive glomeruli, suggest that it probably functions as a primitive kidney, and is involved in the production of much of the amniotic fluid. Within the two mesonephroi, one located on either side of the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut, a substantial number (in the region of about 40 or more) of cranio-caudally segmented mesonephric tubules are formed. It has, however, been suggested that only the most rostrally located 4-6 pairs of mesonephric tubules drain into the mesonephric portion of the nephric duct. This is now seen to extend along the length of the mesonephroi, being located towards their lateral sides. The mesonephros is also retained over a considerably longer period than the pronephros, but gradually undergoes regression in a cranio-caudal direction. While the rostral part displays clear evidence of regression its more caudal part appears to display evidence of functional activity. Within the medial part of the mesonephros, vesicles are formed, although no glomeruli are formed there in this species. It is, however, difficult to believe that the relatively enormous mesonephroi do not have an excretory role in the mouse, only serving as a base for gonadal differentiation. In the human embryo, the medial part of the mesonephric tubules enlarges, become invaginated by capillaries, and form glomeruli. These then take on an excretory role. In the mouse, the mesonephric ducts appear to be patent throughout their length[GUDMAP] comment: Taxon notes: The mesonephros persists and form the permanent kidneys in fishes and amphibians, but in reptiles, birds, and mammals, it atrophies and for the most part disappears rapidly as the permanent kidney (metanephros) begins to develop during the sixth or seventh week. By the beginning of the fifth month only the ducts and a few of the tubules of the mesonephros remain[WP] EFO:0000928 EHDAA2:0001130 EHDAA:1581 EHDAA:5903 EMAPA:16744 EMAPA:27644 FMA:72171 GAID:1308 In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney[GO]. One of three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary kidney in higher vertebrates. composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo. MESH:A.16.254.500 SCTID:308799002 UBERON:0000080 VHOG:0000038 Wolffian body XAO:0000141 ZFA:0000529 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray986.png/200px-Gray986.png mesonephric kidney mesonephroi ncithesaurus:Mesonephros opisthonephros opisto nephros opistonephros uberon http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron mesonephroi GO:0001823 In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney[GO]. One of three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary kidney in higher vertebrates. composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo. Wikipedia:Mesonephros XAO:0000141 mesonephric kidney BTO:0001542 GOC:yaf MESH:A.16.254.500 Wikipedia:Mesonephros Wolffian body VHOG:0000038 XAO:0000141 opisthonephros http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/bio205_26_sex.html opistonephros metanephros BTO:0001543 EHDAA2:0001137 EHDAA:3089 EHDAA:5911 EMAPA:17207 EMAPA:17373 FMA:72172 In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO]. During the fifth week of gestation, the mesonephric duct develops an outpouching, the ureteric bud, near its attachment to the cloaca. This bud, also called the metanephrogenic diverticulum, grows posteriorly and towards the head of the embryo. The elongated stalk of the ureteric bud, the metanephric duct, later forms the ureter. As the cranial end of the bud extends into the intermediate mesoderm, it undergoes a series of branchings to form the collecting duct system of the kidney. It also forms the major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis. SCTID:308797000 TODO check developmental relationships UBERON:0000081 VHOG:0000039 definite kidney definitive kidney hind kidney metanephron ncithesaurus:Metanephros uberon BTO:0001543 definitive kidney BTO:0001543 definite kidney BTO:0001543 hind kidney definitional GO ISBN:9780878932504 BTO:0001543 metanephron GO:0001656 In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO]. During the fifth week of gestation, the mesonephric duct develops an outpouching, the ureteric bud, near its attachment to the cloaca. This bud, also called the metanephrogenic diverticulum, grows posteriorly and towards the head of the embryo. The elongated stalk of the ureteric bud, the metanephric duct, later forms the ureter. As the cranial end of the bud extends into the intermediate mesoderm, it undergoes a series of branchings to form the collecting duct system of the kidney. It also forms the major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis. Wikipedia:Metanephros#Metanephros adult mammalian kidney UBERON:0000082 uberon mesonephric tubule A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP]. AAO:0010389 EHDAA2:0001134 EMAPA:27588 EMAPA:27659 TODO check UBERON:0000083 VHOG:0000500 XAO:0000148 uberon A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP]. Wikipedia:Mesonephric_tubules ureteric bud BTO:0001646 EHDAA2:0002140 EHDAA:3091 EHDAA:5917 EMAPA:17209 EMAPA:17376 SCTID:361528000 UBERON:0000084 VHOG:0000541 a protrusion from the mesonephric duct during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It later develops into the adult kidney, except for the nephrons, which, in contrast, originate from the metanephric blastema[WP]. epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP] diverticulum metanephric bud metanephric diverticulum ncithesaurus:Metanephric_Diverticulum uberon BTO:0001646 diverticulum EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ISBN:9780878932504 BTO:0001646 metanephric bud MP:0010979 PMID:19828308 Wikipedia:Ureteric_bud a protrusion from the mesonephric duct during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It later develops into the adult kidney, except for the nephrons, which, in contrast, originate from the metanephric blastema[WP]. epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP] Wikipedia:Metanephros#Metanephros metanephric diverticulum morula An embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, consisting of cells (called blastomeres) in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida[WP] The compacted embryo before cavity formation. BTO:0001508 EHDAA2:0000005 GAID:1295 MESH:A.16.254.270.550 SCTID:361474003 UBERON:0000085 XAO:1000029 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/200px-Blastulation.png ncithesaurus:Morula uberon An embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, consisting of cells (called blastomeres) in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida[WP] The compacted embryo before cavity formation. Wikipedia:Morula zona pellucida A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes. BTO:0003135 EHDAA2:0002220 EHDAA:31 EHDAA:62 EMAPA:16035 EMAPA:16049 FMA:18674 GAID:410 MA:0001715 MESH:A.05.360.490.690.950 UBERON:0000086 ZFA:0001111 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray3.png/200px-Gray3.png ncithesaurus:Zona_Pellucida oolemma pellucid zone striated membrane uberon vitelline envelope vitelline membrane zona radiata zona striata A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes. Wikipedia:Zona_pellucida BTO:0003135 oolemma BTO:0003135 zona striata BTO:0003135 striated membrane BTO:0003135 zona radiata BTO:0003135 pellucid zone inner cell mass EFO:0000547 EHDAA2:0000830 EHDAA:40 EMAPA:16041 FMA:86557 Mass of cells inside the primordial embryo that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus. This structure forms in the earliest steps of development, before implantation into the endometrium of the uterus has occurred. The ICM lies within the blastocoele (more correctly termed 'blastocyst cavity', as it is not strictly homologous to the blastocoele of anamniote vertebrates) and is entirely surrounded by the single layer of cells called trophoblast. SCTID:361456007 UBERON:0000087 VHOG:0000742 embryoblast http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg/200px-Blastocyst_English.svg.png ncithesaurus:Inner_Cell_Mass pluriblast uberon Wikipedia Mass of cells inside the primordial embryo that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus. This structure forms in the earliest steps of development, before implantation into the endometrium of the uterus has occurred. The ICM lies within the blastocoele (more correctly termed 'blastocyst cavity', as it is not strictly homologous to the blastocoele of anamniote vertebrates) and is entirely surrounded by the single layer of cells called trophoblast. Wikipedia:Inner_cell_mass trophoblast Aggregate of cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. BTO:0001079 Development notes: The postimplantation derivatives of the trophectoderm, which make up most of the fetal part of the placenta[PMID:19829370] EV:0100120 FMA:83029 GAID:1152 MESH:A.11.936 SCTID:362839005 UBERON:0000088 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg/200px-Blastocyst_English.svg.png trophoblast layer trophoderm uberon MP:0005031 trophoblast layer Aggregate of cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. Wikipedia:Trophoblast BTO:0001079 trophoderm hypoblast AAO:0000229 AAO:0010619 BTO:0003953 EFO:0001930 MAT:0000418 MIAA:0000418 TAO:0000117 The inner of the two layers of the blastoderm that forms during gastrulation and give rise to the definitive mesoderm and endoderm UBERON:0000089 VHOG:0001222 XAO:0003044 ZFA:0000117 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Cell_differentiation_gastrula.PNG mesendoderm ncithesaurus:Hypoblast this term groups together disparate structures with different relationships. TODO - consider relationship to UBERON:0000091 uberon The inner of the two layers of the blastoderm that forms during gastrulation and give rise to the definitive mesoderm and endoderm Wikipedia:Hypoblast ZFIN:curator ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 mesendoderm blastocele AAO:0010433 EHDAA2:0000175 EHDAA:50 EMAPA:16044 SCTID:361455006 UBERON:0000090 VHOG:0000811 XAO:0000294 blastocoele blastocoelic cavity blastocyst cavity cleavage cavity fluid-filled central region of a blastocyst. A blastocoele forms during embryogenesis when a zygote (a fertilized ovum) divides into many cells through mitosis. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blastocyst.gif/200px-Blastocyst.gif segmentation cavity uberon Wikipedia:Blastocele fluid-filled central region of a blastocyst. A blastocoele forms during embryogenesis when a zygote (a fertilized ovum) divides into many cells through mitosis. EHDAA2:0000175 blastocoelic cavity bilaminar disc UBERON:0000091 bilaminary embryonic disc http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gray21.png/200px-Gray21.png ncithesaurus:Bilaminar_Embryonic_Disc the epiblast and the hypoblast, evolved from the embryoblast uberon Wikipedia:Bilaminar_disc the epiblast and the hypoblast, evolved from the embryoblast post-embryonic stage OGES:000010 OGES:000014 OGES:000024 UBERON:0000092 WBls:0000022 postembryonic postembryonic stage stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure uberon UBERON:cjm stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure sulcus 2009-04-09T06:23:22Z UBERON:0000093 a depression or fissure in the surface of an organ. cjm uberon Wikipedia:Sulcus_(anatomy) a depression or fissure in the surface of an organ. membrane organ 2009-07-30T05:19:13Z FMA:7145 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA] UBERON:0000094 cjm membrane of organ uberon FMA:7145 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA] cardiac neural crest 2009-07-30T07:57:38Z AO notes - ZFA treats this as a subtype of NC. UBERON:0000095 XAO:0004190 ZFA:0001648 cardiac neural crest complex cjm complexus cristae neuralis cardiacus portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia] uberon Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest complexus cristae neuralis cardiacus Wikipedia Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia] Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest cardiac neural crest complex blastopore AAO:0000045 BTO:0001695 In protostome development, the first opening in development, the blastopore, becomes the animal's mouth; In deuterostome development, the blastopore becomes the animal's anus Structure around the opening into the archenteron during the embryonic stages of an organism. The distinction between protostomes and deuterostomes is based on the direction in which the mouth (stoma) develops in relation to the blastopore. UBERON:0000100 XAO:0000208 uberon Structure around the opening into the archenteron during the embryonic stages of an organism. The distinction between protostomes and deuterostomes is based on the direction in which the mouth (stoma) develops in relation to the blastopore. Wikipedia:Blastopore lobe of lung A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung[GO]. FMA:7311 OpenCyc:Mx4rvo6-vpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245524004 UBERON:0000101 galen:LobeOfLung lung lobe ncithesaurus:Lung_Lobe pulminory lobe pulmonary lobe uberon A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung[GO]. GOC:GO FMA:7311 pulmonary lobe lung vasculature FMA:73750 The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO]. UBERON:0000102 lung vascular network pulmonary vasculature uberon vascular network of lung vasculature of lung FMA:73750 pulmonary vasculature OBOL:automatic lung vascular network GOC:GO The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO]. OBOL:automatic vasculature of lung OBOL:automatic vascular network of lung life cycle stage boundary Instant starting or ending a life cycle stage. These can be arbitrary/fiat. UBERON:0000103 life cycle stage transition event life cycle stage transition instant span:ProcessBoundary uberon Instant starting or ending a life cycle stage. These can be arbitrary/fiat. UBERON:cjm life cycle An entire span of an organism's life, commencing with the zygote stage and ending in the death of the organism. FBdv_root:00000000 OGES:000011 UBERON:0000104 life lifespan ncithesaurus:Life uberon An entire span of an organism's life, commencing with the zygote stage and ending in the death of the organism. UBERON:cjm life cycle stage A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism. BILS:0000105 EFO:0000399 UBERON:0000105 WBls:0000002 XAO:1000000 ZFS:0100000 developmental stage ncithesaurus:Developmental_Stage stage uberon A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism. UBERON:cjm zygote stage 1-cell stage A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction. BILS:0000106 EHDAA:27 EMAPA:16033 UBERON:0000106 VHOG:0000745 XAO:1000001 ZFS:0000001 fertilized egg stage one cell stage uberon A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction. Wikipedia:Zygote BTO:0000854 fertilized egg stage cleavage stage BILS:0000107 EFO:0001290 MESH:A.16.254.270 OGES:000015 OGES:000020 The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. UBERON:0000107 XAO:1000004 uberon GO:0040016 The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. Wikipedia:Cleavage_(embryo) blastula stage An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. BILS:0000108 EFO:0001282 GAID:1294 OGES:000003 OGES:000016 OGES:000021 OpenCyc:Mx4rEetFnKP2EdqAAAACs4vPlg UBERON:0000108 XAO:1000003 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/200px-Blastulation.png uberon An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. Wikipedia:Blastula gastrula stage A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. BILS:0000109 EFO:0001296 FBdv:00005317 OGES:000004 OGES:000019 UBERON:0000109 XAO:1000005 uberon A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. GO:0007369 neurula stage BILS:0000110 Staged defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. UBERON:0000110 XAO:1000006 uberon GO:0001841 Staged defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. organogenesis stage A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. BILS:0000111 OGES:000005 OGES:000032 UBERON:0000111 segmentation stage uberon A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. Wikipedia:Organogenesis juvenile stage BILS:0000112 BTO:0002168 EFO:0001300 EV:0300051 OGES:000009 The stage of being a sexually immature adult animal. UBERON:0000112 XAO:1000010 ZFS:0000042 ZFS:0000043 uberon The stage of being a sexually immature adult animal. XAO:1000010 post-juvenile adult stage BILS:0000113 BTO:0001043 EV:0300064 EV:0300070 MIAA:0000403 OGES:000026 OGES:000027 The stage of being a sexually mature adult animal. UBERON:0000113 UBERON:MIAA_0000403-XAO_1000009 XAO:1000009 ZFS:0000044 adult stage uberon The stage of being a sexually mature adult animal. UBERON:cjm lung connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lung [Obol]. MA:0001782 UBERON:0000114 connective tissue of lung lung interstitial tissue lung portion of connective tissue lung textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of lung textus connectivus of lung uberon OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lung MA:0001782 lung interstitial tissue OBOL:automatic lung portion of connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lung OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lung OBOL:automatic lung textus connectivus lung epithelium BTO:0001653 MA:0001783 UBERON:0000115 epithelial tissue of lung epithelium of lung lung epithelial tissue pulmonary epithelium the epithelial layer of the lung. uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lung BTO:0001653 pulmonary epithelium MP:0006382 the epithelial layer of the lung. OBOL:automatic epithelium of lung OBOL:automatic lung epithelial tissue lung saccule Primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells[GO]. UBERON:0000116 uberon GO:0060430 Primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells[GO]. GO respiratory tube A tube in the respiratory tract. UBERON:0000117 uberon A tube in the respiratory tract. GO:0030323 lung bud BTO:0001643 EHDAA2:0004089 SCTID:361427007 Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung. UBERON:0000118 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gray948.png/200px-Gray948.png lung bud ncithesaurus:Respiratory_Diverticulum primary lung bud respiratory diverticulum uberon GO:0060441 EHDAA2 GO:0060572 primary lung bud Wikipedia:Lung_buds respiratory diverticulum lung bud GO:0060431 Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung. Wikipedia:Lung_buds cell layer Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of cells connected to each other by cell junctions UBERON:0000119 cell sheath layer of cells uberon Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of cells connected to each other by cell junctions UBERON:cjm blood brain barrier BBB Cell layer consisting of lining cells that separates the central nervous system and the bloodstream. The BBB may consist of endothelial cells or glial cells. An endothelial barrier may have arisen independently several times during evolution. In bichir and lungfish the barrier is formed by brain endothelial cells, while in sturgeon it is formed by a complex perivascular glial sheath, but with no detectable tight junctions. NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_100205 UBERON:0000120 blood-brain barrier ncithesaurus:Blood-Brain_Barrier uberon Cell layer consisting of lining cells that separates the central nervous system and the bloodstream. The BBB may consist of endothelial cells or glial cells. An endothelial barrier may have arisen independently several times during evolution. In bichir and lungfish the barrier is formed by brain endothelial cells, while in sturgeon it is formed by a complex perivascular glial sheath, but with no detectable tight junctions. DOI:10.1002/glia.20642 Wikipedia:Blood-brain_barrier perineurium BTO:0003153 Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle. FMA:52585 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090205 SCTID:362299001 UBERON:0000121 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray636.png/200px-Gray636.png ncithesaurus:Perineurium uberon Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle. Wikipedia:Perineurium neuron projection bundle A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. CARO:0001001 FBbt:00005099 UBERON:0000122 UBERON:0005163 funiculus nerve fiber bundle neural fiber bundle uberon A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. CARO:0001001 FBC:DOS FBbt:00005099 FBbt:00005099 nerve fiber bundle endoneurium FMA:52586 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090202 SCTID:15931004 UBERON:0000123 a layer of delicate connective tissue that encloses the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber within a funiculus. ncithesaurus:Endoneurium uberon Wikipedia:Endodeurium a layer of delicate connective tissue that encloses the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber within a funiculus. epineurium BTO:0003154 FMA:12234 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090203 SCTID:64482002 UBERON:0000124 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray636.png/200px-Gray636.png ncithesaurus:Epineurium outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. It includes the blood vessels supplying the nerve. It consists of adipose tissue and fibrocollagenous tissues. uberon Wikipedia:Epineurium outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. It includes the blood vessels supplying the nerve. It consists of adipose tissue and fibrocollagenous tissues. neural nucleus Anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma[GO]. FMA:83686 UBERON:0000125 do not include NIF_Subcellular:sao1702920020 Nucleus. Proposed CUMBO def from MM: A subcortical part of the nervous system consisting of a relatively compact group of cells that is distinguishable histologically that share a commonality of cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecturel and connectivity. (comments: I put in "subcortical" because I don't think we consider either the cerebellar cortex or cerebral cortex to be nuclei. Some people distinguish between a nucleus and a laminar structure (see Wikipedia definition). However, there are structures identified as nuclei that are laminar, e.g., lateral geniculate nucleus, although they are not laminated in all species. Also, I put in "relatively compact" and "distiguishable by histology" because we have groups of cells, e.g., cholinergic cell groups, doparminergic cell groups that are related on the 3 criteria but which we don't tend to consider nuclei because they don't occupy an easily defined territory. But all is open to debate. neuraxis nucleus nucleus nucleus of neuraxis uberon Anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma[GO]. GO:0048857 GO_REF:0000021 Wikipedia:Nucleus_(neuroanatomy) FMA:83686 neuraxis nucleus cranial nerve nucleus FMA:54501 SCTID:280160003 UBERON:0000126 collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more cranial nerves. cranial neural nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png nucleus of cranial nerve uberon FMA:54501 cranial neural nucleus Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve_nucleus collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more cranial nerves. facial nucleus BM:Pons-VII EHDAA2:0004638 EV:0100267 FMA has 3 subclasses - left, right and motor nucleus of facial nerve, but no defs. It's not clear how facial nucleus is distinct from facial motor nucleus. FMA:54572 MA:0001014 SCTID:280166009 UBERON:0000127 VHOG:0001412 facial VII motor nucleus facial VII nucleus facial nerve nucleus ncithesaurus:Facial_Nerve_Nucleus nucleus of facial nerve uberon FMA:54572 nucleus of facial nerve MA:0001014 facial VII motor nucleus MA:0001014 facial VII nucleus definitional olivary body BTO:0002299 SCTID:279293003 UBERON:0000128 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gray679.png/200px-Gray679.png olive olive body prominent oval structure in the medulla oblongata, present in pairs, the lower portion of the brainstem. They contain the olivary nuclei uberon Wikipedia:Olivary_body prominent oval structure in the medulla oblongata, present in pairs, the lower portion of the brainstem. They contain the olivary nuclei transverse foramen FMA:23997 Foramen that pierces the transverse processes of the seven cervical vertebrae. In the upper six vertebrae, the foramen gives passage to the vertebral artery, vertebral vein, and a plexus of sympathetic nerves. The seventh foramen lacks the artery, but contains the vein and sympathetic nerves. SCTID:280735005 UBERON:0000130 foramen transversarium foramen transversarium of cervical vertebra transverse foramen of cervical vertebra uberon FMA:23998 foramen transversarium of cervical vertebra FMA:23997 transverse foramen of cervical vertebra Wikipedia:Transverse_foramen foramen transversarium Foramen that pierces the transverse processes of the seven cervical vertebrae. In the upper six vertebrae, the foramen gives passage to the vertebral artery, vertebral vein, and a plexus of sympathetic nerves. The seventh foramen lacks the artery, but contains the vein and sympathetic nerves. Wikipedia:Transverse_foramen FMA trochlea of humerus FMA:23370 SCTID:282817004 The medial portion of the articular surface of the humerus is named the trochlea, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity. It is directly inferior to the most prominent anterior humeral fossia, the Coronoid fossia. It articulates with the ulna. UBERON:0000144 humeral trochlea uberon FMA:23370 humeral trochlea The medial portion of the articular surface of the humerus is named the trochlea, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity. It is directly inferior to the most prominent anterior humeral fossia, the Coronoid fossia. It articulates with the ulna. Wikipedia:Trochlea_of_humerus FMA pectoral fin BTO:0004653 SCTID:416982006 TAO:0001161 The paired pectoral fins are located on each side, usually just behind the operculum, and are homologous to the forelimbs of tetrapods. UBERON:0000151 ZFA:0001161 check definition of limb such that is excludes fins. Note the GO includes pectoral and pelvic fins as types of limbs. The Actinopterygii (ray finned fish) pectoral and pelvic fins aren't homologous as fore- or hindlimbs to those of tetrapods, whereas those of the Sarcopterygii (lobe finned fish) are in fact homologous. uberon The paired pectoral fins are located on each side, usually just behind the operculum, and are homologous to the forelimbs of tetrapods. Wikipedia:Pectoral_fin#Fins pelvic fin BTO:0004651 EFO:0003644 TAO:0001184 The paired pelvic or ventral fins are located ventrally below the pectoral fins. They are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods. The pelvic fin assists the fish in going up or down through the water, turning sharply, and stopping quickly. UBERON:0000152 ZFA:0001184 check definition of limb such that is excludes fins. Note the GO includes pectoral and pelvic fins as types of limbs. uberon The paired pelvic or ventral fins are located ventrally below the pectoral fins. They are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods. The pelvic fin assists the fish in going up or down through the water, turning sharply, and stopping quickly. Wikipedia:Pectoral_fin#Fins anterior region of body UBERON:0000153 uberon posterior region of body UBERON:0000154 uberon theca cell layer A layer of the ovarian follicles. They appear as the follicles become tertiary follicles. The theca folliculi are responsible for the production of testosterone from androstenedione in females, and indirectly the production of estrogens by supplying the neighboring granulosa cells with androstenedione that can then be used as a substrate for aromatase. BTO:0002853 EFO:0003629 FMA:18656 TAO:0001113 UBERON:0000155 ZFA:0001113 layer of theca cells theca cell layer of ovarian follicle theca folliculi theca of follicle thecal cell layer uberon ZFA:0001113 thecal cell layer A layer of the ovarian follicles. They appear as the follicles become tertiary follicles. The theca folliculi are responsible for the production of testosterone from androstenedione in females, and indirectly the production of estrogens by supplying the neighboring granulosa cells with androstenedione that can then be used as a substrate for aromatase. Wikipedia:Theca_of_follicle theca externa BTO:0002852 FMA:18657 MA:0001713 SCTID:258767003 The theca externa is the outer layers of the theca folliculi. It contains abundant collagen and is mainly supportive. UBERON:0000156 UBERON:0005182 external coat of theca folliculi http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mature_Graffian_follicle.jpg/200px-Mature_Graffian_follicle.jpg ovary theca externa theca externa (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius) tunica externa of theca folliculi tunica externa thecae folliculi uberon The theca externa is the outer layers of the theca folliculi. It contains abundant collagen and is mainly supportive. Wikipedia:Theca_externa FMA:18657 theca externa (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius) BTO:0002852 tunica externa thecae folliculi FMA:18657 tunica externa of theca folliculi MA:0001713 ovary theca externa BTO:0002852 external coat of theca folliculi theca interna BTO:0002851 FMA:18658 MA:0001714 SCTID:258869006 Theca interna cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone, which when activated will stimulate the production of androstenedione from cholesterol by the enzyme desmolase. Androstenedione ultimately gives the granulosa cells the precursor substrate for estrogen manufacturing. UBERON:0000157 UBERON:0005183 internal coat of capsule of graafian follicle ovary theca interna theca interna (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius) tunica interna of theca folliculi tunica interna thecae folliculi uberon BTO:0002851 tunica interna thecae folliculi MA:0001714 ovary theca interna FMA:18658 theca interna (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius) FMA:18658 tunica interna of theca folliculi BTO:0002851 internal coat of capsule of graafian follicle Theca interna cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone, which when activated will stimulate the production of androstenedione from cholesterol by the enzyme desmolase. Androstenedione ultimately gives the granulosa cells the precursor substrate for estrogen manufacturing. Wikipedia:Theca_externa#Theca_interna membranous layer FMA:82500 UBERON:0000158 membranous organ component uberon FMA:82500 membranous organ component anal canal BTO:0001978 EMAPA:18256 FMA:15703 MA:0000330 SCTID:245438008 TGMA:0001022 The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000159 adult alimentary canal anal canal anal canal viewed anatomically anal pad anatomical anal canal anus canalis analis cloaca cloacal chamber galen:AnalCanal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gray1078.png/200px-Gray1078.png mesenteron ncithesaurus:Anal_Canal pars analis recti uberon BTO:0001978 pars analis recti The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus. Wikipedia:Anal_canal BTO:0001978 canalis analis intestine AAO:0000246 ANISEED:1235303 BTO:0000648 EFO:0000834 EV:0100071 FMA:7199 GAID:295 MA also has a class MA:0001524 bowel, not clear how this is different MA:0000328 MA:0001524 MESH:A.03.492.411 MIAA:0000043 SCTID:256876008 Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. TAO:0001338 UBERON:0000160 UBERON:FBbt_00005785-FMA_15703-FMA_7199-MA_0000328-MA_0000330-MIAA_0000042-MIAA_0000043-WBbt_0005772-WBbt_0005774-XAO_0000129-XAO_0000244-ZFA_0000330-ZFA_0001338 VHOG:0000056 WBbt:0005772 XAO:0000129 ZFA:0001338 bowel galen:Intestine ncithesaurus:Intestine uberon GOC:GO Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. Wikipedia:Intestine orifice Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces, surrounded by two or more subdivisions of two or more organs. Examples: right atrioventricular orifice, orifice of artery, hilum of kidney, porta hepatis[FMA,modified]. FMA:3724 SCTID:91837002 UBERON:0000161 anatomical orifice anatomical ostium hilum in FMA, this is an anatomical conduit *space*, rather than anatomical conduit uberon FMA:3724 anatomical orifice Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces, surrounded by two or more subdivisions of two or more organs. Examples: right atrioventricular orifice, orifice of artery, hilum of kidney, porta hepatis[FMA,modified]. FMA:3724 FMA:3724 anatomical ostium cloaca AAO:0000095 GAID:1206 Human beings only have an embryonic cloaca, which is split up into separate tracts during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs[WP] MESH:A.13.223 Posterior opening that serves as the only such opening for the intestinal and urinary tracts of certain animal species SCTID:362857006 UBERON:0000162 VHOG:0001186 WBbt:0005774 XAO:0000244 ZFA:0000330 cloacal chamber ncithesaurus:Cloaca uberon vent Posterior opening that serves as the only such opening for the intestinal and urinary tracts of certain animal species Wikipedia:Cloaca embryonic cloaca EHDAA2:0000256 EHDAA:4895 EMAPA:27573 EMAPA:27638 Structure in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs[WP]. endoderm-lined chamber into which the hidgut and allantois empty in early embryos[MP]. UBERON:0000163 cloaca compare UBERON:0000162 cloaca uberon cloaca MP:0010115 Structure in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs[WP]. endoderm-lined chamber into which the hidgut and allantois empty in early embryos[MP]. Wikipedia:Cloaca_(embryology) primitive urogenital sinus EHDAA2:0004060 EHDAA:5029 EHDAA:5919 EMAPA:17211 EMAPA:17379 Note that the term "urogenital sinus" may refer to the primitive urogenital sinus present as a transient developmental structure in most mammals or it may refer to a condition in which an unseptated cloaca persists in animals longer than normal[MP] Part of the human body only present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It is the ventral part of the cloaca, formed after the cloaca separates from the rectum. It eventually becomes, among other things, the bladder[WP]. ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females[MP]. SCTID:50961009 UBERON:0000164 UGS VHOG:0000414 fetal UGS http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray1109.png/200px-Gray1109.png ncithesaurus:Urogenital_Sinus uberon urogenital sinus MP:0010116 urogenital sinus Part of the human body only present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It is the ventral part of the cloaca, formed after the cloaca separates from the rectum. It eventually becomes, among other things, the bladder[WP]. ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females[MP]. Wikipedia:Urogenital_sinus MP:0010116 UGS EHDAA2 PMID:18977204 fetal UGS mouth AAO:0010355 BTO:0001090 EFO:0000825 FBbt:00003126 FMA:49184 First portion of the digestive tract[WP]. The portion of the digestive that develops from the stomodeum GAID:75 MA:0002474 MAT:0000038 MESH:A.01.456.505.631 MIAA:0000038 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVidh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TADS:0000040 TAO:0000547 TGMA:0000131 TODO - check fly mouthpart. note in uberon we distinguish between the mouth and the oral opening. the mouth is part of the digestive tract. TODO - check isa parent subdivision of head - is it a subdivision of the head or digestive tract UBERON:0000165 VHOG:0000812 XAO:0003029 ZFA:0000547 adult mouth cavitas oris cavum oris galen:Mouth http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg/200px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg mouth cavity oral vestibule regio oralis rima oris stoma uberon vestibule of mouth vestibulum oris BTO:0001090 cavum oris First portion of the digestive tract[WP]. The portion of the digestive that develops from the stomodeum Wikipedia:Mouth BTO:0001090 oral vestibule FMA:49184 FMA:TA regio oralis BTO:0001090 rima oris BTO:0001090 vestibulum oris BTO:0001090 mouth cavity BTO:0001090 vestibule of mouth BTO:0001090 cavitas oris oral opening BTO:0004698 EHDAA2:0001326 EHDAA:542 EMAPA:16262 FMA:59806 MA:0000341 TAO:0000590 TGMA:0000131 The opening of the head through which food passes into the body. UBERON:0000166 VHOG:0000280 ZFA:0000590 adult mouth mouth note MA includes as parts of 'oral region' the tongue, tonsils, etc, so an equivalence to the oral opening itself may not be appropriate. oral fissure oral orifice oral part of face oral region orofacial cavity subdivision of mouth uberon FMA:59806 oral fissure NLM:mouth The opening of the head through which food passes into the body. FMA FMA:59806 oral orifice oral cavity AAO:0000053 AAO:0000960 EFO:0001975 EHDAA2:0001324 EHDAA:6970 EMAPA:17411 EV:0100057 FMA:20292 HAO:0000669 SCTID:181220002 TAO:0001027 TGMA:0000102 UBERON:0000167 VHOG:0000188 WBbt:0005255 XAO:0000126 ZFA:0001027 buccal cavity cavity of mouth ncithesaurus:Oral_Cavity uberon FMA:20292 buccal cavity segment of colon An organ segment that is part of a colon [Obol]. FMA:222905 UBERON:0000168 uberon An organ segment that is part of a colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic pair of lungs BTO:0000763 EFO:0000934 FMA:68877 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000170 lungs lungs pair ncithesaurus:Lung pulmones set of lungs uberon FMA:68877 FMA:TA pulmones respiration organ EMAPA:17607 Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. SCTID:272626006 SPD:0000428 TGMA:0001247 UBERON:0000171 apparatus respiratorius organ breathing organ gas exchange organ organ of apparatus respiratorius organ of respiratory system respiratory organ respiratory system organ uberon OBOL:automatic respiratory system organ GO:0007585 Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. OBOL:automatic organ of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius organ OBOL:automatic organ of apparatus respiratorius vomit ENVO:00000338 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViQTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000172 Vomit is a bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach of an organism disgorged through the mouth or nose. galen:Vomitus ncithesaurus:Vomitus uberon ENVO:00000338 Vomit is a bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach of an organism disgorged through the mouth or nose. amniotic fluid Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. BTO:0000068 ENVO:02000021 EV:0100123 GAID:1155 MA:0002893 MESH:A.12.098 UBERON:0000173 VHOG:0001267 acqua amnii liquor amnii ncithesaurus:Amniotic_Fluid uberon BTO:0000068 liquor amnii BTO:0000068 acqua amnii Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. ENVO:02000021 excreta AEO:0000184 BTO:0000491 EHDAA2:0003184 ENVO:02000022 Excreta are bodily fluids consisting of waste matter, such as sweat or feces, discharged from the body. FMA:9674 UBERON:0000174 UBERON:0000324 UBERON:0007550 UBERON:BTO_0000491-FMA_9674 excretion galen:Excretion uberon waste substance BTO:0000491 excretion AEO:0000184 waste substance ENVO:02000022 Excreta are bodily fluids consisting of waste matter, such as sweat or feces, discharged from the body. pleural effusion ENVO:02000033 OpenCyc:Mx4rLaTGCK2TEduAAAAOpmP6tw Pleural effusion is a bodily fluid that is produced in exess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation. UBERON:0000175 cede to MPATH? Note the ncit class is under finding. ncithesaurus:Pleural_Effusion uberon ENVO:02000033 Pleural effusion is a bodily fluid that is produced in exess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation. oronasal secretion ENVO:02000035 Oronasal secretion is a bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose. UBERON:0000176 uberon ENVO:02000035 Oronasal secretion is a bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose. pus AO notes: biospecimen in NCIT ENVO:02000038 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjG6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells. UBERON:0000177 galen:Pus ncithesaurus:Pus uberon ENVO:02000038 Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells. blood AAO:0000046 BTO:0000089 Circulating body substance which consists of blood plasma and hemoglobin-carrying red blood cells. Excludes blood analogues (see UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid). EFO:0000296 EHDAA2:0000176 EHDAA:418 EMAPA:16332 ENVO:02000027 EV:0100047 FMA:9670 GAID:965 MA:0000059 MESH:A.12.207.152 MIAA:0000315 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjI8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000007 UBERON:0000178 VHOG:0000224 XAO:0000124 ZFA:0000007 galen:Blood ncithesaurus:Blood portion of blood uberon vertebrate blood whole blood Circulating body substance which consists of blood plasma and hemoglobin-carrying red blood cells. Excludes blood analogues (see UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid). FMA:9670 Wikipedia:Blood BTO:0000089 whole blood haemolymphatic fluid 2009-04-08T04:38:19Z Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs. UBERON:0000179 blood or blood analog cjm haematological system portion of organism substance haemopoietic system portion of organism substance hematopoietic system portion of organism substance organa haemopoietica portion of organism substance portion of organism substance of haematological system portion of organism substance of haemopoietic system portion of organism substance of hematopoietic system portion of organism substance of organa haemopoietica uberon OBOL:automatic hematopoietic system portion of organism substance OBOL:automatic organa haemopoietica portion of organism substance OBOL:automatic portion of organism substance of haemopoietic system OBOL:automatic portion of organism substance of haematological system OBOL:automatic portion of organism substance of hematopoietic system OBOL:automatic portion of organism substance of organa haemopoietica OBOL:automatic haematological system portion of organism substance OBOL:automatic haemopoietic system portion of organism substance lateral lumbar region of abdomen FMA:14603 SCTID:243329008 UBERON:0000180 a region of the posterior torso (lower back) beneath the ribs and above the ilium. flank galen:Flank http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray1220.png lateral region lateral region of abdomen latus regio lateralis uberon FMA:14603 lateral region of abdomen Wikipedia:Abdomen#9-region_scheme Wikipedia:Flank a region of the posterior torso (lower back) beneath the ribs and above the ilium. FMA:14603 regio lateralis FMA:14603 latus FMA:14603 flank FMA:14603 lateral region neck of radius FMA:23479 SCTID:181942005 UBERON:0000199 galen:NeckOfRadius radial neck the narrow part of the shaft of the radius just below the head. uberon http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=58913 the narrow part of the shaft of the radius just below the head. FMA FMA:23479 radial neck gyrus A ridge, generally surrounded by one or more sulci. BTO:0002495 FMA:83874 SCTID:279165009 UBERON:0000200 cerebral gyrus gyri gyri of cerebrum gyrus of cerebrum gyrus of neuraxis ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Gyrus uberon BTO:0002495 cerebral gyrus BTO:0002495 gyri BTO:0002495 gyrus of cerebrum BTO:0002495 gyri of cerebrum A ridge, generally surrounded by one or more sulci. Wikipedia:Gyrus FMA:83874 gyrus of neuraxis endothelial blood brain barrier 2009-04-10T08:15:44Z A blood brain barrier that is composed of endothelial cells. NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_100205 UBERON:0000201 cjm uberon A blood brain barrier that is composed of endothelial cells. UBERON:cjm glial blood brain barrier 2009-04-10T08:42:24Z A blood brain barrier composed of glial cells. FBbt:00007091 UBERON:0000202 cjm uberon A blood brain barrier composed of glial cells. UBERON:cjm pallium 2009-04-18T12:03:09Z Editor note: check comparative anatomy Roof region of the telencephalon[GO]. In humans the cerebrum has three parts: the archipallium, the paleopallium and the neopallium. The developing telencephalon or forebrain is divided into pallium and subpallium. In amphibians, the cerebrum includes archipallium, paleopallium and some of the basal nuclei. Reptiles first developed a neopallium, which continued to develop in the brains of more recent species to become the neocortex of humans and Old World monkeys. In fish, the archipallium is the largest part of the cerebrum. Some researchers suggest the early archipallium gave rise to the human hippocampus. SCTID:369224000 UBERON:0000203 ZFA:0007007 cjm uberon ZFA GO:0021543 Roof region of the telencephalon[GO]. In humans the cerebrum has three parts: the archipallium, the paleopallium and the neopallium. The developing telencephalon or forebrain is divided into pallium and subpallium. In amphibians, the cerebrum includes archipallium, paleopallium and some of the basal nuclei. Reptiles first developed a neopallium, which continued to develop in the brains of more recent species to become the neocortex of humans and Old World monkeys. In fish, the archipallium is the largest part of the cerebrum. Some researchers suggest the early archipallium gave rise to the human hippocampus. Wikipedia:Pallium_(neuroanatomy) ventral telencephalon 2009-04-18T12:12:27Z BTO:0003401 Base region of the telencephalon. EFO:0003522 UBERON:0000204 ZFA:0000304 area ventralis telencephali cjm note that the term subpallium sometimes refers specifically to the avian structure subpallium uberon Base region of the telencephalon. GO:0021544 GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 BTO:0003401 GO:0021544 ZFA:0000304 subpallium ZFA:0000304 area ventralis telencephali echinoderm gill 2009-04-18T01:13:57Z Respiration in the Echinodermata (includes starfish and sea urchins) is carried out using a very primitive version of gills called papulli. These are thin protuberances on the surface of the body containing diverticula of the water vascular system. UBERON:0000205 cjm papulli uberon pharyngeal gill 2009-04-18T01:18:17Z ANISEED:1235300 Gills of vertebrates are developed in the walls of the pharynx along a series of gill slits opening to the exterior. In fish, the gills are located on both sides of the pharynx. Gills are made of filaments which help increase surface area for oxygen exchange. In bony fish, the gills are covered by a bony cover called an operculum. When a fish breathes, it opens its mouth at regular times and draws in a mouthful of water. It then draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings. The water passes over the gills on the outside. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping through the mouth again. The operculum can be very important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills. Lampreys and sharks lack an operculum, they have multiple gill openings. Also, they must use different methods to force water over the gills. In sharks and rays, this ventilation of the gills is achieved either by the use of spiracles or ram ventilation (ventilation by constantly swimming). Although some animals use this method it is much better for animals to use a spiracle because they are less susceptible to injury. UBERON:0000206 cjm uberon Gills of vertebrates are developed in the walls of the pharynx along a series of gill slits opening to the exterior. In fish, the gills are located on both sides of the pharynx. Gills are made of filaments which help increase surface area for oxygen exchange. In bony fish, the gills are covered by a bony cover called an operculum. When a fish breathes, it opens its mouth at regular times and draws in a mouthful of water. It then draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings. The water passes over the gills on the outside. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping through the mouth again. The operculum can be very important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills. Lampreys and sharks lack an operculum, they have multiple gill openings. Also, they must use different methods to force water over the gills. In sharks and rays, this ventilation of the gills is achieved either by the use of spiracles or ram ventilation (ventilation by constantly swimming). Although some animals use this method it is much better for animals to use a spiracle because they are less susceptible to injury. Wikipedia:Gill#Vertebrate_gills compound eye corneal lens 2009-04-18T01:35:32Z A chitinous extracellular secretion of the four underlying cone cells and the pigment cells. FBbt:00004199 TADS:0000304 UBERON:0000207 acellular lens cjm uberon A chitinous extracellular secretion of the four underlying cone cells and the pigment cells. GO:0048058 cellular lens 2009-04-18T01:37:39Z UBERON:0000208 UBERON:0000965 cjm true uberon tetrapod frontal bone AAO:0000206 EMAPA:19016 FMA:52734 GAID:226 In humans: A bone resembling a cockleshell in two portions the squama frontalis, corresponding with the region of the forehead, and an orbital or horizontal portion, the pars orbitalis, which enters into the formation of the roofs of the orbital and nasal cavities. MA:0001466 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.375 The parietal bone in teleost fish is the homolog of the frontal bone in tetrapods. In the mouse the parietal originates from cephalic paraxial mesoderm (Jiang 2000; Morriss-Kay 2001), whereas in the chicken it is traced back to either mesodermal (Noden 1978) or neural crest (Couly 1992, 1993). UBERON:0000209 UBERON:FMA_9613-MA_0001469-ZFA_0000486 VHOG:0001324 frontal frontal bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray136.png/200px-Gray136.png ncithesaurus:Frontal_Bone uberon FMA:52734 MA:0001466 frontal bone AAO:0000206 frontal In humans: A bone resembling a cockleshell in two portions the squama frontalis, corresponding with the region of the forehead, and an orbital or horizontal portion, the pars orbitalis, which enters into the formation of the roofs of the orbital and nasal cavities. Wikipedia:Frontal_bone tetrapod parietal bone AAO:0000390 EMAPA:18715 FMA:9613 GAID:229 In humans: bone forming side and roof of cranium. Each bone is irregularly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. MA:0001469 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.651 The frontal bone in teleost fish is the homolog of the parietal bone in tetrapods UBERON:0000210 UBERON:FMA_52734-MA_0001466-ZFA_0000514 VHOG:0001324 frontal bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray132.png/200px-Gray132.png ncithesaurus:Parietal_Bone os parietale parietal parietal bone teleost frontal bone uberon In humans: bone forming side and roof of cranium. Each bone is irregularly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. Wikipedia:Parietal_bone ZFA:0000514 AAO:0000390 parietal Wikipedia:Parietal_bone os parietale TAO:0000514 teleost frontal bone TAO:0000514 frontal bone FMA:9613 parietal bone ligament EFO:0001966 FMA:21496 MA:0000113 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi by connective tissue. Examples: sutural ligament, radiate sternocostal ligament, ligament of liver, ovarian ligament[FMA]. Note this groups both skeletal and non-skeletal ligaments. What is called a "ligament" in many AOs is actually a skeletal ligament OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjqpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182358004 UBERON:0000211 VHOG:0001272 XAO:0004031 galen:Ligament ligament organ ncithesaurus:Ligament uberon FMA:21496 ligament organ FMA:21496 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi by connective tissue. Examples: sutural ligament, radiate sternocostal ligament, ligament of liver, ovarian ligament[FMA]. Wikipedia:Ligament toilet claw 2009-05-19T08:19:58Z UBERON:0000212 cjm specialized claw or nail on the foot of certain primates, used for personal grooming. uberon Wikipedia:Toilet-claw specialized claw or nail on the foot of certain primates, used for personal grooming. vertebral arch of axis FMA:24053 UBERON:0000218 uberon vertebral foramen of second cervical vertebra vertebral foramen of atlas . FMA:24293 SCTID:281228008 UBERON:0000219 uberon vertebral foramen of first cervical vertebra . Wikipedia:Atlas_(anatomy)#Vertebral_foramen atlanto-occipital joint FMA:24939 SCTID:361831006 The Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint. The ligaments connecting the bones are: Two Articular capsules; Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Anterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Lateral atlantoöccipital UBERON:0000220 articulatio atlanto-occipitalis craniovertebral joint ncithesaurus:Atlanto-occipital_Joint-Atlanto uberon The Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint. The ligaments connecting the bones are: Two Articular capsules; Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Anterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Lateral atlantoöccipital Wikipedia:Atlanto-occipital_joint FMA:24939 craniovertebral joint FMA FMA:24939 articulatio atlanto-occipitalis supraauricular point FMA:224222 UBERON:0000221 a craniometric point on the posterior root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone directly above the auricular point. supra-auricular part of head uberon a craniometric point on the posterior root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone directly above the auricular point. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=70620 FMA:224222 supra-auricular part of head FMA amniotic cavity BTO:0000025 EHDAA2:0000119 EHDAA:83 EMAPA:16079 FMA:63941 SCTID:280366002 The amniotic cavity is formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold, which first makes its appearance at the cephalic extremity, and subsequently at the caudal end and sides of the embryo. As the amniotic fold rises and fuses over the dorsal aspect of the embryo, the amniotic cavity is formed. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000301 UBERON:BTO_0000025-FMA_63941 VHOG:0000855 ncithesaurus:Amniotic_Cavity uberon The amniotic cavity is formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold, which first makes its appearance at the cephalic extremity, and subsequently at the caudal end and sides of the embryo. As the amniotic fold rises and fuses over the dorsal aspect of the embryo, the amniotic cavity is formed. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Amniotic_cavity adductor longus BTO:0000029 FMA:22441 SCTID:181686003 The adductor longus muscle is a muscle of the human body. It is a part of the adductor group of the thigh, that as the name suggests adducts the thigh. The adductor longus muscle forms the medial wall of the femoral triangle[WP]. UBERON:0000303 UBERON:BTO_0000029-FMA_22441 adductor longus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG long adductor muscle musculus adductor longus uberon BTO:0000029 long adductor muscle BTO:0000029 musculus adductor longus The adductor longus muscle is a muscle of the human body. It is a part of the adductor group of the thigh, that as the name suggests adducts the thigh. The adductor longus muscle forms the medial wall of the femoral triangle[WP]. Wikipedia:Adductor_longus_muscle tendon sheath A layer of membrane around a tendon. It has 2 layers: synovial sheath + fibrous tendon sheath BTO:0000051 FMA:76715 SCTID:361885006 TODO: add layer relations UBERON:0000304 UBERON:BTO_0000051-FMA_76715 uberon A layer of membrane around a tendon. It has 2 layers: synovial sheath + fibrous tendon sheath Wikipedia:Tendon_sheath amnion A membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. It is developed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, which are hence called “Amniota”; but not in amphibians and fish (Ichthyopsida), which are consequently termed “Anamniota”. The primary function of this is the protection of the embryo for its development. It stems from parts of the mesoderm on the outer side and the ectoderm on the inner side[WP]. BTO:0000065 EHDAA2:0000116 EHDAA:136 EMAPA:16109 EV:0100122 FMA:80223 GAID:1298 MESH:A.16.254.403.277 SCTID:181457005 UBERON:0000305 UBERON:BTO_0000065-FMA_80223 VHOG:0000721 ncithesaurus:Amnion uberon ISBN10:0073040584 ISBN10:0073040584 A membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. It is developed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, which are hence called “Amniota”; but not in amphibians and fish (Ichthyopsida), which are consequently termed “Anamniota”. The primary function of this is the protection of the embryo for its development. It stems from parts of the mesoderm on the outer side and the ectoderm on the inner side[WP]. Wikipedia:Amnion blastula BILA:0000059 BTO:0000128 GAID:1294 MESH:A.16.254.270.274 OGEM:000006 OpenCyc:Mx4rEetFnKP2EdqAAAACs4vPlg Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. TODO - check relationship with epiblast. Note in FMA this is not a subclass of embryo, but in uberon embryo is the whole organism from zygote onwards and thus includes the blastula UBERON:0000307 UBERON:0007011 UBERON:BTO_0000128-FMA_83041 blastosphere blastula embryo http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/200px-Blastulation.png uberon BILA:0000059 blastula embryo Wikipedia:Blastula blastosphere Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. Wikipedia:Blastula body wall BTO:0000139 FMA:10427 Koerperwand SCTID:281483004 UBERON:0000309 UBERON:BTO_0000139-FMA_10427 galen:BodyWall the external portion of an animal body comprised of ectoderm and mesoderm layers that encloses the body cavity. trunk wall uberon wall of trunk BTO:0000139 Koerperwand FMA:10427 trunk wall MP:0003385 the external portion of an animal body comprised of ectoderm and mesoderm layers that encloses the body cavity. FMA:10427 wall of trunk breast BTO:0000149 EV:0100124 FMA:9601 GAID:33 MESH:A.01.236 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjV7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181131000 The breast is the upper ventral region of an animal's torso, particularly that of mammals, including human beings. The breasts of a female primate’s body contain the mammary glands, which secrete milk used to feed infants. Both men and women develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. However, at puberty female sex hormones, mainly estrogens, promote breast development, which does not happen with men. As a result women's breasts become more prominent than men's. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000310 UBERON:BTO_0000149-FMA_9601 galen:Breast http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Closeup_of_female_breast.jpg/200px-Closeup_of_female_breast.jpg mammary part of chest mammary region ncithesaurus:Breast uberon FMA:9601 mammary part of chest FMA:9601 mammary region The breast is the upper ventral region of an animal's torso, particularly that of mammals, including human beings. The breasts of a female primate’s body contain the mammary glands, which secrete milk used to feed infants. Both men and women develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. However, at puberty female sex hormones, mainly estrogens, promote breast development, which does not happen with men. As a result women's breasts become more prominent than men's. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Breast extensor muscle A muscle that, upon contraction, tends to straighten a joint or limb. The antagonist of a flexor muscle[BTO]. Any of the muscles that increase the angle between members of a limb, as by straightening the elbow or knee or bending the wrist or spine backward. The movement is usually directed backward, with the notable exception of the knee joint. In humans, certain muscles of the hand and foot are named for this function. In the hand these include the extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi ulnaris, which run from the humerus (bone of the upper arm) along the back of the forearm to the metacarpal bones at the back of the hand[Britannica] BTO:0000151 FMA:75000 UBERON:0000311 UBERON:BTO_0000151-FMA_74561 extensor uberon A muscle that, upon contraction, tends to straighten a joint or limb. The antagonist of a flexor muscle[BTO]. Any of the muscles that increase the angle between members of a limb, as by straightening the elbow or knee or bending the wrist or spine backward. The movement is usually directed backward, with the notable exception of the knee joint. In humans, certain muscles of the hand and foot are named for this function. In the hand these include the extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi ulnaris, which run from the humerus (bone of the upper arm) along the back of the forearm to the metacarpal bones at the back of the hand[Britannica] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198909/extensor-muscle inner cambium layer of periosteum FMA:234358 UBERON:0000312 UBERON:BTO_0000170-FMA_234358 cambial layer cambial layer of periosteum cambium cambium layer of periosteum inner cambial layer of periosteum osteogenic layer of periosteum uberon FMA:234358 cambial layer Wikipedia:Periosteum osteogenic layer of periosteum FMA:234358 cambium layer of periosteum FMA:234358 cambial layer of periosteum FMA FMA:234358 inner cambial layer of periosteum tibial cartilage A cartilage that is part of a tibia [Obol]. BTO:0000207 FMA:33923 UBERON:0000313 UBERON:BTO_0000207-FMA_33923 cartilage of tibia uberon A cartilage that is part of a tibia [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33923 cartilage of tibia cecum mucosa A mucosa that is part of a cecum [Obol]. BTO:0000213 Cecal mucosa FMA:14998 UBERON:0000314 UBERON:BTO_0000213-FMA_14998 caecum mucosa caecum mucosa of organ caecum mucous membrane caecum organ mucosa cecum mucosa of organ cecum mucous membrane cecum organ mucosa intestinum crassum caecum mucosa intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane intestinum crassum caecum organ mucosa mucosa of caecum mucosa of cecum mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ of caecum mucosa of organ of cecum mucosa of organ of intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane of caecum mucous membrane of cecum mucous membrane of intestinum crassum caecum organ mucosa of caecum organ mucosa of cecum organ mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum uberon A mucosa that is part of a cecum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of cecum Cecal mucosa FMA:14998 OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of cecum OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum mucosa OBOL:automatic caecum mucosa OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of caecum OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic caecum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic cecum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of cecum OBOL:automatic mucosa of caecum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic cecum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of caecum OBOL:automatic caecum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic caecum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic cecum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of cecum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of caecum subarachnoid space BTO:0000230 EMAPA:18211 EMAPA:19053 EMAPA:19054 EMAPA:19055 EMAPA:25079 FMA:83716 GAID:689 MESH:A.08.186.566.166.686 SCTID:362311001 UBERON:0000315 UBERON:BTO_0000230-FMA_83716 cavitas subarachnoidea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gray769.png/200px-Gray769.png spatium leptomeningeum spatium subarachnoideum subarachnoid cavity the space between the arachnoid and dura mater that is traversed by fibrous trabeculae and contains cerebrospinal fluid. uberon BTO:0000230 spatium leptomeningeum BTO:0000230 spatium subarachnoideum MP:0009027 Wikipedia:Subarachnoid_space the space between the arachnoid and dura mater that is traversed by fibrous trabeculae and contains cerebrospinal fluid. BTO:0000230 subarachnoid cavity BTO:0000230 cavitas subarachnoidea cervical mucus BTO:0000242 FMA:83689 MESH:A.12.200.503.339 Thick acidic mucus that blocks the cervical os after mestruation[WP]. This 'infertile' mucus blocks spermatozoa from entering the uterus. UBERON:0000316 UBERON:BTO_0000242-FMA_83689 cervix mucus uberon Obol:automatic cervix mucus Thick acidic mucus that blocks the cervical os after mestruation[WP]. This 'infertile' mucus blocks spermatozoa from entering the uterus. Wikipedia:Cervix#Cervical_mucus Wikipedia:Mucus#Reproductive_system FMA colonic mucosa A mucosa that is part of a colon [Obol]. BTO:0000271 EFO:0003038 EMAPA:27375 FMA:14984 FMA:85388 SCTID:362157008 UBERON:0000317 UBERON:0003347 UBERON:0004981 UBERON:BTO_0000271-FMA_14984 colon mucosa colon mucosa of organ colon mucous membrane colon organ mucosa colonic mucous membrane large bowel mucosa large bowel mucosa of organ large bowel mucous membrane large bowel organ mucosa mucosa of colon mucosa of large bowel mucosa of organ of colon mucosa of organ of large bowel mucosa of segment of colon mucous membrane of colon mucous membrane of large bowel organ mucosa of colon organ mucosa of large bowel uberon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of large bowel OBOL:automatic colon mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of large bowel OBOL:automatic colon organ mucosa OBOL:automatic large bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic large bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic large bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of colon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of colon OBOL:automatic large bowel organ mucosa FMA:14984 colonic mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of colon OBOL:automatic mucosa of large bowel OBOL:automatic colon mucous membrane FMA:14984 mucosa of colon FMA:85388 mucosa of segment of colon OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of large bowel FMA:14984 colon mucosa A mucosa that is part of a colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic cytotrophoblast BTO:0000322 EHDAA:127 EHDAA:152 EHDAA:89 EMAPA:16067 FMA:83039 Langhans' layer SCTID:308841008 The cytotrophoblast (or layer of Langhans) is the inner layer of the trophoblast, interior to the syncytiotrophoblast in an embryo. It serves to anchor the embryonic chorion to the maternal endometrium. Cytotrophoblasts are stem cells in the chorionic villi. During differentiation, mononuclear cytotrophoblast fuse together into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts. The primary villi has only the cytotrophoblast as an axe. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000319 UBERON:BTO_0000322-FMA_83039 cellular trophoblast cytotrophoblastic cell cytotrophoblastic cell layer http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray36.png/200px-Gray36.png ncithesaurus:Cytotrophoblast uberon The cytotrophoblast (or layer of Langhans) is the inner layer of the trophoblast, interior to the syncytiotrophoblast in an embryo. It serves to anchor the embryonic chorion to the maternal endometrium. Cytotrophoblasts are stem cells in the chorionic villi. During differentiation, mononuclear cytotrophoblast fuse together into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts. The primary villi has only the cytotrophoblast as an axe. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cytotrophoblast BTO:0000322 Langhans' layer FMA:83039 cytotrophoblastic cell UBERON:cjm cytotrophoblastic cell layer FMA:83039 cellular trophoblast duodenal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Obol]. BTO:0000367 Doudenal mucosa Duodenal mucous membrane EMAPA:27235 FMA:14942 SCTID:362146003 UBERON:0000320 UBERON:0003348 UBERON:BTO_0000367-FMA_14942 duodenum mucosa mucosa of duodenum mucous membrane of duodenum uberon Doudenal mucosa FMA:14942 OBOL:automatic mucosa of duodenum A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of duodenum BTO:0000367 duodenum mucosa Duodenal mucous membrane FMA:14942 cerebral lobe BTO:0000445 Cerebral lobes Cerebral lobes set FMA:77800 SCTID:272632001 UBERON:0000322 UBERON:BTO_0000445-FMA_77800 lobi cerebri set/singular uberon Cerebral lobes FMA:77800 Cerebral lobes set FMA:77800 FMA:77800 FMA:TA lobi cerebri late embryo BTO:0000449 EFO:0001323 FMA:63919 GAID:552 MESH:A.16.378 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZfC2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:83418008 TODO - check fetus/embryo. WP: An embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination. In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization (i.e. ten weeks LMP), and from then it is instead called a fetus. UBERON:0000323 UBERON:BTO_0000449-FMA_63919 embryo late growth stage embryo late stage fetus ncithesaurus:Fetus uberon BTO:0000449 embryo late growth stage BTO:0000449 embryo late stage BTO:0000449 fetus gastric gland BTO:0000503 FMA:14919 UBERON:0000325 UBERON:BTO_0000503-FMA_14919 any of the branched tubules in the inner lining of the stomach that secrete gastric juice and protective mucus. uberon cjm ISBN10:0073040584 pancreatic juice BTO:0000504 FMA:62973 GAID:1166 MESH:A.12.200.567 Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach. UBERON:0000326 UBERON:BTO_0000504-FMA_62973 succus pancreaticus uberon BTO:0000504 succus pancreaticus GO:0030157 Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach. gut wall BTO:0000547 FMA:45653 UBERON:0000328 UBERON:BTO_0000547-FMA_45653 uberon wall of gut FMA:45653 wall of gut hair root BTO:0000555 FMA:70730 The enlarged basal part of a hair within the skin[BTO]. The root of the hair ends in an enlargement, the hair bulb, which is whiter in color and softer in texture than the shaft, and is lodged in a follicular involution of the epidermis called the hair follicle. [Wikipedia]. UBERON:0000329 UBERON:BTO_0000555-FMA_70730 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray944.png/200px-Gray944.png ncithesaurus:Hair_Root root of hair uberon BTO:0000555 The enlarged basal part of a hair within the skin[BTO]. The root of the hair ends in an enlargement, the hair bulb, which is whiter in color and softer in texture than the shaft, and is lodged in a follicular involution of the epidermis called the hair follicle. [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Hair_root FMA:70730 root of hair ileal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a ileum [Obol]. BTO:0000619 FMA:14956 Ileal mucous membrane Ileum mucosa SCTID:85458007 UBERON:0000331 UBERON:BTO_0000619-FMA_14956 ileum mucosa ileum mucosa of organ ileum mucous membrane ileum organ mucosa mucosa of ileum mucosa of organ of ileum mucous membrane of ileum organ mucosa of ileum uberon FMA:14956 Ileum mucosa A mucosa that is part of a ileum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ileum mucous membrane FMA:14956 Ileal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ileum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic ileum mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of ileum OBOL:automatic ileum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ileum OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ileum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ileum yellow bone marrow BTO:0000635 FMA:74596 SCTID:5023006 UBERON:0000332 UBERON:BTO_0000635-FMA_74596 fat marrow medulla ossium flava uberon yellow marrow BTO:0000635 medulla ossium flava BTO:0000635 fat marrow BTO:0000635 yellow marrow intestinal gland A gland that is part of a intestinal mucosa [Obol]. BTO:0000640 FMA:15052 Glandula intestinalis Lieberkuehn`s gland SCTID:266297002 TODO check UBERON:0001983 UBERON:0000333 UBERON:BTO_0000640-FMA_15052 bowel mucosa gland bowel mucosa of organ gland bowel mucous membrane gland bowel organ mucosa gland crypt of Lieberkuehn gland of Lieberkuehn gland of bowel mucosa gland of bowel mucosa of organ gland of bowel mucous membrane gland of bowel organ mucosa gland of intestinal mucosa gland of intestine mucosa gland of intestine mucosa of organ gland of intestine mucous membrane gland of intestine organ mucosa gland of mucosa of bowel gland of mucosa of intestine gland of mucosa of organ of bowel gland of mucosa of organ of intestine gland of mucous membrane of bowel gland of mucous membrane of intestine gland of organ mucosa of bowel gland of organ mucosa of intestine intestinal mucosa gland intestine mucosa gland intestine mucosa of organ gland intestine mucous membrane gland intestine organ mucosa gland mucosa of bowel gland mucosa of intestine gland mucosa of organ of bowel gland mucosa of organ of intestine gland mucous membrane of bowel gland mucous membrane of intestine gland organ mucosa of bowel gland organ mucosa of intestine gland uberon BTO:0000640 Lieberkuehn`s gland OBOL:automatic gland of mucous membrane of intestine BTO:0000640 gland of Lieberkuehn OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intestine gland OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intestine gland OBOL:automatic gland of organ mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa of organ gland OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa gland OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bowel gland A gland that is part of a intestinal mucosa [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:15052 Glandula intestinalis OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bowel gland OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gland of intestinal mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa gland OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intestine gland OBOL:automatic bowel organ mucosa gland OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of intestine gland OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bowel gland OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic gland of mucous membrane of bowel OBOL:automatic intestinal mucosa gland OBOL:automatic intestine organ mucosa gland OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of organ of bowel OBOL:automatic bowel mucous membrane gland OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic mucosa of bowel gland OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa of organ gland OBOL:automatic gland of organ mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of organ of intestine OBOL:automatic intestine mucous membrane gland OBOL:automatic gland of bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucosa of organ BTO:0000640 crypt of Lieberkuehn throat BTO:0000828 FMA:228738 In anatomy, the throat is the anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. An important feature of the throat is the epiglottis, a flap which separates the esophagus from the trachea and prevents inhalation of food or drink. The throat contains various blood vessels, various pharyngeal muscles, the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus. The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals. It is sometimes considered a synonym for fauces. [WP,unvetted]. OpenCyc:Mx4rwQtO_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000341 UBERON:BTO_0000828-FMA_228738 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Throat_Diagram.png/200px-Throat_Diagram.png ncithesaurus:Throat uberon In anatomy, the throat is the anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. An important feature of the throat is the epiglottis, a flap which separates the esophagus from the trachea and prevents inhalation of food or drink. The throat contains various blood vessels, various pharyngeal muscles, the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus. The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals. It is sometimes considered a synonym for fauces. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Throat mucosa A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP] AEO:0000199 BTO:0000886 EHDAA2:0003234 EV:0100382 Editor note: - check - mucosa vs region of mucosa. In FMA these are subtypes of Mucosa: Mucosa of gallbladder, tongue, .... The following are subtypes of Region of mucosa: Mucosa of zone of stomach, trachea, bronchus, dorsum of tongue.... Depends on whether the covered area is an organ or organ component. Uberon does not regard organ vs organ component as crucial distinction and thus collapses these into a single class deliberately FMA:85355 FMA:85358 GAID:297 MESH:A.10.615.550 OpenCyc:Mx4rvmKNOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361693009 UBERON:0000344 UBERON:BTO_0000886-FMA_85355 galen:Mucosa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png mucosa of organ mucosa of organ part mucosal region mucous membrane ncithesaurus:Mucosa organ mucosa region of mucosa tunica mucosa uberon FMA:85358 mucosa of organ part A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP] Wikipedia:Mucous_membrane FMA:85355 organ mucosa FMA:85355 mucous membrane FMA:85355 mucosa of organ FMA:85358 mucosal region BTO:0000886 tunica mucosa FMA:85358 region of mucosa myelin BTO:0000894 FMA:62977 UBERON:0000345 UBERON:BTO_0000894-FMA_62977 a dielectric (electrically insulating) material that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. Myelin is about 40 % water; the dry mass of myelin is about 70 - 85 % lipids and about 15 - 30 % proteins. Some of the proteins that make up myelin are myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and proteolipid protein (PLP). The primary lipid of myelin is a glycolipid called galactocerebroside (GalC). The intertwining hydrocarbon chains of sphingomyelin serve to strengthen the myelin sheath. editor note: cede to other ontology. Retired in ncit ncithesaurus:Myelin uberon Wikipedia:Myelin a dielectric (electrically insulating) material that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. Myelin is about 40 % water; the dry mass of myelin is about 70 - 85 % lipids and about 15 - 30 % proteins. Some of the proteins that make up myelin are myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and proteolipid protein (PLP). The primary lipid of myelin is a glycolipid called galactocerebroside (GalC). The intertwining hydrocarbon chains of sphingomyelin serve to strengthen the myelin sheath. myelin membrane BTO has def The multilamellar myelin membrane is a specisalised lipid-rich domain of the glial cell plasma membrane. FMA has primary term name Myelinated plasma membrane of Schwann cell BTO:0000895 FMA:73417 UBERON:0000346 UBERON:BTO_0000895-FMA_73417 myelinated plasma membrane of Schwann cell uberon FMA:73417 myelinated plasma membrane of Schwann cell myelin sheath BTO:0000900 FMA:62983 GAID:731 GO:0043209 MESH:A.08.637.600.500 UBERON:0000347 UBERON:BTO_0000900-FMA_62983 medullary sheath ncithesaurus:Myelin_Sheath the insulating envelope that surrounds nerve fibers or axons. uberon MP:0003871 the insulating envelope that surrounds nerve fibers or axons. BTO:0000900 medullary sheath ophthalmic nerve BTO:0000926 EHDAA2:0002088 EHDAA:3744 EMAPA:17800 FMA:52621 First division of fifth cranial nerve First division of trigeminal nerve GAID:837 MA:0001104 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.760.650 Nervus ophthalmicus (V1) Nervus ophthalmicus (Va) OpenCyc:Mx4rwEs_K5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Ophthalmic division [V1] Ophthalmic division [Va] Ophthalmic division of fifth cranial nerve Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (V1) Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (Va) Ophthalmic nerve [V1] Ophthalmic nerve [Va] SCTID:280210000 UBERON:0000348 UBERON:BTO_0000926-FMA_52621 VHOG:0001349 ncithesaurus:Ophthalmic_Nerve nervus ophthalmicus [v1] nervus ophthalmicus [va] ophthalmic division the sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the orbit and its contents, the nasal cavity and the skin of the nose and forehead. trigeminal V nerve ophthalmic division uberon FMA:52621 FMA:TA nervus ophthalmicus [v1] FMA:52621 Nervus ophthalmicus (Va) FMA:52621 Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (Va) FMA:52621 Ophthalmic division [Va] FMA:52621 Nervus ophthalmicus (V1) FMA:52621 First division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52621 Ophthalmic division [V1] FMA:52621 Ophthalmic nerve [V1] FMA:52621 FMA:TA nervus ophthalmicus [va] FMA:52621 Ophthalmic nerve [Va] MA:0001104 trigeminal V nerve ophthalmic division FMA:52621 Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (V1) MP:0009798 the sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the orbit and its contents, the nasal cavity and the skin of the nose and forehead. FMA:52621 Ophthalmic division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52621 First division of trigeminal nerve BTO:0000926 ophthalmic division limbic system A set of midline structures surrounding the brainstem of the mammalian brain, originally described anatomically, e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. Although the original designation was anatomical, the limbic system has come to be associated with the system in the brain subserving emotional functions. As such, it is very poorly defined and doesn't correspond closely to the anatomical meaning any longer. [BirnLex]. including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction [Wikipedia]. BTO:0000928 FMA:242000 GAID:615 MESH:A.08.186.211.577 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAeba5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361342009 UBERON:0000349 UBERON:BTO_0000928-FMA_242000 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Brain_limbicsystem.jpg/200px-Brain_limbicsystem.jpg obsoletion recommended. The current part_of children were chosen as the intersection of what is stated in wikipedia and in the FMA. NIF: We are including Limbic System because it is still used by neuroscientists and others, but as a data annotation term, it is very poor because it is not a clearly defined entity. uberon GO A set of midline structures surrounding the brainstem of the mammalian brain, originally described anatomically, e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. Although the original designation was anatomical, the limbic system has come to be associated with the system in the brain subserving emotional functions. As such, it is very poorly defined and doesn't correspond closely to the anatomical meaning any longer. [BirnLex]. including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction [Wikipedia]. BIRNLEX:Limbic_system Wikipedia:Limbic_system nuchal ligament BTO:0000952 EMAPA:19207 FMA:13427 Ligament of neck SCTID:166962007 UBERON:0000351 UBERON:BTO_0000952-FMA_13427 ligamentum nuchae uberon FMA:13427 ligamentum nuchae FMA:13427 Ligament of neck parenchyma EHDAA:3015 EHDAA:3905 EHDAA:3999 EHDAA:4005 EHDAA:6899 EHDAA:6903 EHDAA:6994 EHDAA:8086 EHDAA:9182 EHDAA:9190 EHDAA:9196 EHDAA:9202 FMA:45732 UBERON:0000353 UBERON:BTO_0000999-FMA_45732 functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin[WP]. ncithesaurus:Parenchyma uberon Wikipedia:Parenchyma functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin[WP]. pharyngeal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Obol]. BTO:0001047 EMAPA:26957 EMAPA:26965 FMA:55031 Mucous membrane of pharynx SCTID:362121003 UBERON:0000355 UBERON:0003344 UBERON:BTO_0001047-FMA_55031 mucosa of organ of pharynx mucosa of pharynx mucous membrane of pharynx mucous membrane of the pharynx organ mucosa of pharynx pharynx mucosa pharynx mucosa of organ pharynx mucous membrane pharynx organ mucosa tunica mucosa pharyngea uberon OBOL:automatic pharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx mucosa of organ FMA:55031 Mucous membrane of pharynx BTO:0001047 mucous membrane of the pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx mucosa FMA:55031 FMA:TA tunica mucosa pharyngea OBOL:automatic pharynx mucous membrane A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of pharynx blastocyst BTO:0001099 EFO:0000295 EV:0100394 FMA:83041 GAID:1153 MESH:A.16.254.085 OGEM:000006 SCTID:308837009 The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO]. UBERON:0000358 UBERON:BTO_0001099-FMA_83041 blastula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg/200px-Blastocyst_English.svg.png ncithesaurus:Blastocyst uberon GO:0001824 The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO]. Wikipedia:Blastocyst FMA:83041 blastula preputial gland An exocrine gland that are located in front of the genitals of some mammals (including mice) and produce pheromones[WP]. FMA:71652 SCTID:278916008 UBERON:0000359 UBERON:BTO_0001111-FMA_71652 glandulae preputiales ncithesaurus:Prepucial_Gland_MMHCC preputial glands preputial glands set uberon FMA:71652 preputial glands set FMA:71652 preputial glands FMA:71652 FMA:TA glandulae preputiales An exocrine gland that are located in front of the genitals of some mammals (including mice) and produce pheromones[WP]. Wikipedia:Preputial_gland rectal gland UBERON:0000360 UBERON:0004757 UBERON:0004758 UBERON:0004759 UBERON:0004760 UBERON:BTO_0001157-FMA_15724 true uberon red bone marrow BTO:0001160 FMA:74595 SCTID:75330005 UBERON:0000361 UBERON:BTO_0001160-FMA_74595 medulla ossium rubra red marrow uberon BTO:0001160 red marrow BTO:0001160 medulla ossium rubra renal medulla BTO:0001167 EMAPA:19279 FMA:74268 GAID:425 MA:0000373 MESH:A.05.810.453.466 SCTID:30737000 The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the arcuate arterioles. The arcuate arterioles each in turn branch into interlobular arterioles, which finally reach the glomeruli. At the glomerulus the blood reaches a highly disfavourable pressure gradient and a large exchange surface area, which forces the serum portion of the blood out of the vessel into the renal tubules. Flow continues through the renal tubules, including the proximal tubule, the Loop of Henle, and finally leaves the kidney by means of the collecting duct, leading to the renal ureter. The renal medulla (latin renes medulla = kidney middle) contains the structures of the nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance of the blood. The renal medulla is hypertonic to the filtrate in the nephron and aids in the reabsorption of water. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000362 UBERON:BTO_0001167-FMA_86327 galen:MedullaOfKidney http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney.jpg kidney medulla medulla of kidney medulla renalis medullary pyramids ncithesaurus:Renal_Medulla pyramides renales renal marrow renal medullae renal medullae set renal pyramids renal pyramids set uberon FMA:74268 FMA:TA pyramides renales The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the arcuate arterioles. The arcuate arterioles each in turn branch into interlobular arterioles, which finally reach the glomeruli. At the glomerulus the blood reaches a highly disfavourable pressure gradient and a large exchange surface area, which forces the serum portion of the blood out of the vessel into the renal tubules. Flow continues through the renal tubules, including the proximal tubule, the Loop of Henle, and finally leaves the kidney by means of the collecting duct, leading to the renal ureter. The renal medulla (latin renes medulla = kidney middle) contains the structures of the nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance of the blood. The renal medulla is hypertonic to the filtrate in the nephron and aids in the reabsorption of water. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_medulla FMA:86327 renal medullae set OBOL:automatic medulla of kidney FMA:74268 renal pyramids set FMA:74268 FMA:TA medulla renalis OBOL:automatic kidney medulla FMA:86327 renal medullae FMA:74268 medullary pyramids FMA:74268 renal pyramids BTO:0001167 renal marrow reticuloendothelial system A part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen. The Kupffer cells of the liver and tissue histiocytes are also part of the RES. A lymphoma of the reticuloendothelial system is called reticuloendotheliosis[WP]. BTO:0001174 EV:0100048 FMA:84189 GAID:1004 MESH:A.15.382.812 RES SCTID:278874002 UBERON:0000363 UBERON:BTO_0001174-FMA_84189 lymphoreticular lymphoreticular system mononuclear phagocyte system ncithesaurus:Reticuloendothelial_System uberon FMA:84189 mononuclear phagocyte system BioMart:BioMart lymphoreticular Wikipedia:Reticuloendothelial_system lymphoreticular system RES Wikipedia:Reticuloendothelial_system A part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen. The Kupffer cells of the liver and tissue histiocytes are also part of the RES. A lymphoma of the reticuloendothelial system is called reticuloendotheliosis[WP]. Wikipedia:Reticuloendothelial_system rootlet BTO:0001192 FMA:76787 Rootlets Rootlets set UBERON:0000364 UBERON:BTO_0001192-FMA_76787 fila radicularia true uberon FMA:76787 Rootlets FMA:76787 Rootlets set FMA:76787 FMA:TA fila radicularia urothelium BTO:0003906 EMAPA:28089 FMA:67695 GAID:935 MESH:A.10.272.850 SCTID:57789003 The urothelium is the epithelial tissue layer that lines much of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra. UBERON:0000365 UBERON:BTO_0001245-FMA_67695 consider merging with transitional epithelium. MA uses the label 'urothelium' exclusively. FMA uses 'transitional epithelium' and has 'urothelium' as a sibling. FMA also lists 'urothelium' as the only example of 'transitional epithelium' ncithesaurus:Urothelium uberon uroepithelium The urothelium is the epithelial tissue layer that lines much of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra. Wikipedia:Urothelium FMA:67695 uroepithelium flexor muscle A muscle that when contracted acts to bend a joint or limb in the body. BTO:0001257 FMA:74559 FMA:74999 UBERON:0000366 UBERON:BTO_0001257-FMA_74559 ZFA:0005271 flexor uberon A muscle that when contracted acts to bend a joint or limb in the body. BTO:0001257 adductor brevis BTO:0001288 FMA:22442 Musculus adductos brevis OpenCyc:Mx4rv13lfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181687007 The adductor brevis is a muscle in the thigh situated immediately behind the pectineus and adductor longus. It is somewhat triangular in form, and arises by a narrow origin from the outer surfaces of the superior and inferior rami of the pubis, between the gracilis and obturator externus. Its fibers, passing backward, lateralward, and downward, are inserted, by an aponeurosis, into the line leading from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera and into the upper part of the linea aspera, immediately behind the pectineus and upper part of the adductor longus.[WP]. UBERON:0000368 UBERON:BTO_0001288-FMA_22442 adductor brevis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG uberon FMA:22442 Musculus adductos brevis The adductor brevis is a muscle in the thigh situated immediately behind the pectineus and adductor longus. It is somewhat triangular in form, and arises by a narrow origin from the outer surfaces of the superior and inferior rami of the pubis, between the gracilis and obturator externus. Its fibers, passing backward, lateralward, and downward, are inserted, by an aponeurosis, into the line leading from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera and into the upper part of the linea aspera, immediately behind the pectineus and upper part of the adductor longus.[WP]. Wikipedia:Adductor_brevis_muscle corpus striatum BTO:0001311 EFO:0000381 EMAPA:17549 EV:0100184 FMA:77616 GAID:667 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.105.487 SCTID:279318005 The corpus striatum (striated body) is a compound structure consisting of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus, which consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus[WP]. The term has been used in a few different ways: * It is a pair of nuclear masses which form the basal ganglia, along with the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. * It may also refer to both the basal ganglia and internal capsule collectively.[2] * According to the 1917 version of Gray's Anatomy, it is the combination of the lentiform nucleus (also known as the lenticular nucleus) and the caudate nucleus * According to BrainInfo it is a part of the basal ganglia comprising the globus pallidus and striatum UBERON:0000369 UBERON:BTO_0001311-FMA_77616 VHOG:0001175 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray656.png/200px-Gray656.png ncithesaurus:Corpus_Striatum striate body striated body uberon MA The corpus striatum (striated body) is a compound structure consisting of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus, which consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus[WP]. Wikipedia:Corpus_striatum definitional BTO:0001311 striated body BTO:0001311 striate body adductor magnus BTO:0001312 FMA:22443 OpenCyc:Mx4rvuSd6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181688002 The adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle, situated on the medial side of the thigh. The portion which arises from the ischiopubic ramus (a small part of the inferior ramus of the pubis, and the inferior ramus of the ischium) is called the 'adductor magnesius portion', and the portion arising from the tuberosity of the ischium is called the 'hamstring portion'. The hamstring portion is not considered part of the hamstring group of muscles, but it is adjacent to it.[WP]. UBERON:0000370 UBERON:BTO_0001312-FMA_22443 adductor magnus muscle galen:AdductorMagnus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG uberon The adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle, situated on the medial side of the thigh. The portion which arises from the ischiopubic ramus (a small part of the inferior ramus of the pubis, and the inferior ramus of the ischium) is called the 'adductor magnesius portion', and the portion arising from the tuberosity of the ischium is called the 'hamstring portion'. The hamstring portion is not considered part of the hamstring group of muscles, but it is adjacent to it.[WP]. Wikipedia:Adductor_magnus_muscle syncytiotrophoblast BTO:0001335 EHDAA:129 EHDAA:91 EMAPA:16068 FMA:83040 SCTID:256965005 UBERON:0000371 UBERON:BTO_0001335-FMA_83040 ncithesaurus:Syncytiotrophoblast outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast. syncytial trophoblast syntrophoblast syntrophoblast layer uberon FMA BTO ISBN10:0073040584 syntrophoblast layer EMAPA Wikipedia:Syncytiotrophoblast outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast. FMA:83040 syncytial trophoblast extensor digitorum brevis BTO:0001337 FMA:51140 UBERON:0000372 UBERON:BTO_0001337-FMA_51140 a muscle on the upper surface of the foot that helps extend digits 2 through 4. extensor digitorum brevis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1241.png/200px-Gray1241.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray441.png/200px-Gray441.png uberon Wikipedia:Extensor_digitorum_brevis_muscle a muscle on the upper surface of the foot that helps extend digits 2 through 4. BTO tapetum of corpus callosum FMA:77208 On either side of the corpus collosum, the fibers radiate in the white substance and pass to the various parts of the cerebral cortex; those curving forward from the genu into the frontal lobe constitute the forceps anterior, and those curving backward into the occipital lobe, the forceps posterior. Between these two parts is the main body of the fibers which constitute the tapetum and extend laterally on either side into the temporal lobe, and cover in the central part of the lateral ventricle. [Wikipedia via Greys] SCTID:279312006 UBERON:0000373 UBERON:BTO_0001350-FMA_77208 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gray733.png/200px-Gray733.png not to be confused with BTO:0001350 or GO:0048655-tapetal layer morphogenesis tapetum uberon On either side of the corpus collosum, the fibers radiate in the white substance and pass to the various parts of the cerebral cortex; those curving forward from the genu into the frontal lobe constitute the forceps anterior, and those curving backward into the occipital lobe, the forceps posterior. Between these two parts is the main body of the fibers which constitute the tapetum and extend laterally on either side into the temporal lobe, and cover in the central part of the lateral ventricle. [Wikipedia via Greys] Wikipedia:Tapetum_of_corpus_callosum FMA:77208 tapetum mandibular nerve BTO:0001375 EHDAA2:0002086 FMA:52996 GAID:834 Inferior maxillary nerve MA:0001101 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.760.500 Mandibular division [V3] Mandibular division [Vc] Mandibular division of fifth cranial nerve Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve [Vc; V3] Mandibular nerve [V3] Mandibular nerve [Vc] Nervus mandibularis [Vc; V3] OpenCyc:Mx4rvcQKSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280212008 Third division of fifth cranial nerve Third division of trigeminal nerve UBERON:0000375 UBERON:BTO_0001375-FMA_52996 VHOG:0001345 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray781.png/200px-Gray781.png ncithesaurus:Inferior_Maxillary_Nerve nervus mandibularis nervus mandibularis [v3] nervus mandibularis [vc] the motor and sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the auricle, the external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, temporal region, the cheek, the skin overlying the mandible, the anterior portion of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, lower teeth and gingiva and transmits motor information from the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and digastric muscle and the muscles tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini. trigeminal V nerve mandibular division uberon FMA:52996 Mandibular nerve [V3] FMA:52996 Mandibular nerve [Vc] FMA:52996 Third division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52996 Inferior maxillary nerve FMA:52996 Mandibular division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52996 Third division of trigeminal nerve MP:0009800 Wikipedia:Mandibular_nerve the motor and sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the auricle, the external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, temporal region, the cheek, the skin overlying the mandible, the anterior portion of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, lower teeth and gingiva and transmits motor information from the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and digastric muscle and the muscles tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini. FMA:52996 Mandibular division [Vc] FMA:52996 FMA:TA nervus mandibularis [v3] FMA:52996 FMA:TA nervus mandibularis [vc] FMA:52996 Mandibular division [V3] FMA:52996 Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve [Vc; V3] MA:0001101 trigeminal V nerve mandibular division FMA:52996 Nervus mandibularis [Vc; V3] BTO:0001375 nervus mandibularis hindlimb stylopod BTO:0001376 EFO:0001943 EHDAA2:0002130 EHDAA:5171 EHDAA:6200 EMAPA:17499 FMA:24967 GAID:50 In humans the thigh is the area between the pelvis and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of cortical bone), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a condylar joint at the knee. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000052 MESH:A.01.378.610.750 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjN7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Proximal segment of free lower limb SCTID:302544002 UBERON:0000376 UBERON:BTO_0001376-FMA_24967 VHOG:0000349 galen:Thigh hind limb stylopod hindlimb stylopod hindlimb stylopodium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gray1238.png/200px-Gray1238.png inferior member stylopod lower extremity stylopod ncithesaurus:Thigh stylopod of hind limb stylopod of hindlimb stylopod of inferior member stylopod of lower extremity stylopod of lower limb thigh uberon upper leg OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopodium OBOL:automatic stylopod of hind limb FMA:24967 Proximal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower extremity In humans the thigh is the area between the pelvis and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of cortical bone), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a condylar joint at the knee. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thigh OBOL:automatic stylopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod MA:0000052 upper leg OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic inferior member stylopod OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod maxillary nerve BTO:0001378 EHDAA2:0002087 FMA:52724 GAID:836 MA:0001103 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.760.550 Maxillary division [V2] Maxillary division [Vb] Maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2) Maxillary nerve [V2] Maxillary nerve [Vb] Nervus maxillaris (Vb; V2) OpenCyc:Mx4rvWNU9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280211001 Second division of fifth cranial nerve Second division of trigeminal nerve UBERON:0000377 UBERON:BTO_0001378-FMA_52724 VHOG:0001346 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray779.png/200px-Gray779.png nervus maxillaris nervus maxillaris [v2] nervus maxillaris [vb] the sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses. trigeminal V nerve maxillary division uberon FMA:52724 Maxillary nerve [Vb] FMA:52724 Maxillary division [V2] FMA:52724 Second division of trigeminal nerve FMA:52724 Maxillary division [Vb] FMA:52724 FMA:TA nervus maxillaris [vb] FMA:52724 Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2) MP:0009799 Wikipedia:Maxillary_nerve the sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses. MA:0001103 trigeminal V nerve maxillary division BTO:0001378 nervus maxillaris FMA:52724 Maxillary nerve [V2] FMA:52724 FMA:TA nervus maxillaris [v2] FMA:52724 Nervus maxillaris (Vb; V2) FMA:52724 Maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52724 Second division of fifth cranial nerve tongue muscle BTO:0001386 FMA:46689 SCTID:244781004 UBERON:0000378 UBERON:BTO_0001386-FMA_46689 muscle of tongue ncithesaurus:Tongue_Muscle the muscular portion of the tongue. uberon FMA:46689 muscle of tongue ISBN10:1607950324 MP:0004136 Wikipedia:Muscles_of_tongue the muscular portion of the tongue. tracheal mucosa BTO:0001390 FMA:7471 Mucous membrane of trachea SCTID:660006 Tracheal mucous membrane Tunica mucosa (tracheae) UBERON:0000379 UBERON:BTO_0001390-FMA_7471 mucosa of organ of trachea mucosa of organ of windpipe mucosa of trachea mucosa of windpipe mucous membrane of trachea mucous membrane of windpipe organ mucosa of trachea organ mucosa of windpipe trachea mucosa trachea mucosa of organ trachea mucous membrane trachea organ mucosa tunica mucosa tracheae uberon windpipe mucosa windpipe mucosa of organ windpipe mucous membrane windpipe organ mucosa OBOL:automatic windpipe organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of windpipe FMA:7471 Mucous membrane of trachea FMA:7471 Tunica mucosa (tracheae) FMA:7471 Tracheal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic trachea mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of trachea OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of trachea OBOL:automatic mucosa of windpipe FMA:7471 FMA:TA tunica mucosa tracheae OBOL:automatic trachea mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of windpipe OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of trachea OBOL:automatic trachea mucosa OBOL:automatic trachea organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic windpipe mucosa OBOL:automatic windpipe mucosa of organ tuber BTO:0001400 EFO:0001015 FMA:75430 OpenCyc:Mx4raeDj5Cw8QdiT7e8pb2JzAA UBERON:0000380 UBERON:BTO_0001400-FMA_75430 true uberon undefined in FMA. BTO and MIAA refers to plant structure only detrusor BTO:0001453 EMAPA:28637 FMA:68018 MA:0001698 The outer largely longitudinally arranged musculature of the bladder wall[BTO]. The fibers of the detrusor muscle arise from the posterior surface of the body of the pubis in both sexes (musculi pubovesicales), and in the male from the adjacent part of the prostate and its capsule. These fibers pass, in a more or less longitudinal manner, up the inferior surface of the bladder, over its apex, and then descend along its fundus to become attached to the prostate in the male, and to the front of the vagina in the female. At the sides of the bladder the fibers are arranged obliquely and intersect one another[WP]. UBERON:0000381 UBERON:BTO_0001453-FMA_68018 detrusor muscle detrusor muscle of bladder detrusor urinae muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_bladder.jpg/200px-Illu_bladder.jpg muscularis propria of the urinary bladder uberon urinary bladder detrussor smooth muscle Wikipedia:Detrusor_urinae_muscle muscularis propria of the urinary bladder BTO:0001453 The outer largely longitudinally arranged musculature of the bladder wall[BTO]. The fibers of the detrusor muscle arise from the posterior surface of the body of the pubis in both sexes (musculi pubovesicales), and in the male from the adjacent part of the prostate and its capsule. These fibers pass, in a more or less longitudinal manner, up the inferior surface of the bladder, over its apex, and then descend along its fundus to become attached to the prostate in the male, and to the front of the vagina in the female. At the sides of the bladder the fibers are arranged obliquely and intersect one another[WP]. Wikipedia:Detrusor_urinae_muscle Wikipedia:Detrusor_urinae_muscle detrusor urinae muscle MA:0001698 urinary bladder detrussor smooth muscle BTO:0001453 detrusor muscle EMAPA:28637 detrusor muscle of bladder apocrine sweat gland A note of confusion is the difference between apocrine secretion and apocrine sweat gland. Apocrine secretion refers to the apical loss of a cell's membrane to create cell blebs, thus creating a secretory product. Apocrine sweat gland refers to a structure, not a secretion process. Apocrine sweat glands actually use a merocrine type secretion, or that mediated by exocytosis of secretory granules. When "apocrine gland" is used without the word sweat, it is often referring to the gland which uses merocrine secretion, and not the secretion method. The important difference in apocrine sweat gland structure is its larger lumen, compared to the more narrow lumen of the eccrine sweat gland. Apocrine sweat glands are sweat glands composed of a coiled secretory portion located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the infundibular portion of the hair follicle. In humans, apocrine sweat glands are found only in certain locations of the body: the axillae (armpits), the areola of the nipples, and the genitoanal region. The ducts of apocrine glands open into the canals of hair follicles. The stimulus for the secretion of apocrine sweat glands is adrenaline, which is a hormone carried in the blood[WP]. BTO:0001458 FMA:59155 MESH:A.10.336.899.206 SCTID:399916008 UBERON:0000382 UBERON:BTO_0001458-FMA_59155 ncithesaurus:Apocrine_Sweat_Gland uberon Apocrine sweat glands are sweat glands composed of a coiled secretory portion located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the infundibular portion of the hair follicle. In humans, apocrine sweat glands are found only in certain locations of the body: the axillae (armpits), the areola of the nipples, and the genitoanal region. The ducts of apocrine glands open into the canals of hair follicles. The stimulus for the secretion of apocrine sweat glands is adrenaline, which is a hormone carried in the blood[WP]. Wikipedia:Apocrine_sweat_glands musculature of body AAO:0000307 BILA:0000088 BTO:0001369 BTO:0001485 EFO:0000801 FBbt:00005069 FMA:72954 MA:0002888 MAT:0000025 MIAA:0000025 Set of muscles of body The sum of all muscles in the body. There is only one set of muscles per organism UBERON:0000383 UBERON:BTO_0001485-FMA_72954 VAO:0000033 XAO:0004042 muscle system muscle system of body muscular system musculature system muskelsystem set of all muscles uberon vertebrate muscular system we place the MA term musculature here, rather than under uberon:musculature, as this seems more appropriate given the structure of MA FMA:72954 set of all muscles FMA:72954 Set of muscles of body FMA:72954 muscular system GOC:cjm The sum of all muscles in the body. There is only one set of muscles per organism BILA:0000088 musculature system BTO:0001369 vertebrate muscular system BTO:0001485 muskelsystem labial gland BTO:0001548 FMA:71613 HAO:0000449 Labial glands Labial glands set UBERON:0000385 UBERON:BTO_0001548-FMA_71613 glandulae labiales the label 'labial gland' refers to two distinct classes. From the BTO def: 1. One of the small tubular mucous and serous glands lying beneath the mucous membrane of the lips.n2. A salivary gland, or modification thereof, opening at the base of the labium in certain insects. true uberon FMA:71613 Labial glands set FMA:71613 Labial glands FMA:71613 FMA:TA glandulae labiales meniscus BTO:0001592 EV:0100145 FMA:76690 UBERON:0000387 UBERON:BTO_0001592-FMA_76690 articular disc crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure present in the knee, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints[2] that, in contrast to articular disks, only partly divides a joint cavity.[3] A small meniscus also occurs in the radio-carpal joint. galen:Meniscus ncithesaurus:Meniscus uberon FMA:76690 articular disc Wikipedia:Meniscus_(anatomy) crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure present in the knee, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints[2] that, in contrast to articular disks, only partly divides a joint cavity.[3] A small meniscus also occurs in the radio-carpal joint. epiglottis BTO:0001628 EHDAA2:0004081 EMAPA:18289 Editor note: refine definition to better distinguish cartilage from the whole structure FMA:55130 GAID:111 MESH:A.02.165.507.411 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjxE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245502004 UBERON:0000388 UBERON:BTO_0001628-FMA_55130 a flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. ncithesaurus:Epiglottis uberon EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Epiglottis a flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. lens cortex BTO:0001632 FMA:58970 MESH:A.09.371.509.225 SCTID:280626006 UBERON:0000389 UBERON:BTO_0001632-FMA_58970 cortex of lens uberon FMA:58970 cortex of lens lens nucleus BTO:0001633 FMA:58971 MESH:A.09.371.509.670 SCTID:280628007 The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex. UBERON:0000390 UBERON:BTO_0001633-FMA_58971 editor note: needs checked; cf nucleus in GO nucleus of lens uberon FMA:58971 nucleus of lens BTO:0001633 The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex. leptomeninx BTO:0001634 FMA:231515 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090207 SCTID:362303006 UBERON:0000391 UBERON:BTO_0001634-FMA_231515 arachnoidea mater et pia mater leptomeninges ncithesaurus:Leptomeninges pia mater or arachnoid mater. pia-arachnoid uberon BTO:0001634 pia-arachnoid BTO:0001634 arachnoidea mater et pia mater Wikipedia:Leptomeninges pia mater or arachnoid mater. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090207 leptomeninges longissimus BTO:0001648 FMA:77178 The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000392 UBERON:BTO_0001648-FMA_77178 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Longissimus.png/200px-Longissimus.png musculus longissimus uberon The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longissimus BTO:0001648 musculus longissimus cochlear ganglion BTO:0001688 Corti's ganglion EHDAA2:0002198 FMA:53445 GAID:722 MA:0001085 MESH:A.08.340.390.800 SCTID:368955007 UBERON:0000395 UBERON:BTO_0001688-FMA_53445 VHOG:0001183 ganglion cochlearis ganglion of Corti ganglion spirale cochleae group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain. The cell bodies of the spiral ganglion neurons are found in the spiral structure of the cochlea[WP]. the group of nerve cell bodies that conveys auditory sensation from the organ of Corti to the hindbrain and resides on the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve)[MP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gray903.png/200px-Gray903.png spiral ganglion spiral ganglion of cochlea uberon vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component Corti's ganglion FMA:53445 BTO MA FMA:53445 ganglion of Corti FMA MP:0002855 Wikipedia:Spiral_ganglion group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain. The cell bodies of the spiral ganglion neurons are found in the spiral structure of the cochlea[WP]. the group of nerve cell bodies that conveys auditory sensation from the organ of Corti to the hindbrain and resides on the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve)[MP]. FMA:53445 spiral ganglion BTO:0001688 ganglion cochlearis BTO:0001688 spiral ganglion of cochlea MA:0001085 vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component BTO:0001688 ganglion spirale cochleae vallate papilla Any one of the largest papilla of the tongue, 8 to 12 in number, arranged in the form of a V anterior to the sulcus terminalis of the tongue BTO:0001705 EMAPA:18271 EMAPA:18654 EMAPA:18871 FMA:54822 MA:0001594 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4106_2 UBERON:0000396 UBERON:0002927 UBERON:BTO_0001705-FMA_71449 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4106_2-MA_0001594 Vallate papilla of tongue circumvallate papilla circumvallate papilla of tongue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray1015.png/200px-Gray1015.png ncithesaurus:Circumvallate_Papilla papilla vallatae uberon FMA:54822 circumvallate papilla of tongue MA:0001594 circumvallate papilla FMA:71449 FMA:TA papilla vallatae Any one of the largest papilla of the tongue, 8 to 12 in number, arranged in the form of a V anterior to the sulcus terminalis of the tongue BTO:0001705 Wikipedia:Circumvallate_papilla colonic epithelium An epithelium that is part of a colon [Obol]. BTO:0001709 Colon epithelium FMA:17302 SCTID:42978003 UBERON:0000397 UBERON:BTO_0001709-FMA_17302 ZFA:0005128 colon epithelial tissue colon epithelium epithelial tissue of colon epithelial tissue of large bowel epithelium of colon epithelium of large bowel large bowel epithelial tissue large bowel epithelium posterior intestine epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic colon epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of colon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of colon OBOL:automatic large bowel epithelial tissue ZFA:0005128 posterior intestine epithelium An epithelium that is part of a colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic large bowel epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of large bowel OBOL:automatic epithelium of large bowel Colon epithelium FMA:17302 OBOL:automatic colon epithelial tissue sternal cartilage BTO:0001721 FMA:32567 UBERON:0000398 UBERON:BTO_0001721-FMA_32567 cartilage of sternum cartilago costalis uberon BTO:0001721 cartilago costalis FMA:32567 cartilage of sternum jejunal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a jejunum [Obol]. BTO:0001742 EMAPA:27109 EMAPA:27347 FMA:14949 SCTID:362151009 UBERON:0000399 UBERON:0003349 UBERON:BTO_0001742-FMA_14949 jejunal mucous membrane jejunum mucosa jejunum mucosa of organ jejunum mucous membrane jejunum organ mucosa mucosa of jejunum mucosa of organ of jejunum mucous membrane of jejunum organ mucosa of jejunum uberon FMA:14949 jejunal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of jejunum FMA:14949 mucosa of jejunum FMA:14949 jejunum mucosa OBOL:automatic jejunum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of jejunum OBOL:automatic jejunum organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a jejunum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of jejunum OBOL:automatic jejunum mucosa of organ jejunal epithelium BTO:0001743 FMA:17232 SCTID:57300004 UBERON:0000400 UBERON:BTO_0001743-FMA_17232 uberon FMA BTO mandibular ramus BTO:0001751 EMAPA:25100 FMA:52828 MA:0002815 SCTID:361739000 The ramus of the mandible (perpendicular portion) is quadrilateral in shape, and has two surfaces, four borders, and two processes[WP]. UBERON:0000401 UBERON:BTO_0001751-FMA_52828 lower ramus mandible ramus rami mandibulae ramus mandibulae ramus of mandible uberon Wikipedia:Ramus_of_the_mandible ramus mandibulae The ramus of the mandible (perpendicular portion) is quadrilateral in shape, and has two surfaces, four borders, and two processes[WP]. Wikipedia:Ramus_of_the_mandible Wikipedia:Ramus_of_the_mandible rami mandibulae MA:0002815 mandible ramus FMA:52828 ramus of mandible Wikipedia:Ramus_of_the_mandible lower ramus nasal vestibule BTO:0001761 FMA:59644 SCTID:278940000 The nasal vestibule is the most anterior part of the nasal cavity. It's enclosed by the cartilages of nose and lined by the same epithelium of the skin. The other part of the nasal cavity, which is lined by the respiratory epithelium, is called nasal cavity proper. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000402 UBERON:BTO_0001761-FMA_59644 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gray994.png/200px-Gray994.png uberon vestibular part of nasal cavity vestibulum nasale vestibulum nasi FMA:59644 vestibular part of nasal cavity BTO:0001761 vestibulum nasi BTO:0001761 vestibulum nasale The nasal vestibule is the most anterior part of the nasal cavity. It's enclosed by the cartilages of nose and lined by the same epithelium of the skin. The other part of the nasal cavity, which is lined by the respiratory epithelium, is called nasal cavity proper. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nasal_vestibule scalp BTO:0001809 FMA:46494 GAID:80 MESH:A.01.456.810 OpenCyc:Mx4rwNtaz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181480002 The scalp is the anatomical area bordered by the face anteriorly and the neck to the sides and posteriorly. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000403 UBERON:BTO_0001809-FMA_46494 galen:Scalp http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Double_cowlick.jpg/200px-Double_cowlick.jpg uberon The scalp is the anatomical area bordered by the face anteriorly and the neck to the sides and posteriorly. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scalp sympathetic trunk AAO:0010791 BTO:0001834 EV:0100374 FMA:6258 One of a a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. SCTID:181099004 UBERON:0000407 UBERON:BTO_0001834-FMA_6258 XAO:0000211 gangliated cord sympathetic chain sympathetic ganglionic chain uberon Wikipedia:Sympathetic_trunk sympathetic ganglionic chain FMA:6258 sympathetic chain Wikipedia:Sympathetic_trunk gangliated cord One of a a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. Wikipedia:Sympathetic_trunk vertebral ganglion BTO:0001835 FMA:6572 Intermediate ganglion SCTID:176596009 UBERON:0000408 UBERON:BTO_0001835-FMA_6572 uberon FMA:6572 Intermediate ganglion serous gland BTO:0001837 FMA:62889 UBERON:0000409 UBERON:BTO_0001837-FMA_62889 glands that secrete watery albuminous material that often contains enzymes. uberon MP:0008052 glands that secrete watery albuminous material that often contains enzymes. bronchial mucosa A mucosa that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. BTO:0001846 FMA:62652 Mucous membrane of bronchus SCTID:30802009 UBERON:0000410 UBERON:BTO_0001846-FMA_62652 bronchi mucosa bronchi mucosa of organ bronchi mucous membrane bronchi organ mucosa bronchial trunk mucosa bronchial trunk mucosa of organ bronchial trunk mucous membrane bronchial trunk organ mucosa bronchus mucosa bronchus mucosa of organ bronchus mucous membrane bronchus organ mucosa mucosa of bronchi mucosa of bronchial trunk mucosa of bronchus mucosa of organ of bronchi mucosa of organ of bronchial trunk mucosa of organ of bronchus mucous membrane of bronchi mucous membrane of bronchial trunk mucous membrane of bronchus organ mucosa of bronchi organ mucosa of bronchial trunk organ mucosa of bronchus tunica mucosa bronchi uberon OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchi OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchus FMA:62652 Mucous membrane of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk organ mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchi mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bronchi organ mucosa FMA:62652 FMA:TA tunica mucosa bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchi mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bronchi mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchi OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus mucosa visual cortex Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. BTO:0001857 EFO:0000916 EV:0100171 Editor note: merge with primary visual cortex? FMA and BTO treat as distinct FMA:242644 GAID:679 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.571.735 UBERON:0000411 UBERON:BTO_0001857-FMA_242644 V1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brodmann_areas_17_18_19.png/200px-Brodmann_areas_17_18_19.png striate cortex uberon V1 Wikipedia:Visual_cortex BTO Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.571.735 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.571.735 striate cortex dermal papilla BTO:0001858 DPC FMA:70737 SCTID:320101005 UBERON:0000412 UBERON:BTO_0001858-FMA_70737 dermal papilla cell dermal papillae follicular papilla hair follicle dermal papilla http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Skin.jpg/200px-Skin.jpg ncithesaurus:Dermal_Papilla papilla corii papilla dermatis papilla dermis papilla of corium skin papilla small, nipple-like extensions (or interdigitations) of the dermis into the epidermis. They can be observed at the surface of the skin in hands and feet as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints). The dermal papillae nourishes all hair follicles and bring food and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells. The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are inherited features that are developed before birth. They remain unaltered (except size) throughout life, and are therefore used for fingerprints. The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis, the papillary dermis, and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis. Because the dermis' main function is to support the epidermis, this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between these two layers. Additionally, the increase in surface area prevent the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each others by strengthening the junction between them. With age, the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in numbers. Dermal papillae also play a pivotal role in hair formation, growth and, cycling uberon BTO:0001858 papilla dermis BTO:0001858 skin papilla BTO:0001858 dermal papilla cell FMA:70737 follicular papilla BTO:0001858 papilla corii BTO:0001858 DPC BTO:0001858 papilla dermatis MP:0010687 hair follicle dermal papilla dermal papillae Wikipedia:Dermal_papillae small, nipple-like extensions (or interdigitations) of the dermis into the epidermis. They can be observed at the surface of the skin in hands and feet as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints). The dermal papillae nourishes all hair follicles and bring food and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells. The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are inherited features that are developed before birth. They remain unaltered (except size) throughout life, and are therefore used for fingerprints. The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis, the papillary dermis, and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis. Because the dermis' main function is to support the epidermis, this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between these two layers. Additionally, the increase in surface area prevent the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each others by strengthening the junction between them. With age, the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in numbers. Dermal papillae also play a pivotal role in hair formation, growth and, cycling BTO:0001858 papilla of corium mucous gland AAO:0010601 BTO:0001979 FMA:62888 Mucous glands, found in several different parts of the body, typically stain lighter than serous glands during standard histological preparation. Most are multicellular, but goblet cell are single-celled glands. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000414 UBERON:BTO_0001979-FMA_62888 glandula mucosa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray1021.png/200px-Gray1021.png muciparous gland uberon BTO:0001979 muciparous gland BTO:0001979 glandula mucosa Mucous glands, found in several different parts of the body, typically stain lighter than serous glands during standard histological preparation. Most are multicellular, but goblet cell are single-celled glands. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Mucous_gland artery wall An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Obol]. Arterial wall BTO:0002009 FMA:14155 UBERON:0000415 UBERON:BTO_0002009-FMA_14155 galen:ArterialWall uberon wall of artery Arterial wall FMA:14155 An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14155 wall of artery subdural space BTO:0002082 FMA:83803 GAID:692 MESH:A.08.186.566.395.687 SCTID:362308002 UBERON:0000416 UBERON:BTO_0002082-FMA_83803 cavum subdurale spatium subdurale subdural cavity subdural cleavage subdural cleft uberon BTO:0002082 cavum subdurale BTO:0002082 spatium subdurale BTO:0002082 subdural cleavage BTO:0002082 subdural cavity BTO:0002082 subdural cleft primitive endoderm BTO:0002123 EHDAA:44 EHDAA:79 EMAPA:16051 EMAPA:16063 FMA:85520 UBERON:0000417 UBERON:0003226 UBERON:BTO_0002123-FMA_85520 uberon tubercle UBERON:0000418 UBERON:BTO_0002173-FMA_75429 true uberon myoepithelium An epithelium consisting of myopethelial cells, which are contractile cells resembling smooth muscle cells that are present in glands, notably the mammary gland, and aid in secretion. This cell has long weaving dendritic processes containing myofilament[CL]. BTO:0002308 FMA:67805 UBERON:0000420 UBERON:BTO_0002308-FMA_67805 myo-epithelium uberon An epithelium consisting of myopethelial cells, which are contractile cells resembling smooth muscle cells that are present in glands, notably the mammary gland, and aid in secretion. This cell has long weaving dendritic processes containing myofilament[CL]. CL:0000185 Wikipedia:Myoepithelial_cell FMA:67805 myo-epithelium eccrine sweat gland BTO:0002323 FMA:59154 GAID:945 MESH:A.10.336.899.480 SCTID:361699008 UBERON:0000423 UBERON:BTO_0002323-FMA_59154 eccrine gland ncithesaurus:Eccrine_Sweat_Gland uberon FMA:59154 eccrine gland gastric pit BTO:0002364 FMA:62947 Gastric pits are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the gastric glands. They are deeper in the pylorus than they are in the other parts of the stomach. The human stomach has several million of these pits. SCTID:268426007 UBERON:0000424 UBERON:0000425 UBERON:BTO_0002364-FMA_62947 foveola gastrica foveolae gastricae gastric foveola ncithesaurus:Gastric_Pit uberon BTO:0002364 foveola gastrica FMA:76583 FMA:TA foveolae gastricae Gastric pits are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the gastric glands. They are deeper in the pylorus than they are in the other parts of the stomach. The human stomach has several million of these pits. Wikipedia:Gastric_pits BTO FMA:62947 gastric foveola extravillous trophoblast BTO:0002366 FMA:86561 UBERON:0000426 UBERON:BTO_0002366-FMA_86561 intermediate trophoblast interstitial trophoblast uberon BTO:0002366 interstitial trophoblast FMA:86561 intermediate trophoblast cytotrophoblastic cell UBERON:0000427 ncithesaurus:Cytotrophoblastic_Cell true uberon prostate epithelium BTO:0002397 FMA:66812 FMA:79643 MA:0001737 TODO - check 2 FMA IDs UBERON:0000428 UBERON:0002452 UBERON:BTO_0002397-FMA_66812 epithelial tissue of prostate epithelial tissue of prostate gland epithelium of prostate epithelium of prostate gland epithelium of prostatic gland ncithesaurus:Prostatic_Epithelium prostate epithelial tissue prostate gland epithelial tissue prostate gland epithelium prostatic epithelium prostatic gland epithelium the prostate epithelium. uberon OBOL:automatic prostate gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of prostate gland OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of prostate OBOL:automatic epithelium of prostate OBOL:automatic prostate epithelial tissue FMA:79643 epithelium of prostatic gland FMA:66812 prostatic epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of prostate gland MP:0001168 the prostate epithelium. enteric plexus A plexus of autonomic nerve fibers within the wall of the digestive tube, and made up of the submucosal, myenteric, and subserosal plexuses; it contains visceral afferent fibers, sympathetic postganglionic fibers, parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers, and parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies. BTO:0002437 FMA:77597 TODO - add subserosal plexus? UBERON:0000429 UBERON:BTO_0002437-FMA_77597 enteric nerve plexus plexus entericus plexus nervosus entericus sympathetic enteric nerve plexus uberon A plexus of autonomic nerve fibers within the wall of the digestive tube, and made up of the submucosal, myenteric, and subserosal plexuses; it contains visceral afferent fibers, sympathetic postganglionic fibers, parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers, and parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies. BTO:0002437 BTO:0002437 plexus entericus FMA:77597 FMA:TA plexus nervosus entericus FMA:77597 enteric nerve plexus FMA:77597 sympathetic enteric nerve plexus ventral intermediate nucleus of thalamus A nucleus medially located within the ventral nuclei of the thalamus. BTO:0002469 EV:0100208 FMA:84347 UBERON:0000430 UBERON:BTO_0002469-FMA_84347 ZFA:0000370 nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami uberon A nucleus medially located within the ventral nuclei of the thalamus. BTO:0002469 BTO-definition ZFA BTO:0002469 nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami ventral medial complex of thalamus BTO:0002470 FMA:77795 UBERON:0000431 UBERON:BTO_0002470-FMA_77795 nuclei ventrales mediales thalami uberon ventral medial complex of thalamus ventral medial nuclei of thalamus BTO:0002470 nuclei ventrales mediales thalami FMA:77795 ventral medial complex of thalamus FMA:77795 ventral medial nuclei of thalamus endopeduncular nucleus A portion of the nucleus of ansa lenticularis located medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, along the course of the ansa lenticularis and the inferior thalamic peduncle or as a separate nucleus within the internal capsule adjacent to the medial GLOBUS PALLIDUS (NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc. washington.edu/neuronames/ (September 28, 1998)). In non-primates, the entopeduncular nucleus is analogous to both the medial globus pallidus and the entopeduncular nucleus of human. BTO:0002475 FMA:77691 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.800.240 SCTID:82705008 The term entopeduncular nucleus in human neuroanatomy refers to a portion of the nucleus of the ansa lenticularis described variously as located medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule ( Riley-1943 ), along the course of the ansa lenticularis and the inferior thalamic peduncle ( Crosby-1962 ), or as a separate nucleus within the internal capsule adjacent to the medial segment of the globus pallidus ( Nomina-1983 ).[NN] UBERON:0000432 UBERON:BTO_0002475-FMA_77691 entopeduncular nucleus nucleus endopeduncularis nucleus entopeduncularis uberon NN A portion of the nucleus of ansa lenticularis located medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, along the course of the ansa lenticularis and the inferior thalamic peduncle or as a separate nucleus within the internal capsule adjacent to the medial GLOBUS PALLIDUS (NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc. washington.edu/neuronames/ (September 28, 1998)). In non-primates, the entopeduncular nucleus is analogous to both the medial globus pallidus and the entopeduncular nucleus of human. MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.800.240 BTO:0002475 nucleus endopeduncularis posterior paraventricular nucleus of thalamus BTO:0002477 FMA:76961 UBERON:0000433 UBERON:BTO_0002477-FMA_76961 dorsal paraventricular nucleus of thalamus nucleus paraventricularis posterior thalami uberon BTO:0002477 nucleus paraventricularis posterior thalami FMA:76961 dorsal paraventricular nucleus of thalamus anterior paraventricular nucleus of thalamus BTO:0002478 FMA:76962 UBERON:0000434 UBERON:BTO_0002478-FMA_76962 nucleus paraventricularis anterior thalami uberon ventral paraventricular nucleus of thalamus BTO:0002478 nucleus paraventricularis anterior thalami FMA:76962 ventral paraventricular nucleus of thalamus lateral tuberal nucleus ABA:TU BM:TU BTO:0002481 EV:0100240 FMA:62336 Lateral tuberal hypothalamic nuclei Lateral tuberal nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1206 Nerve cell nuclei situated ventrally in the intermediate hypothalamic region, mainly in the lateral hypothalamic area. UBERON:0000435 UBERON:BTO_0002481-FMA_62336 lateral tuberal nuclear complex nuclei tuberales laterales uberon BTO:0002481 Nerve cell nuclei situated ventrally in the intermediate hypothalamic region, mainly in the lateral hypothalamic area. FMA:62336 Lateral tuberal hypothalamic nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1206 lateral tuberal nuclear complex FMA:62336 Lateral tuberal nuclei BTO:0002481 nuclei tuberales laterales arachnoid barrier layer BTO:0002498 FMA:231559 UBERON:0000437 UBERON:BTO_0002498-FMA_231559 uberon set of arachnoid trabecula Arachnoid trabeculae set BTO:0002500 FMA:77761 UBERON:0000438 UBERON:BTO_0002500-FMA_77761 trabeculae arachnoideae true uberon FMA:77761 FMA:TA trabeculae arachnoideae Arachnoid trabeculae set FMA:77761 arachnoid trabecula BTO:0002500 FMA:83979 UBERON:0000439 UBERON:BTO_0002500-FMA_83979 a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. trabecula arachnoideum uberon GO:0060343 a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. trabecula A small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. On histological section, a trabecula can look like a septum, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like.. Trabeculae are usually composed of dense fibrous tissue, i.e. mainly of collagen, and in most cases provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening to a soft solid organ, such as the spleen. They can be composed of other materials, such as bone or muscle[WP]. BTO:0002501 FMA:85273 UBERON:0000440 UBERON:BTO_0002501-FMA_85273 uberon A small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. On histological section, a trabecula can look like a septum, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like.. Trabeculae are usually composed of dense fibrous tissue, i.e. mainly of collagen, and in most cases provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening to a soft solid organ, such as the spleen. They can be composed of other materials, such as bone or muscle[WP]. Wikipedia:Trabecula right testicular vein A vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus and empties into the left renal vein. BTO:0002679 FMA:14341 MA:0002220 SCTID:53500001 UBERON:0000442 UBERON:BTO_0002679-FMA_14341 uberon vena testicularis (adrenalis) dextra vena testicularis dextra vena testicularis sinistra BTO:0002679 vena testicularis dextra A vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus and empties into the left renal vein. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource BTO:0002680 vena testicularis sinistra FMA:14341 vena testicularis (adrenalis) dextra left testicular vein A vein that drains the right pampiniform plexus and empties into the inferior vena cava. BTO:0002680 FMA:14345 MA:0002219 SCTID:90988008 UBERON:0000443 UBERON:BTO_0002680-FMA_14345 uberon vena testicularis dextra vena testicularis sinistra BTO:0002679 vena testicularis dextra BTO:0002680 vena testicularis sinistra A vein that drains the right pampiniform plexus and empties into the inferior vena cava. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource lymphoid follicle BTO:0002684 FMA:55222 MA:0000742 SCTID:64626006 UBERON:0000444 UBERON:BTO_0002684-FMA_55222 folliculus lymphaticus lymph node follicle lymphatic follicle lymphatic nodule lymphoid nodule ncithesaurus:Lymphoid_Follicle nodular lymphoid tissue nodulus lymphaticus nodulus lymphoideus uberon BTO:0002684 lymphatic nodule MA:0000742 lymph node follicle BTO:0002684 nodulus lymphoideus FMA:55222 nodular lymphoid tissue BTO:0002684 folliculus lymphaticus FMA:55222 lymphoid nodule BTO:0002684 nodulus lymphaticus BTO:0002684 lymphatic follicle habenular trigone BTO:0002700 FMA:74868 The habenular trigone is a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the taenia thalami. It contains a group of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulC&. Fibers enter it from the stalk of the pineal body, and others, forming what is termed the habenular commissure, pass across the middle line to the corresponding ganglion of the opposite side. Most of its fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. UBERON:0000445 UBERON:BTO_0002700-FMA_74868 superclass in BTO is thalamic nucleus, not present in most ontologies trigone of habenulae trigonum habenulae uberon The habenular trigone is a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the taenia thalami. It contains a group of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulC&. Fibers enter it from the stalk of the pineal body, and others, forming what is termed the habenular commissure, pass across the middle line to the corresponding ganglion of the opposite side. Most of its fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. Wikipedia:Habenular_trigone BTO:0002700 trigonum habenulae BTO:0002700 trigone of habenulae septum of telencephalon BTO:0002705 FMA:61842 MA:0000924 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.750 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_963 Subdivision of the telencephalon on the midline between the lateral ventricles which contains the septum pellucidum and the septal nuclei[FMA]. UBERON:0000446 UBERON:BTO_0002705-FMA_61842 area septalis septal area septum septum (NN) telencephalon septum uberon FMA:61842 telencephalon septum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_963 septum FMA:61842 Subdivision of the telencephalon on the midline between the lateral ventricles which contains the septum pellucidum and the septal nuclei[FMA]. FMA:61842 septal area FMA:61842 septum (NN) FMA:61842 FMA:TA area septalis decidual cell BTO:0002770 Before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, the mucous membrane of the body of the uterus undergoes important changes and is then known as the decidua. The thickness and vascularity of the mucous membrane are greatly increased; its glands are elongated and open on its free surface by funnel-shaped orifices, while their deeper portions are tortuous and dilated into irregular spaces. The interglandular tissue is also increased in quantity, and is crowded with large round, oval, or polygonal cells, termed decidual cells. Their enlargement is due to glycogen and lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm allowing these cells to provide a rich source of nutrition for the developing embryo. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:86480 UBERON:0000449 UBERON:BTO_0002770-FMA_86480 ncithesaurus:Decidual_Cell request from CL uberon Before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, the mucous membrane of the body of the uterus undergoes important changes and is then known as the decidua. The thickness and vascularity of the mucous membrane are greatly increased; its glands are elongated and open on its free surface by funnel-shaped orifices, while their deeper portions are tortuous and dilated into irregular spaces. The interglandular tissue is also increased in quantity, and is crowded with large round, oval, or polygonal cells, termed decidual cells. Their enlargement is due to glycogen and lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm allowing these cells to provide a rich source of nutrition for the developing embryo. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Decidual_cells corpus albicans BTO:0002784 Corpus albicans of ovary EMAPA:29888 FMA:18620 UBERON:0000450 UBERON:BTO_0002784-FMA_18620 corpus fibrosum uberon Corpus albicans of ovary FMA:18620 BTO:0002784 corpus fibrosum prefrontal cortex BTO:0002807 EFO:0001384 FMA:224850 GAID:676 MA:0000906 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.270.700 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090801 TODO - check MA The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the pre-frontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social 'control' (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes). Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000451 UBERON:BTO_0002807-FMA_224850 frontal association cortex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg/200px-Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg.png prefrontal association complex prefrontal association cortex uberon FMA:224850 prefrontal association cortex BTO:0002807 prefrontal association complex MA:0000906 frontal association cortex The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the pre-frontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social 'control' (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes). Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Prefrontal_cortex decidua basalis BTO:0002819 EFO:0001918 FMA:86477 MA:0002905 Region between the blastocyst and the myometrium. SCTID:362841006 UBERON:0000453 UBERON:BTO_0002819-FMA_86477 decidua serotina development notes: As the embryo enlarges, the decidua capsularis becomes stretched and smooth. Eventually the decidua capsularis merges with the decidua parietalis, obliterating the uterine cavity ncithesaurus:Decidua_Basalis uberon Region between the blastocyst and the myometrium. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/06placenta.htm BTO:0002819 decidua serotina cerebral subcortex BTO:0002858 Cerebral medulla FMA:242188 UBERON:0000454 UBERON:BTO_0002858-FMA_242188 subcortex uberon Cerebral medulla FMA:242188 BTO:0002858 subcortex bodily secretion AO notes: BTO has two distunct classes, with exocrine glandular secretion a subtype of secretion - however, all examples in BTO directly under secretion appear to be exocrine gland secretions BTO:0002977 BTO:0002979 Body substance in a liquid or semisolid state produced by an exocrine gland. Example: saliva, sebum, blood, plasma, semen, urine. FMA:9675 MA:0002504 MESH:A.12.200 UBERON:0000456 UBERON:0006540 UBERON:BTO_0002979-FMA_9675 exocrine gland fluid exocrine gland fluid or secretion exocrine gland fluid/secretion exocrine gland secretion external secretion galen:Secretion ncithesaurus:Exocrine_Gland_Fluid_or_Secretion secreted substance secretion uberon MA:0002504 exocrine gland fluid/secretion FMA:9675 secretion Body substance in a liquid or semisolid state produced by an exocrine gland. Example: saliva, sebum, blood, plasma, semen, urine. FMA:9675 BTO:0002977 external secretion cavernous artery BTO:0002996 Cavernous branch of cavernous part of internal carotid artery FMA:70527 UBERON:0000457 UBERON:BTO_0002996-FMA_70527 ramus sinus cavernosi (pars cavernosa) (arteria carotis interna) uberon FMA:70527 FMA:TA ramus sinus cavernosi (pars cavernosa) (arteria carotis interna) Cavernous branch of cavernous part of internal carotid artery FMA:70527 endocervix BTO:0003002 FMA:86485 SCTID:264460007 UBERON:0000458 UBERON:BTO_0003002-FMA_86485 ncithesaurus:Endocervix uberon uterine wall An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Obol]. BTO:0003083 FMA:17560 SCTID:245485002 UBERON:0000459 UBERON:BTO_0003083-FMA_17560 anatomical wall of uterus uberon uterus anatomical wall uterus wall wall of uterus OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of uterus An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic wall of uterus OBOL:automatic uterus wall OBOL:automatic uterus anatomical wall major vestibular gland BTO:0003115 Bartholin's gland Duverney's gland FMA:9598 GAID:384 Gland found in pairs located slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women. Bartholin's glands are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males. However, while Bartholin's glands are located in the superficial perineal pouch, bulbourethral glands are located in the deep perineal pouch. They secrete mucus to provide vaginal lubrication. MA:0002936 MESH:A.05.360.319.887.220 SCTID:362244005 Tiedemann's gland UBERON:0000460 UBERON:BTO_0003115-FMA_9598 Vulvovaginal gland glandula vestibularis major greater vestibular gland greater vestibular glands of bartholin uberon Duverney's gland FMA:9598 BTO:0003115 glandula vestibularis major MA:0002936 greater vestibular gland FMA:9598 Tiedemann's gland Wikipedia:Bartholin%27s_gland greater vestibular glands of bartholin FMA:9598 Vulvovaginal gland Bartholin's gland FMA:9598 FMA Gland found in pairs located slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women. Bartholin's glands are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males. However, while Bartholin's glands are located in the superficial perineal pouch, bulbourethral glands are located in the deep perineal pouch. They secrete mucus to provide vaginal lubrication. Wikipedia:Bartholin's_glands Wikipedia minor vestibular gland BTO:0003116 EMAPA:29653 Editors note: compare with Skene's gland FMA:20019 Guerin's gland SCTID:279869001 Schueller's gland Small mucous glands opening upon the vestibular mucous membrane between the urethral and the vaginal orifice. UBERON:0000461 UBERON:BTO_0003116-FMA_20019 glandula vestibular minor glandula vestibulares minor lesser vestibular gland paraurethral gland periurethral gland skene's gland uberon urethral gland of female urethra BTO:0003116 Small mucous glands opening upon the vestibular mucous membrane between the urethral and the vaginal orifice. BTO:0003116 urethral gland of female urethra BTO:0003116 Guerin's gland BTO:0003116 skene's gland FMA:20019 lesser vestibular gland BTO:0003116 paraurethral gland BTO:0003116 Schueller's gland FMA BTO:0003116 glandula vestibulares minor FMA:20019 glandula vestibular minor BTO:0003116 periurethral gland villus UBERON:0000462 true uberon portion of organism substance AAO:0010839 AEO:0000004 BILA:0000004 CARO:0000004 EHDAA2:0003004 FBbt:00007019 FMA:9669 HAO:0000004 MA:0002450 Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. SPD:0000008 TGMA:0001824 UBERON:0000463 UBERON:CARO_0000004-FBbt_00007019 XAO:0004001 ZFA:0001487 body fluid or substance body substance galen:BodySubstance ncithesaurus:Body_Fluid_or_Substance organism substance portion of body substance uberon CARO:MAH Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. FMA:9669 body substance FMA:9669 portion of body substance MA:0002450 body fluid or substance anatomical space AAO:0010110 AEO:0000005 BILA:0000005 CARO:0000005 EHDAA2:0003005 FBbt:00007017 FMA:5897 HAO:0000005 Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. TAO:0001668 TGMA:0001825 UBERON:0000464 UBERON:CARO_0000005-FBbt_00007017-FMA_5897-ZFA_0001643 XAO:0003190 ZFA:0001643 uberon CARO:MAH Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. material anatomical entity AAO:0010264 AEO:0000006 Anatomical entity that has mass. BILA:0000006 CARO:0000006 EHDAA2:0003006 FBbt:00007016 FMA:67165 HAO:0000006 TAO:0001836 TGMA:0001826 UBERON:0000465 UBERON:CARO_0000006-FBbt_00007016-FMA_67165-ZFA_0001487 uberon Anatomical entity that has mass. CARO:MAH immaterial anatomical entity AAO:0010265 AEO:0000007 Anatomical entity that has no mass. BILA:0000007 CARO:0000007 EHDAA2:0003007 FBbt:00007015 FMA:67112 HAO:0000007 TGMA:0001827 UBERON:0000466 UBERON:CARO_0000007-FBbt_00007015 immaterial physical anatomical entity uberon Anatomical entity that has no mass. CARO:MAH FMA:67112 immaterial physical anatomical entity anatomical system AAO:0000007 AEO:0000011 Anatomical group that is has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity[CARO]. A group of organs that work together to perform a certain task [Wikipedia]. BILA:0000011 CARO:0000011 EHDAA2:0001330 EHDAA2:0003011 EHDAA:392 EMAPA:16103 EV:0100000 FBbt:00004856 FMA:7149 HAO:0000011 MA:0000003 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_14 OpenCyc:Mx4rCWM0QCtDEdyAAADggVbxzQ SCTID:278195005 TAO:0001439 TGMA:0001831 UBERON:0000467 UBERON:CARO_0000011-XAO_0003002-ZFA_0001439 UBERON:FBbt_00004856-FBbt_00004969-FMA_7149-FMA_72979-MA_0000003-MA_0000014-MIAA_0000033-WBbt_0005730-XAO_0000176 WBbt:0005746 XAO:0003002 ZFA:0001439 body system galen:AnatomicalSystem ncithesaurus:Organ_System organ system system uberon Anatomical group that is has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity[CARO]. A group of organs that work together to perform a certain task [Wikipedia]. CARO:0000011 CARO:MAH Wikipedia:Organ_system NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_14 body system GO:0048731 system multi-cellular organism AAO:0010026 AEO:0000103 AEO:0000191 Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. BILA:0000012 BTO:0001489 CARO:0000012 EFO:0002906 EHDAA2:0003103 EHDAA2:0003191 EHDAA:1 EHDAA:9178 EMAPA:25765 EV:0100016 FBbt:00000001 FMA:256135 HAO:0000012 Koerper MA:0002405 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_18 TADS:0000001 TAO:0001094 TGMA:0001832 TODO - split body and mc organism? body continues after death stage TS28 UBERON:0000468 UBERON:CARO_0000012-XAO_0003004 VHOG:0000671 WBbt:0007833 XAO:0003004 ZFA:0001094 adult mouse body galen:Organism ncithesaurus:Whole_Organism organism uberon whole body whole organism MA:0002405 TS28 BTO:0001489 whole body MA:0002405 adult mouse BTO:0001489 Koerper Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. CARO:0000012 CARO:MAH Wikipedia:Multi-cellular_organism cell part AAO:0010271 Anatomical structure that is a direct part of the cell. BILA:0000014 CARO:0000014 FBbt:00007012 FMA:86454 GO:0044464 HAO:0000014 NIF_Subcellular:sao-1337158144 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQwkcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TGMA:0001834 UBERON:0000470 UBERON:CARO_0000014-FBbt_00007012-FMA_86454 cell component ncithesaurus:Cell_Part todo - move metadata to GO and obsolete this class. Note the inconsistency between the usage of the label 'cell component' in GO and CARO uberon CARO:0000014 cell component Anatomical structure that is a direct part of the cell. CARO:MAH compound organ component AAO:0010017 AEO:0000019 BILA:0000019 CARO:0000019 EHDAA2:0003019 HAO:0000019 Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ. TAO:0001489 TGMA:0001835 UBERON:0000471 UBERON:CARO_0000019-XAO_0003039-ZFA_0001489 XAO:0003039 ZFA:0001489 uberon CARO:0000019 CARO:MAH Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ. simple organ AAO:0010051 AEO:0000190 BILA:0000021 CARO:0000021 EHDAA2:0003190 HAO:0000021 Multi-tissue structure that is not part of a compound organ. TAO:0001492 TGMA:0001836 UBERON:0000472 UBERON:CARO_0000021-XAO_0003038-ZFA_0001492 XAO:0003038 ZFA:0001492 uberon CARO:0000021 CARO:MAH Multi-tissue structure that is not part of a compound organ. testis AAO:0000606 BILA:0000124 BTO:0001363 EFO:0000984 EHDAA2:0002007 EHDAA:8146 EMAPA:17972 EV:0100102 FBbt:00004928 FMA:7210 GAID:396 HAO:0001007 MA:0000411 MAT:0000132 MESH:A.05.360.444.849 MIAA:0000132 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjM25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181431007 TAO:0000598 UBERON:0000473 UBERON:0002117 UBERON:CARO_0000027-FBbt_00004927-FBbt_00004928-FBbt_00007004-FMA_45664-FMA_7210-MA_0000396-MA_0000411-MIAA_0000029-MIAA_0000132-WBbt_0006794-XAO_0000155-XAO_0000157-XAO_0003006-ZFA_0000242-ZFA_0000598 VHOG:0000252 WBbt:0006794 XAO:0000157 ZFA:0000598 galen:Testis genitalia of male organism gonad genitalia of male organism gonada gonad of a male animal, produces and releases sperm. gonad of genitalia of male organism gonad of male genitalia gonad of male genitals gonad of male organism genitalia gonad of male organism reproductive system gonad of male reproductive system gonad of reproductive system of male organism gonada of genitalia of male organism gonada of male genitalia gonada of male genitals gonada of male organism genitalia gonada of male organism reproductive system gonada of male reproductive system gonada of reproductive system of male organism http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gray1144.png/200px-Gray1144.png male genitalia gonad male genitalia gonada male genitals gonad male gonad male organism genitalia gonad male organism genitalia gonada male organism reproductive system gonad male organism reproductive system gonada male reproductive system gonad male reproductive system gonada ncithesaurus:Testis orchis reproductive system of male organism gonad reproductive system of male organism gonada testes testicle testiculus uberon OBOL:automatic gonad of male genitalia BTO:0001363 orchis OBOL:automatic gonad of genitalia of male organism OBOL:automatic gonad of reproductive system of male organism OBOL:automatic male genitalia gonada OBOL:automatic male reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic gonad of male genitals OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic gonada of male genitalia OBOL:automatic male genitalia gonad OBOL:automatic gonada of male organism genitalia OBOL:automatic male organism genitalia gonad OBOL:automatic gonada of reproductive system of male organism OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic male gonad OBOL:automatic gonada of male organism reproductive system FMA:7210 testicle OBOL:automatic genitalia of male organism gonad OBOL:automatic gonad of male reproductive system OBOL:automatic male genitals gonad OBOL:automatic gonada of genitalia of male organism OBOL:automatic gonad of male organism genitalia Wikipedia:Testis gonad of a male animal, produces and releases sperm. OBOL:automatic gonad of male organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic reproductive system of male organism gonada testes OBOL:automatic male organism genitalia gonada OBOL:automatic gonada of male reproductive system OBOL:automatic genitalia of male organism gonada OBOL:automatic gonada of male genitals BTO:0001363 testiculus OBOL:automatic reproductive system of male organism gonad OBOL:automatic male reproductive system gonada female reproductive system BTO:0000083 EFO:0000969 EHDAA2:0000506 EHDAA:8116 EMAPA:17959 EV:0100110 FBbt:00004864 FMA:45663 GAID:364 HAO:0000324 MA:0000381 MESH:A.05.360.319 MIAA:0000028 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVipTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TGMA:0000635 The organs of the female reproductive system. UBERON:0000474 UBERON:CARO_0000028-FBbt_00004864-FBbt_00007011-FMA_45663-MA_0000381-MIAA_0000028-XAO_0000156-XAO_0003005-ZFA_0000303 VHOG:0000726 WBbt:0006748 XAO:0000156 female genital system female genitalia female organism genitalia female organism reproductive system female reproductive tract genitalia of female organism gynaecological tissue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/200px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Female_Reproductive_System reproductive system of female organism systema genitale femininum uberon OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic female organism genitalia The organs of the female reproductive system. Wikipedia:Female_genitalia OBOL:automatic reproductive system of female organism BTO:0000083 gynaecological tissue BTO:0000083 systema genitale femininum MA:0000381 female reproductive tract organism subdivision AAO:0010053 AEO:0000032 Anatomical structure which is a primary subdivision of whole organism. The mereological sum of these is the whole organism. BILA:0000032 CARO:0000032 EFO:0000808 EHDAA2:0003032 FBbt:00007009 FMA:7153 HAO:0000032 MA:0002433 MAT:0000293 MESH:A.01 MIAA:0000293 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViAHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001308 TGMA:0001840 UBERON:0000475 UBERON:CARO_0000032-FBbt_00007009-FMA_67504-MIAA_0000293-XAO_0003013-ZFA_0001308 XAO:0003013 ZFA:0001308 body part body region cardinal body part galen:BodyPart ncithesaurus:Body_Part todo - check the inclusion of FMA 'cardinal body part here', and check child terms for consistency uberon Anatomical structure which is a primary subdivision of whole organism. The mereological sum of these is the whole organism. CARO:0000032 CARO:MAH Wikipedia:Body_part FMA:7153 body region FMA:7153 cardinal body part acellular anatomical structure AAO:0010268 AEO:0000040 Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. BILA:0000040 CARO:0000040 EHDAA2:0003040 FBbt:00007013 FMA:63863 HAO:0000040 TAO:0000382 TGMA:0001841 UBERON:0000476 UBERON:CARO_0000040-FBbt_00007013-FMA_63863-ZFA_0000382 XAO:0003162 ZFA:0000382 uberon Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. CARO:MAH anatomical cluster AAO:0010009 AEO:0000041 Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. BILA:0000041 CARO:0000041 EHDAA2:0003041 FBbt:00007277 FMA:49443 HAO:0000041 TADS:0000605 TAO:0001478 TGMA:0001842 UBERON:0000477 UBERON:CARO_0000041-FMA_49443-ZFA_0001478 XAO:0003160 ZFA:0001478 uberon Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. CARO:MAH extraembryonic structure AAO:0010020 AEO:0000042 Anatomical structure that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. BILA:0000042 CARO:0000042 EHDAA2:0003042 EHDAA:46 EMAPA:16042 FBbt:00005835 FMA:85537 HAO:0000042 SCTID:314908006 TAO:0000020 TGMA:0001843 UBERON:0000478 UBERON:CARO_0000042-FBbt_00005835-FMA_85537-MIAA_0000061-ZFA_0000020 VHOG:0000292 XAO:0004005 ZFA:0000020 extra-embryonic structure extraembryonic component extraembryonic tissue ncithesaurus:Extraembryonic_Structure see also conceptus extraembryonic component in EHDAA2 uberon Anatomical structure that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. CARO:MAH tissue AAO:0000607 AAO:0010054 AEO:0000043 Anatomical structure, that consists of similar cells and intercellular matrix, aggregated according to genetically determined spatial relationships. BILA:0000043 CARO:0000043 EHDAA2:0003043 FBbt:00007003 FMA:9637 HAO:0000043 MA:0003002 MESH:A.10 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_19 TAO:0001477 TGMA:0001844 This class was sourced from CARO, which was initially sourced from FMA. Nomenclature changes have been made. Note also AEO introduces a class AEO:0000013 'single-cell tissue' UBERON:0000479 UBERON:CARO_0000043-FBbt_00007003-XAO_0003040-ZFA_0001477 WBbt:0005729 XAO:0003040 ZFA:0001477 galen:Tissue ncithesaurus:Tissue portion of tissue simple tissue tissue portion uberon CARO:0000043 portion of tissue AEO:0000043 simple tissue Anatomical structure, that consists of similar cells and intercellular matrix, aggregated according to genetically determined spatial relationships. CARO:0000043 CARO:MAH FMA:9637 anatomical group AAO:0010008 AEO:0000054 Anatomical structure consisting of at least two non-overlapping organs, multi-tissue aggregates or portion of tissues or cells of different types that does not constitute an organism, organ, multi-tissue aggregate, or portion of tissue. BILA:0000054 CARO:0000054 EHDAA2:0003054 HAO:0000054 TAO:0001512 TGMA:0001846 UBERON:0000480 UBERON:CARO_0000054-XAO_0003001-ZFA_0001512 XAO:0003001 ZFA:0001512 uberon Anatomical structure consisting of at least two non-overlapping organs, multi-tissue aggregates or portion of tissues or cells of different types that does not constitute an organism, organ, multi-tissue aggregate, or portion of tissue. CARO:0000054 CARO:MAH multi-tissue structure AAO:0010048 AEO:0000055 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. BILA:0000055 CARO:0000055 EHDAA2:0003055 FBbt:00007010 HAO:0000055 TAO:0001488 TGMA:0001847 UBERON:0000481 UBERON:CARO_0000055-FBbt_00007010-XAO_0003037-ZFA_0001488 XAO:0003037 ZFA:0001488 uberon Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. CARO:0000055 CARO:MAH basal lamina AAO:0010269 AEO:0000065 Acellular anatomical structure that consists of a thin sheet of fibrous proteins that underlie and support the cells of an epithelium. It separates the cells of an epithelium from any underlying tissue. BILA:0000065 CARO:0000065 EHDAA2:0003065 FMA:62918 GO:0005605 HAO:0000065 MESH:A.10.272.220 NIF_Subcellular:sao1397492660 TAO:0001485 TGMA:0001850 TODO - use GO. UBERON:0000482 UBERON:CARO_0000065-FMA_62918-ZFA_0001485 WBbt:0005756 XAO:0003163 ZFA:0001485 basal lamina of connective tissue ncithesaurus:Basal_Lamina uberon Acellular anatomical structure that consists of a thin sheet of fibrous proteins that underlie and support the cells of an epithelium. It separates the cells of an epithelium from any underlying tissue. CARO:MAH Wikipedia:Basal_lamina epithelium AAO:0000144 AAO:0010055 AEO:0000066 BILA:0000066 BTO:0000416 CARO:0000066 EHDAA2:0003066 FBbt:00007005 FMA:9639 GAID:402 HAO:0000066 MESH:A.10.272 Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. SCTID:31610004 TAO:0001486 UBERON:0000483 UBERON:CARO_0000066-FBbt_00007005-FMA_9639-XAO_0003045-ZFA_0001486 VHOG:0000387 XAO:0003045 ZFA:0001486 epithelial tissue ncithesaurus:Epithelium portion of epithelium uberon FMA:9639 portion of epithelium CARO:MAH Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. Wikipedia:Epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium AAO:0010064 AEO:0000067 BILA:0000067 CARO:0000067 EHDAA2:0003067 FMA:45566 HAO:0000067 TAO:0001497 UBERON:0000484 UBERON:CARO_0000067-FMA_45566-ZFA_0001497 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. XAO:0004009 ZFA:0001497 epithelium simplex cuboideum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gray1133.png/200px-Gray1133.png ncithesaurus:Simple_Cuboidal_Epithelium uberon CARO:MAH Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. Wikipedia:Simple_cuboidal_epithelium simple columnar epithelium AAO:0010063 AEO:0000068 BILA:0000068 CARO:0000068 FBbt:00007027 FMA:45567 HAO:0000068 TAO:0001496 UBERON:0000485 UBERON:CARO_0000068-FMA_45567-ZFA_0001496 Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA] XAO:0004008 ZFA:0001496 columnar epithlium epithelium simplex columnare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray1059.png/200px-Gray1059.png ncithesaurus:Simple_Columnar_Epithelium simple columnar epithelium uberon AEO:0000068 columnar epithlium CARO:MAH FMA:FMA Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA] Wikipedia:Simple_columnar_epithelium multilaminar epithelium AAO:0010059 AEO:0000069 BILA:0000069 BTO:0002074 CARO:0000069 EHDAA2:0003069 Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA] FMA:45562 HAO:0000069 SCTID:309044005 TAO:0001494 UBERON:0000486 UBERON:CARO_0000069-FMA_45562-ZFA_0001494 XAO:0004006 ZFA:0001494 laminated epithelium ncithesaurus:Stratified_Epithelium stratified epithelium uberon CARO:MAH Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Stratified_epithelium BTO:0002074 laminated epithelium simple squamous epithelium AAO:0010066 AEO:0000070 BILA:0000070 BTO:0002073 CARO:0000070 EHDAA2:0003070 FMA:45565 HAO:0000070 TAO:0001498 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000487 UBERON:CARO_0000070-FMA_45565-ZFA_0001498 Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA] XAO:0004010 ZFA:0001498 epithelium simplex squamosum ncithesaurus:Simple_Squamous_Epithelium uberon CARO:MAH FMA:45565 Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA] Wikipedia:Simple_squamous_epithelium atypical epithelium AAO:0010057 AEO:0000071 BILA:0000071 CARO:0000071 EHDAA2:0003071 Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. FMA:61741 HAO:0000071 TAO:0001493 UBERON:0000488 UBERON:CARO_0000071-FMA_61741-ZFA_0001493 XAO:0004004 ZFA:0001493 heterogenous epithelium uberon CARO:MAH Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. cavitated compound organ AAO:0010016 AEO:0000072 BILA:0000072 CARO:0000072 Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. EHDAA2:0003072 HAO:0000072 TAO:0001490 TGMA:0001857 UBERON:0000489 UBERON:CARO_0000072-ZFA_0001490 XAO:0003165 ZFA:0001490 uberon CARO:MAH Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. unilaminar epithelium AAO:0010062 AEO:0000073 BILA:0000073 BTO:0002073 CARO:0000073 EHDAA2:0003073 Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA] FMA:45561 HAO:0000073 SCTID:309043004 TAO:0001495 UBERON:0000490 UBERON:CARO_0000073-FMA_45561-ZFA_0001495 XAO:0004007 ZFA:0001495 ncithesaurus:Simple_Epithelium simple epithelium uberon CARO:MAH Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA] FMA:45561 solid compound organ AAO:0010019 AEO:0000074 BILA:0000074 CARO:0000074 Compound organ that does not contain macroscopic anatomical spaces. EHDAA2:0003074 HAO:0000074 TAO:0001491 TGMA:0001859 UBERON:0000491 UBERON:CARO_0000074-ZFA_0001491 XAO:0003164 ZFA:0001491 uberon CARO:MAH Compound organ that does not contain macroscopic anatomical spaces. ileocecal valve FMA:15973 SCTID:362153007 The ileocecal valve is a sphincter muscle situated at the junction of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine. Its critical function is to limit the reflux of colonic contents into the ileum. Tulp's valve UBERON:0000569 galen:IleocecalValve ncithesaurus:Ileocecal_Valve uberon valva ileocaecalis (valva ilealis) Obol Tulp's valve Wikipedia:Ileocecal_valve Wikipedia FMA The ileocecal valve is a sphincter muscle situated at the junction of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine. Its critical function is to limit the reflux of colonic contents into the ileum. Wikipedia:Ileocecal_valve FMA:15973 valva ileocaecalis (valva ilealis) suspensory ligament of duodenum FMA:20509 Ligament that connects the duodenum of the small intestines to the diaphragm. It contains a slender band of skeletal muscle from the diaphragm and a fibromuscular band of smooth muscle from the horizontal and ascending parts of the duodenum. When it contracts, the suspensory muscle of the duodenum widens the angle of the duodenojejunal flexure, allowing movement of the intestinal contents It arises from the right crus as it passes around the esophagus, continues as connective tissue around the stems of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery and inserts into the third and fourth portions of the duodenum and frequently into the duodenojejunal (DJ) flexure (between the duodenum and the jejunum) as well. SCTID:279979000 UBERON:0000642 an especially important landmark to note when looking at the bowel for the presence of malrotation of the gut, a syndrome often suspected in young children when they have episodes of recurrent vomiting. Visualizing a normal location of the ligament of Treitz in radiological images is critical in ruling out malrotation of the gut in a child; it is abnormally located when malrotation is present. An abnormally low and fixed position of the ligament of Treitz is a known cause of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. However, identifying it on a CT scan is difficult. Hematemesis (blood in the vomit) or melena (black tarry stools) usually indicate a gastrointestinal bleed from a location proximal to the ligament. Hematochezia (bright red blood or clots in the stools) usually indicates a gastrointestinal bleed from a location distal to the ligament. ligament of Treitz muscle of Treitz musculus suspensorius duodeni suspensory muscle of duodenum uberon FMA:20509 musculus suspensorius duodeni Ligament that connects the duodenum of the small intestines to the diaphragm. It contains a slender band of skeletal muscle from the diaphragm and a fibromuscular band of smooth muscle from the horizontal and ascending parts of the duodenum. When it contracts, the suspensory muscle of the duodenum widens the angle of the duodenojejunal flexure, allowing movement of the intestinal contents It arises from the right crus as it passes around the esophagus, continues as connective tissue around the stems of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery and inserts into the third and fourth portions of the duodenum and frequently into the duodenojejunal (DJ) flexure (between the duodenum and the jejunum) as well. Wikipedia:Suspensory_muscle_of_duodenum FMA:20509 ligament of Treitz Obol FMA:20509 suspensory muscle of duodenum Obol Obol FMA:20509 muscle of Treitz splenius capitis FMA:22653 SCTID:244850004 The splenius capitis is a broad, straplike muscle in the back of the neck. It pulls on the base of the skull from vertebrae in the neck and upper thorax. It arises from the lower half of the ligamentum nuchæ, from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and from the spinous processes of the upper three or four thoracic vertebræ. The fibers of the muscle are directed upward and lateralward and are inserted, under cover of the Sternocleidomastoideus, into the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and into the rough surface on the occipital bone just below the lateral third of the superior nuchal line. The Splenius Capitis muscle is innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves C3-C4. The splenius muscle is a prime mover for head extension. The splenius capitis can also allow lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine. UBERON:0000711 splenius capitis muscle uberon FMA The splenius capitis is a broad, straplike muscle in the back of the neck. It pulls on the base of the skull from vertebrae in the neck and upper thorax. It arises from the lower half of the ligamentum nuchæ, from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and from the spinous processes of the upper three or four thoracic vertebræ. The fibers of the muscle are directed upward and lateralward and are inserted, under cover of the Sternocleidomastoideus, into the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and into the rough surface on the occipital bone just below the lateral third of the superior nuchal line. The Splenius Capitis muscle is innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves C3-C4. The splenius muscle is a prime mover for head extension. The splenius capitis can also allow lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine. Wikipedia:Splenius_capitis_muscle Wikipedia:Splenius_capitis_muscle splenius capitis muscle hippocampal commissure FMA:61970 MA:0002723 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_746 SCTID:369115003 The lateral portions of the body of the fornix are joined by a thin triangular lamina, named the psalterium (lyra). This lamina contains some transverse fibers that connect the two hippocampi across the middle line and constitute the commissure of fornix (hippocampal commissure). This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000908 UBERON:Commissure-MA_0002723 commissura hippocampi commissure of fornix commissure of fornix of forebrain delta fornicis dorsal hippocampal commissure fornical commissure fornix commissure hippocampus commissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray747.png/200px-Gray747.png uberon FMA:61970 dorsal hippocampal commissure Wikipedia:Commissure_of_fornix commissure of fornix MP:0008221 hippocampus commissure MP:0008221 delta fornicis FMA:61970 fornix commissure The lateral portions of the body of the fornix are joined by a thin triangular lamina, named the psalterium (lyra). This lamina contains some transverse fibers that connect the two hippocampi across the middle line and constitute the commissure of fornix (hippocampal commissure). Wikipedia:Hippocampal_commissure FMA:61970 commissure of fornix of forebrain FMA:61970 fornical commissure FMA:61970 FMA:TA commissura hippocampi chyme Chyme is a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. ENVO:02000026 FMA:62961 UBERON:0000910 UBERON:ENVO_02000026-FMA_62961 chymus uberon ENVO:02000026 chymus Chyme is a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. Wikipedia:Chyme chyle Chyle is a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats. ENVO:02000030 FMA:61403 GAID:1187 MESH:A.12.207.630.350 UBERON:0000911 UBERON:ENVO_02000030-FMA_61403 uberon Chyle is a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats. Wikipedia:Chyle http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=chyle mucus ENVO:02000040 FMA:66938 GAID:1164 MESH:A.12.200.503 Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjHq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000912 UBERON:ENVO_02000040-FMA_66938 galen:Mucus ncithesaurus:Mucus uberon Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. Wikipedia:Mucus interstitial fluid ENVO:02000042 FMA:9673 Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. UBERON:0000913 UBERON:ENVO_02000042-FMA_9673 intercellular fluid tissue fluid uberon ENVO:02000042 intercellular fluid FMA:9673 Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. Wikipedia:Interstitial_fluid ENVO:02000042 tissue fluid organismal segment FBbt:00000003 HAO:0000929 MAT:0000271 MIAA:0000271 One of the repeated divisions of the whole organism. UBERON:0000914 UBERON:FBbt_00000003-FMA_11367-MIAA_0000271 editor note: review this post-CARO2 segment uberon FB:gg One of the repeated divisions of the whole organism. Wikipedia:Segmentation_(biology) FBbt:00000003 segment thoracic segment of trunk FMA:259209 MA:0000022 Organismal subdivision of body that lies between the head and the abdomen [Wikipedia]. SCTID:302551006 UBERON:0000915 UBERON:FBbt_00000015-FMA_9576-MA_0000022-MIAA_0000295 thorax todo - taxonomic constraints. Originally this was defined loosely to include insect thorax but the value of such a high-level grouping class is dubious. Note that FMA distinsguishes between thorax and thoracic region of trunk uberon upper body FMA MA:0000022 thorax Organismal subdivision of body that lies between the head and the abdomen [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Thorax abdomen BTO:0000020 EFO:0000968 EV:0100011 FMA:9577 GAID:16 In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen (belly) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. MA:0000029 MAT:0000298 MESH:A.01.047 MIAA:0000298 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjgyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302553009 Taxon notes: Vertebrate specific. In arthropods 'abdomen' is the most distal section of the body which lies behind the thorax or cephalothorax. If need be we can introduce some grouping class UBERON:0000916 UBERON:FBbt_00000020-FMA_9577-MA_0000029-MIAA_0000298 abdominopelvic region abdominopelvis adult abdomen belly galen:Abdomen uberon FMA:9577 abdominopelvis In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen (belly) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. Wikipedia:Abdomen FMA:9577 abdominopelvic region MA abdominal segment FBbt:00000021 HAO:0000016 SPD:0000055 UBERON:0000917 UBERON:0002417 UBERON:FBbt_00000021-SPD_0000055 segment of abdomen true uberon OBOL:automatic segment of abdomen yolk BTO:0000371 FBbt:00000035 GO:0060417 MAT:0000335 MIAA:0000335 TAO:0000084 The nutritive substance contained in the egg. UBERON:0000918 UBERON:0007378 UBERON:FBbt_00000035-MIAA_0000335-XAO_0000281 XAO:0000281 ZFA:0000084 true uberon vegetal yolk mass yolk cell FB:gg The nutritive substance contained in the egg. lipid droplet FBbt:00000037 FMA:62962 GO:0005811 UBERON:0000919 UBERON:FBbt_00000037-FMA_62962 true uberon egg chorion A protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish [GO]. FBbt:00000038 TAO:0000329 TGMA:0000681 UBERON:0000920 UBERON:FBbt_00000038-FMA_80224-ZFA_0000329 UBERON:FMA_18674-MA_0001715 ZFA:0000329 chorion chorion (egg) uberon A protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish [GO]. GO:0042600 Wikipedia:Chorion_(egg) pronucleus . FBbt:00000048 FMA:84673 GO:0045120 UBERON:0000921 UBERON:FBbt_00000048-FMA_84673 true uberon . Wikipedia:Pronucleus embryo AAO:0011035 AEO:0000169 Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. BILA:0000056 BTO:0000379 EFO:0001367 EHDAA2:0003236 EHDAA:38 EMAPA:16039 FBbt:00000052 FMA:69068 GAID:963 MAT:0000226 MESH:A.16.254 MIAA:0000019 OGEM:000001 Obsoleted in ZFA. Note that embryo is not classified as an embryonic structure - an embryonic structure is only the parts of an embryo OpenCyc:Mx4rwP1ceZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:57991002 UBERON:0000922 UBERON:FBbt_00000052-FMA_69068-MIAA_0000019-XAO_0000113 XAO:0000113 ZFA:0000103 developing organism developmental tissue embryonic organism ncithesaurus:Embryo uberon Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. BTO:0000379 FB:FBrf0039741 FB:FBrf0041814 GO:0009790 Wikipedia:Embryo BILA:0000056 developing organism BILA:0000056 embryonic organism germ layer A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. AAO:0000480 BILA:0000035 BTO:0000556 FBbt:00000110 FMA:69069 GAID:1303 MESH:A.16.254.425 TAO:0001122 UBERON:0000923 UBERON:FBbt_00000110-FMA_69069 UBERON:XAO_0003011-ZFA_0001122 VHOG:0001223 XAO:0003011 ZFA:0001122 embryonic germ layer embryonic germ layers embryonic tissue germinal layer ncithesaurus:Embryonic_Tissue ncithesaurus:Germinal_Layer primary germ layer uberon GO:0001704 ZFA:0001122 primary germ layer FMA:69069 embryonic tissue GO ZFA A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. Wikipedia:Germ_layer germinal layer ncithesaurus:Germinal_Layer ectoderm AAO:0000137 BILA:0000036 BTO:0000315 EFO:0000414 EHDAA2:0000428 EMAPA:16069 EV:0100003 FBbt:00000111 FMA:69070 GAID:1304 MAT:0000155 MAT:0000173 MESH:A.16.254.425.273 MIAA:0000173 Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. SCTID:362851007 TAO:0000016 UBERON:0000924 UBERON:FBbt_00000111-FMA_69070-MIAA_0000173-XAO_0000001-ZFA_0000016 VHOG:0000153 XAO:0000001 ZFA:0000016 embryonic ectoderm ncithesaurus:Ectoderm uberon VHOG:0000153 embryonic ectoderm cjm Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. Wikipedia:Ectoderm endoderm AAO:0000139 BILA:0000038 BTO:0000800 EFO:0002545 EHDAA2:0000436 EV:0100005 FBbt:00000125 FMA:69071 GAID:1305 MAT:0000175 MESH:A.16.254.425.407 MIAA:0000175 Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. SCTID:362855003 TAO:0000017 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000925 UBERON:FBbt_00000125-FMA_69071-MIAA_0000175-XAO_0000090-ZFA_0000017 VHOG:0000154 XAO:0000090 ZFA:0000017 entoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray10.png/200px-Gray10.png ncithesaurus:Endoderm uberon ZFA Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. Wikipedia:Endoderm mesoderm AAO:0000304 BILA:0000037 BTO:0000839 EFO:0001981 EHDAA2:0001128 EHDAA:124 EHDAA:140 EHDAA:154 EHDAA:160 EHDAA:168 EHDAA:183 EV:0100006 FBbt:00000126 FMA:69072 GAID:522 MAT:0000174 MESH:A.16.254.425.660 MIAA:0000174 SCTID:362854004 TAO:0000041 Taxon notes: sponges do not seem to have a mesoderm and accordingly Amphimedon lacks transcription factors involved in mesoderm development (Fkh, Gsc, Twist, Snail)[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7307/full/nature09201.html] The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. UBERON:0000926 UBERON:0003263 UBERON:FBbt_00000126-FMA_69072-MIAA_0000174-XAO_0000050-ZFA_0000041 VHOG:0000152 XAO:0000050 ZFA:0000041 entire mesoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mesoderm.png/200px-Mesoderm.png mesodermal mantle ncithesaurus:Mesoderm uberon The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. Wikipedia:Mesoderm SCTID:362854004 UBERON:cjm entire mesoderm ZFA mesectoderm A double row of cells which are located at the midline from the end of gastrulations. The morphology of these cells is distinct from adjacent ectodermal cells - they are elongated such that one end remains exposed to the outside of the embryo at the mideline while the other end bissects the internalised mesoderm. FBbt:00000136 MAT:0000243 MIAA:0000243 MesEc Split term? The part of the mesenchyme derived from ectoderm, especially from the embryonic neural crest from which the pigment cells, meninges, and most of the branchial cartilages develop.[TFD] UBERON:0000927 UBERON:FBbt_00000136-MIAA_0000243 uberon A double row of cells which are located at the midline from the end of gastrulations. The morphology of these cells is distinct from adjacent ectodermal cells - they are elongated such that one end remains exposed to the outside of the embryo at the mideline while the other end bissects the internalised mesoderm. FB:FBrf0089570 embryonic segment FBbt:00000154 MAT:0000244 MIAA:0000244 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000928 UBERON:FBbt_00000154-MIAA_0000244 segment - embryonic uberon pharyngeal branch FMA:6234 Motor nerve of the pharynx, arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve. SCTID:280298006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000929 UBERON:FBbt_00000394-FMA_6234 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray791.png/200px-Gray791.png pharyngeal branch of inferior vagal ganglion pharyngeal branch of vagus pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve ramus pharyngealis nervi vagalis ramus pharyngeus tenth cranial nerve pharyngeal branch uberon vagal pharyngeal branch vagus nerve pharyngeal branch FMA:6234 FMA:TA ramus pharyngeus Motor nerve of the pharynx, arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve stomodeum Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth[ZFA]. In humans, a depression between the brain and the pericardium in an embryo, and is the precursor of the mouth and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The stomodeum is lined by ectoderm, and is separated from the anterior end of the fore-gut by the buccopharyngeal membrane. This membrane is devoid of mesoderm, being formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the fore-gut endoderm; at the end of the third week it disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx[WP]. The anterior part of the embryonic digestive system deriving from the stomodeal invagination of the ectoderm[FBbt]. BTO:0004224 EHDAA2:0001929 EMAPA:16263 Editor note: consider indicating location. e.g. anterior. Note some AOs place this as part of oral opening, but it's not clear when this structure comes into existence. Taxon note: This class groups together disparate structures as all being the anterior part of the early metazoan digestive tract and precursor of the mouth. However, the developmental processes vary, so this class may be split in future. E.g. in mammals it is a rostral depression surrounded by prominences. Outgrowth of the prominences produces a stomodeal cavity. FBbt:00000439 TGMA:0000135 UBERON:0000930 UBERON:FBbt_00000439-ZFA_0001290 XAO:0000269 ZFA:0001290 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray977.png/200px-Gray977.png mouth primordium ncithesaurus:Stomodeum primitive oral cavity stomatodeum stomodaeum uberon ZFA XAO:0000269 mouth primordium Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth[ZFA]. In humans, a depression between the brain and the pericardium in an embryo, and is the precursor of the mouth and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The stomodeum is lined by ectoderm, and is separated from the anterior end of the fore-gut by the buccopharyngeal membrane. This membrane is devoid of mesoderm, being formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the fore-gut endoderm; at the end of the third week it disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx[WP]. The anterior part of the embryonic digestive system deriving from the stomodeal invagination of the ectoderm[FBbt]. Wikipedia:Stomodeum UBERON:cjm primitive oral cavity Wikipedia:Stomodeum stomatodeum proctodeum AAO:0011087 FBbt:00000440 Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage[ZFA]. A proctodeum is the back ectodermal part of an alimentary canal. It is created during embryogenesis by a folding of the outer body wall[WP]. SCTID:298233001 TAO:0000066 UBERON:0000931 UBERON:FBbt_00000440-WBbt_0006795 VHOG:0000139 WBbt:0006795 XAO:0001019 ZFA:0000066 ncithesaurus:Proctodeum proctodaeum removed WBbt:0006795 - junction between the alimentary and genital tracts in the male. uberon Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage[ZFA]. A proctodeum is the back ectodermal part of an alimentary canal. It is created during embryogenesis by a folding of the outer body wall[WP]. Wikipedia:Proctodeum ventral longitudinal muscle FBbt:00000482 UBERON:0000932 UBERON:FBbt_00000482-WBbt_0005814 WBbt:0005814 originally unified on basis of terminological similarity true uberon pharyngeal muscle A muscle that forms part of the pharynx. BTO:0001048 FMA:46619 GAID:154 MA:0001797 MESH:A.02.633.567.800 SCTID:244798004 UBERON:0000933 UBERON:FBbt_00000487-FMA_46619-MA_0001797 ZFA:0000172 muscle of pharynx muscle organ of pharynx musculus pharyngis ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Muscle pharynx muscle pharynx muscle organ todo - add asserted children and check logical definition against these; e.g. is stylopharyngeus part of the pharynx? uberon OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx muscle organ A muscle that forms part of the pharynx. GO:0043282 BTO:0001048 musculus pharyngis ventral nerve cord BTO:0002328 EFO:0000896 FBbt:00001102 MAT:0000339 MIAA:0000339 The pair of closely united ventral longitudinal nerves with their segmental ganglia that is characteristic of many elongate invertebrates (as earthworms)[BTO]. A large process bundle that runs along the vental mid-line extending from the ventral region of the nerve ring[WB]. The ventral cord is one of the distinguishing traits of the central nervous system of all arthropods (such as insects, crustaceans and arachnids) as well as many other invertebrates, such as the annelid worms[GO]. The ventral nerve cords make up the nervous system of some phyla of the invertebrates, particularly within the nematodes, annelids and the arthropods. It usually consists of cerebral ganglia anteriorly with the nerve cords running down the ventral ('belly', as opposed to back) plane of the organism. This characteristic is important in qualifying the difference compared to the chordates, which have a dorsal nerve cord. Ventral nerve cords from anterior to posterior (the thoracic and abdominal tagma in the arthropods) are made up of segmented ganglia that are connected by a tract of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the nerve cord called commissures. The complete system bears some likeness to a rope ladder. In some animals the bilateral ganglia are fused into a single large ganglion per segment. This characteristic is found mostly in the insects. UBERON:0000934 UBERON:FBbt_00001102-MIAA_0000339-WBbt_0005829 WBbt:0005829 uberon ventral cord GO:0007419 ventral cord BTO:0002328 GO:0007419 The pair of closely united ventral longitudinal nerves with their segmental ganglia that is characteristic of many elongate invertebrates (as earthworms)[BTO]. A large process bundle that runs along the vental mid-line extending from the ventral region of the nerve ring[WB]. The ventral cord is one of the distinguishing traits of the central nervous system of all arthropods (such as insects, crustaceans and arachnids) as well as many other invertebrates, such as the annelid worms[GO]. WB:Paper00000938 Wikipedia:Ventral_nerve_cord anterior commissure BM:Tel-AC BTO:0002169 EMAPA:19038 FMA:61961 MA:0002722 NIF_GrossAnatomy:Class_4 SCTID:369119009 TAO:0001108 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000935 UBERON:FBbt_00001105-FMA_61961-MA_0002722-ZFA_0001108 ZFA:0001108 bundle of nerve fibers (white matter), connecting the two cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix. The great majority of fibers connecting the two hemispheres travel through the corpus callosum, which is over 10 times larger than the anterior commissure, and other routes of communication pass through the hippocampal commissure or, indirectly, via subcortical connections. Nevertheless, the anterior commissure is a significant pathway that can be clearly distinguished in the brains of all mammals. commissura anterior commissura rostral commissura rostralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gray744.png/200px-Gray744.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Commissure precommisure rostral commissure uberon Wikipedia:Anterior_commisure precommisure Wikipedia:Anterior_commissure bundle of nerve fibers (white matter), connecting the two cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix. The great majority of fibers connecting the two hemispheres travel through the corpus callosum, which is over 10 times larger than the anterior commissure, and other routes of communication pass through the hippocampal commissure or, indirectly, via subcortical connections. Nevertheless, the anterior commissure is a significant pathway that can be clearly distinguished in the brains of all mammals. posterior commissure BM:MB-Tec-PC FMA:62072 MA:0002743 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1026 Rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex. Its fibers acquire their medullary sheaths early, but their connections have not been definitely determined. Most of them have their origin in a nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure (nucleus of Darkschewitsch), which lies in the central gray substance of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct, in front of the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. Some are probably derived from the posterior part of the thalamus and from the superior colliculus, whereas others are believed to be continued downward into the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The posterior commissure interconnects the pretectal nuclei, mediating the consensual pupillary light reflex[WP].Diencephalic tract which is located in the vicinity of the dorsal diencephalon and mesencephalon and connects the pretectal nuclei. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain[ZFA]. TAO:0000320 UBERON:0000936 UBERON:FBbt_00001120-FMA_62072-MA_0002743-ZFA_0000320 ZFA:0000320 caudal commissure epithalamic commissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/200px-Gray715.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Commissure uberon FMA:62072 ZFA:0000320 caudal commissure FMA:62072 epithalamic commissure Rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex. Its fibers acquire their medullary sheaths early, but their connections have not been definitely determined. Most of them have their origin in a nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure (nucleus of Darkschewitsch), which lies in the central gray substance of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct, in front of the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. Some are probably derived from the posterior part of the thalamus and from the superior colliculus, whereas others are believed to be continued downward into the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The posterior commissure interconnects the pretectal nuclei, mediating the consensual pupillary light reflex[WP].Diencephalic tract which is located in the vicinity of the dorsal diencephalon and mesencephalon and connects the pretectal nuclei. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Posterior_commissure ZFA:0000320 proneural cluster FBbt:00001135 UBERON:0000937 UBERON:FBbt_00001135-ZFA_0000068 ZFA:0000068 obsoleted because inconsistencies arise due to ZFA term being both embryonic and extraembryonic proneural clusters true uberon ZFA:0000068 proneural clusters imaginal disc A tissue in the larva which gives rise to the adult external cuticle. BTO:0004658 FBbt:00001761 MAT:0000064 MIAA:0000064 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000939 UBERON:FBbt_00001761-MIAA_0000064 imaginal disk uberon A tissue in the larva which gives rise to the adult external cuticle. FB:gg Wikipedia:Imaginal_disc cranial nerve II AAO:0010345 CN-II Cranial nerve which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA]. EHDAA2:0001313 EHDAA:6788 EMAPA:17575 EMAPA:17846 FMA:50863 GAID:831 MA:0001097 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.680 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1640 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjLm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000435 UBERON:0000941 UBERON:FBbt_00001956-FMA_50863-MA_0001097-XAO_0000188-ZFA_0000435 VHOG:0000543 XAO:0000188 ZFA:0000435 ncithesaurus:Optic_Nerve nervus opticus [ii] optic optic II optic II nerve optic nerve optic nerve [II] second cranial nerve todo - determine the precise relationship between CN II and the CNS uberon FMA:50863 FMA:TA nervus opticus [ii] EHDAA2:0001313 optic II FMA:50863 optic nerve Cranial nerve which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA]. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Optic_nerve ZFIN:curator frontal nerve FMA:52638 SCTID:280219004 The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic, and may be regarded, both from its size and direction, as the continuation of the nerve. It enters the orbit through the supraorbital foramen, and runs forward between the Levator palpebræ superioris and the periosteum. Midway between the apex and base of the orbit it divides into two branches, supratrochlear nerve and supraorbital nerve. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000942 UBERON:FBbt_00002630-FMA_52638 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gray787.png/200px-Gray787.png ncithesaurus:Frontal_Nerve uberon The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic, and may be regarded, both from its size and direction, as the continuation of the nerve. It enters the orbit through the supraorbital foramen, and runs forward between the Levator palpebræ superioris and the periosteum. Midway between the apex and base of the orbit it divides into two branches, supratrochlear nerve and supraorbital nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Frontal_nerve labial sensillum FBbt:00002721 UBERON:0000943 UBERON:FBbt_00002721-WBbt_0005107 WBbt:0005107 true uberon dorsal branch FBbt:00003051 FMA:76733 UBERON:0000944 UBERON:FBbt_00003051-FMA_76733 dorsal vein ramus dorsalis true uberon FMA:76733 FMA:TA ramus dorsalis stomach AAO:0000579 ANISEED:1235297 An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium. BTO:0001307 EFO:0000837 EHDAA2:0001915 EHDAA:2993 EMAPA:17021 EMAPA:18889 EV:0100070 FMA:7148 GAID:293 MA:0000353 MAT:0000051 MESH:A.03.492.766 MIAA:0000051 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181246003 TAO:0002121 Taxon notes: We restrict this to the vertebrate specific structure - see the grouping class 'food storage organ' for analogous structures in other species. Teleosts: Zebrafish is functionally stomach-less, but may retain ontogenic footprint. Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the oesophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the oesophagus opening directly into the intestine. The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in man. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the oesophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with oesophageal mucosa -- Stomach#In_other_animals UBERON:0000945 UBERON:FBbt_00003138-FMA_7148-MA_0000353-MIAA_0000051-XAO_0000128 VHOG:0000408 XAO:0000128 anterior intestine galen:Stomach gaster http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stomach_diagram.svg/200px-Stomach_diagram.svg.png mesenteron ncithesaurus:Stomach stomach uberon ventriculus BTO:0001307 gaster An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium. ISBN10:0073040584 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Stomach cardial valve BTO:0000564 EMAPA:17869 EV:0100024 FMA:7110 Flap of tissue that prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. GAID:176 MA:0000086 MESH:A.07.541.510 OpenCyc:Mx4rv8oyuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Rector et al: One might be tempted to define “heart valve” equivalently to “valve in the heart”, and “valve” as a “structure which functions as a valve”. But this combination results in the “foramen ovale” being classified as a kind of “heart valve”, since it is undoubtedly located in the heart and functions as a valve SCTID:181285005 TAO:0005065 UBERON:0000946 UBERON:FBbt_00003140-FMA_7110-MA_0000086-ZFA_0005065 VHOG:0000818 XAO:0004126 ZFA:0005065 cardiac valve galen:HeartValve heart valve heart valves ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Valve stomodaeal valve uberon valve of heart Flap of tissue that prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. Wikipedia:Cardiac_valve PMID:15797462 aorta AAO:0010213 Artery carrying blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation BTO:0000135 EFO:0000265 EMAPA:18601 EV:0100027 FMA:3734 GAID:469 MA:0000062 MAT:0000035 MESH:A.07.231.114.056 MIAA:0000035 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjvTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181298001 TODO: check dorsal aorta. All amniotes have a broadly similar arrangement to that of humans, albeit with a number of individual variations. In fish, however, there are two separate vessels referred to as aortas. The ventral aorta carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills; part of this vessel forms the ascending aorta in tetrapods (the remainder forms the pulmonary artery). A second, dorsal aorta carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body, and is homologous with the descending aorta of tetrapods. The two aortas are connected by a number of vessels, one passing through each of the gills. Amphibians also retain the fifth connecting vessel, so that the aorta has two parallel arches[WP]. UBERON:0000947 UBERON:FBbt_00003153-FMA_3734-MA_0000062-MA_0000476-MIAA_0000035-XAO_0003010-ZFA_0000014 VHOG:0001523 XAO:0003010 adult aorta dorsal aorta galen:Aorta ncithesaurus:Aorta trunk of aortic tree trunk of systemic arterial tree uberon MA Artery carrying blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation Wikipedia:Aorta Wikipedia:Aorta#In_other_animals ZFA:0000014 dorsal aorta MA-modified Wikipedia BTO heart AAO:0010210 BILA:0000020 BTO:0000562 EFO:0000815 EHDAA2:0000738 EHDAA:420 EMAPA:16105 EV:0100018 FMA:7088 GAID:174 Herz MA:0000072 MAT:0000036 MESH:A.07.541 MIAA:0000036 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302509004 TAO:0000114 UBERON:0000948 UBERON:FBbt_00003154-FMA_7088-MA_0000072-MIAA_0000036-XAO_0000064-ZFA_0000114 VHOG:0000276 XAO:0000064 ZFA:0000114 a myogenic muscular organ found in the cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The vertebrate heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. Primitive fish have a four-chambered heart; however, the chambers are arranged sequentially so that this primitive heart is quite unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds. The first chamber is the sinus venosus, which collects de-oxygenated blood, from the body, through the hepatic and cardinal veins. From here, blood flows into the atrium and then to the powerful muscular ventricle where the main pumping action takes place. The fourth and final chamber is the conus arteriosus which contains several valves and sends blood to the ventral aorta. The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the dorsal aorta, into the rest of the body. (In tetrapods, the ventral aorta has divided in two; one half forms the ascending aorta, while the other forms the pulmonary artery. In the adult fish, the four chambers are not arranged in a straight row but, instead, form an S-shape with the latter two chambers lying above the former two. This relatively simpler pattern is found in cartilaginous fish and in the more primitive ray-finned fish. In teleosts, the conus arteriosus is very small and can more accurately be described as part of the aorta rather than of the heart proper. The conus arteriosus is not present in any amniotes which presumably having been absorbed into the ventricles over the course of evolution. Similarly, while the sinus venosus is present as a vestigial structure in some reptiles and birds, it is otherwise absorbed into the right atrium and is no longer distinguishable[WP]. chambered heart galen:Heart ncithesaurus:Heart note that we use the term 'circulatory organ' for the generic class. Taxon notes:" the ascidian tube-like heart lacks chambers....The ascidian heart is formed after metamorphosis as a simple tube-like structure with a single-layered myoepi- thelium that is continuous with a single-layered pericar- dial wall. It lacks chambers and endocardium.... The innovation of the chambered heart was a key event in vertebrate evolution, because the chambered heart generates one-way blood flow with high pressure, a critical requirement for the efficient blood supply of large-body vertebrates... all extant vertebrates have hearts with two or more chambers (Moorman and Christoffels 2003)" doi:10.1101/gad.1485706 uberon vertebrate heart UBERON:cjm chambered heart Wikipedia:Heart a myogenic muscular organ found in the cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The vertebrate heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. Primitive fish have a four-chambered heart; however, the chambers are arranged sequentially so that this primitive heart is quite unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds. The first chamber is the sinus venosus, which collects de-oxygenated blood, from the body, through the hepatic and cardinal veins. From here, blood flows into the atrium and then to the powerful muscular ventricle where the main pumping action takes place. The fourth and final chamber is the conus arteriosus which contains several valves and sends blood to the ventral aorta. The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the dorsal aorta, into the rest of the body. (In tetrapods, the ventral aorta has divided in two; one half forms the ascending aorta, while the other forms the pulmonary artery. In the adult fish, the four chambers are not arranged in a straight row but, instead, form an S-shape with the latter two chambers lying above the former two. This relatively simpler pattern is found in cartilaginous fish and in the more primitive ray-finned fish. In teleosts, the conus arteriosus is very small and can more accurately be described as part of the aorta rather than of the heart proper. The conus arteriosus is not present in any amniotes which presumably having been absorbed into the ventricles over the course of evolution. Similarly, while the sinus venosus is present as a vestigial structure in some reptiles and birds, it is otherwise absorbed into the right atrium and is no longer distinguishable[WP]. BTO:0000562 Herz endocrine system AAO:0010279 Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. EFO:0002969 EHDAA2:0002224 EV:0100128 FBbt:00005068 FMA:9668 GAID:439 MA:0000012 MESH:A.06 SCTID:278876000 TAO:0001158 UBERON:0000949 UBERON:FBbt_00003214-FBbt_00005068-FMA_9668-MA_0000012-XAO_0000158-ZFA_0001158 VHOG:0000098 XAO:0000158 ZFA:0001158 endocrine glandular system endocrine system ncithesaurus:Endocrine_System systema endocrinum uberon EHDAA2:0002224 endocrine glandular system Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. NLM:endocrine+system Wikipedia:Endocrine_system gracilis BTO:0000536 FMA:43882 MA:0002311 OpenCyc:Mx4rv7If8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181689005 The most superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh. It is thin and flattened, broad above, narrow and tapering below. It arises by a thin aponeurosis from the anterior margins of the lower half of the symphysis pubis and the upper half of the pubic arch. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000950 UBERON:FBbt_00003277-FMA_43882-MA_0002311 galen:Gracilis gracilis muscle ncithesaurus:Gracilis uberon The most superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh. It is thin and flattened, broad above, narrow and tapering below. It arises by a thin aponeurosis from the anterior margins of the lower half of the symphysis pubis and the upper half of the pubic arch. Wikipedia:Gracilis_muscle BTO:0000536 gracilis muscle rotator muscle FMA:23081 SCTID:244872002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000951 UBERON:FBbt_00003314-FMA_23081 uberon adductor muscle BTO:0000030 FBbt:00003317 FMA:74998 MA:0002267 Muscle that causes adduction can be called an adductor muscle. For example in biology, the muscle or muscles in the interior of a bivalve mollusk which serve to close the valves are called adductor muscles, and the large foot to shell muscle in gastropods such as the abalone and limpet is also known as an adductor muscle[WP]. A muscle that brings a body part closer to the sagittal plane of the body[ZFA, WikipediaLAdduction]. SCTID:181670005 TODO - add functional xp definition. TODO - check MA. Note this is a structural relation in FMA UBERON:0000952 UBERON:FBbt_00003317-FMA_74998 ZFA:0005268 adductor adductor group (leg) uberon MA:0002267 adductor group (leg) Muscle that causes adduction can be called an adductor muscle. For example in biology, the muscle or muscles in the interior of a bivalve mollusk which serve to close the valves are called adductor muscles, and the large foot to shell muscle in gastropods such as the abalone and limpet is also known as an adductor muscle[WP]. A muscle that brings a body part closer to the sagittal plane of the body[ZFA, WikipediaLAdduction]. Wikipedia:Adductor_muscle visceral muscle UBERON:0000953 UBERON:FBbt_00003525-MIAA_0000303-XAO_0000175 adult visceral muscle involuntary non-striated muscle. smooth muscle terminological note: GO uses visceral and smooth interchangeably true uberon Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle involuntary non-striated muscle. intestine muscle BTO:0000643 FBbt:00003537 UBERON:0000954 UBERON:FBbt_00003537-WBbt_0005796 WBbt:0005796 intestinal muscle intestinal muscle cell, attach to intestine and body wall anterior to anus true uberon WB:Paper00000653 intestinal muscle cell, attach to intestine and body wall anterior to anus brain AAO:0010478 ABA:Brain BILA:0000135 BTO:0000142 EFO:0000302 EHDAA2:0000183 EHDAA:2641 EHDAA:6485 EMAPA:16894 EV:0100164 FBbt:00005095 FMA:50801 GAID:571 MA:0000168 MAT:0000098 MESH:A.08.186.211 MIAA:0000098 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_796 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjT65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:258335003 TAO:0000008 The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals.[1] Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. UBERON:0000955 UBERON:FBbt_00003624-FBbt_00005095-FMA_50801-MA_0000168-MIAA_0000098-MIAA_0000341-WBbt_0005440-XAO_0000010-ZFA_0000008 VHOG:0000157 XAO:0000010 ZFA:0000008 encephalon galen:Brain include synganglion? ncithesaurus:Brain synganglion uberon definitional The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals.[1] Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. Wikipedia:Brain GO FMA BTO:0000142 encephalon FMA cerebral cortex ABA:CTX BM:Tel-Cx BTO:0000233 EFO:0000328 EHDAA2:0000234 EHDAA:5464 EMAPA:17544 EV:0100166 FMA:61830 GAID:629 MA:0000185 MAT:0000108 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213 MIAA:0000108 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1494 SCTID:362880003 The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum. In preserved brains, it has a grey color, hence the name 'grey matter'. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called 'sulci. ' The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, also called isocortex, is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. Relative variations in thickness or cell type (among other parameters) allow us to distinguish between different neocortical architectonic fields. The geometry of at least some of these fields seems to be related to the anatomy of the cortical folds, and, for example, layers in the upper part of the cortical ridges seem to be more clearly differentiated than in its deeper parts. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000956 UBERON:FBbt_00003625-FMA_61830-MA_0000185-MIAA_0000108 VHOG:0000722 brain cortex cortex of cerebral hemisphere http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cerebral_Cortex_location.jpg/200px-Cerebral_Cortex_location.jpg ncithesaurus:Cortex pallium of the brain uberon BTO:0000233 pallium of the brain GO The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum. In preserved brains, it has a grey color, hence the name 'grey matter'. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called 'sulci. ' The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, also called isocortex, is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. Relative variations in thickness or cell type (among other parameters) allow us to distinguish between different neocortical architectonic fields. The geometry of at least some of these fields seems to be related to the anatomy of the cortical folds, and, for example, layers in the upper part of the cortical ridges seem to be more clearly differentiated than in its deeper parts. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex BTO:0000233 brain cortex lamina Any thin layer or plate. TODO - merge with cell layer? UBERON:0000957 UBERON:FBbt_00003708-FMA_67265 uberon Any thin layer or plate. Wikipedia:Lamina medulla BM:Me FMA:61108 Middle part of an organ (as opposed to the cortex)[WP]. This class is used in a very general sense UBERON:0000958 UBERON:FBbt_00003748-FMA_61108 galen:Medulla uberon Middle part of an organ (as opposed to the cortex)[WP]. Wikipedia:Medulla optic chiasma AAO:0010622 BM:Tel-OCX EHDAA2:0001302 EHDAA:10227 EMAPA:17603 FMA:62045 GAID:832 MA:0001098 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.680.600 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1416 Nerve trunk which is continuous with right and left optic nerves and right and left optic tracts.[FMA] SCTID:244453006 TAO:0000556 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000959 UBERON:FBbt_00003921-FMA_62045-MA_0001098-ZFA_0000556 VHOG:0000190 XAO:0004071 ZFA:0000556 chiasma opticum decussation of optic nerve fibers http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/1543%2CVisalius%27OpticChiasma.jpg/200px-1543%2CVisalius%27OpticChiasma.jpg optic chiasm uberon FMA:FMA Nerve trunk which is continuous with right and left optic nerves and right and left optic tracts.[FMA] Wikipedia:Optic_chiasma ZFIN:curator FMA:62045 FMA:TA chiasma opticum pharyngeal nerve FBbt:00004021 FMA:77524 The pharyngeal nerve (pterygopalatine nerve) is a small branch arising from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine ganglion. It passes through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, behind the auditory tube. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000960 UBERON:FBbt_00004021-FMA_77524-WBbt_0005441 WBbt:0005441 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray780.png/200px-Gray780.png true uberon The pharyngeal nerve (pterygopalatine nerve) is a small branch arising from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine ganglion. It passes through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, behind the auditory tube. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_nerve thoracic ganglion BTO:0001831 EHDAA:4664 EMAPA:17158 FMA:6471 MA:0001159 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002012 SCTID:181102004 The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splancic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to abdominal structures. Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes. The white rami carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000961 UBERON:FBbt_00004052-FMA_6471-MA_0001159 VHOG:0000515 ganglion of thorax ganglion thoracicum splanchnicum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray849.png/200px-Gray849.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Ganglion thoracic paravertebral ganglion thoracic splanchnic ganglion thoracic sympathetic ganglion thorax ganglion uberon FMA:6471 FMA:TA ganglion thoracicum splanchnicum OBOL:automatic ganglion of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax ganglion The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splancic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to abdominal structures. Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes. The white rami carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_ganglion cervical nerve FMA:5859 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090207 SCTID:360497008 The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae. Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves (C1-C8). All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra. (In the other portions of the spine, the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name. ) Dorsal (posterior) distribution includes the greater occipital (C2) and third occipital (C3). Ventral (anterior) distribution includes the cervical plexus (C1-C4) and brachial plexus (C5-C8) [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000962 UBERON:FBbt_00004053-FMA_5859 cervical nerve tree cervical spinal nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray795.png/200px-Gray795.png ncithesaurus:Cervical_Nerve uberon The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae. Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves (C1-C8). All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra. (In the other portions of the spine, the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name. ) Dorsal (posterior) distribution includes the greater occipital (C2) and third occipital (C3). Ventral (anterior) distribution includes the cervical plexus (C1-C4) and brachial plexus (C5-C8) [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cervical_nerve head sensillum FBbt:00004114 MAT:0000204 MIAA:0000204 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000963 UBERON:FBbt_00004114-MIAA_0000204 uberon cornea AAO:0010344 BTO:0000286 EFO:0000377 EHDAA2:0000316 EHDAA:10199 EMAPA:17161 EV:0100341 FMA:58238 GAID:892 MA:0000266 MESH:A.09.371.060.217 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViBa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181162001 TAO:0000640 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000964 UBERON:FBbt_00004191-FMA_58238-MA_0000266-XAO_0000180-ZFA_0000640 VHOG:0000164 XAO:0000180 ZFA:0000640 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Cornea transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. tunica cornea uberon Wikipedia:Cornea transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. definitional lens AAO:0010348 BTO:0000723 EHDAA:9057 EMAPA:17838 EV:0100343 FMA:58241 MA:0000275 MAT:0000141 MESH:A.09.371.509 MIAA:0000141 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj0fZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000975 SCTID:181169005 TAO:0000035 This class excludes compound eye corneal lenses. The naming may be too vertebrate-centric, in which case it could be renamed to camera-eye lens Transparent part of eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. UBERON:0000965 UBERON:FBbt_00004199-FMA_58241-MA_0000275-MIAA_0000141-XAO_0000008-ZFA_0000035 VHOG:0000169 XAO:0000008 ZFA:0000035 camera-type eye lens crystalline lens eye lens lens crystallina ncithesaurus:Crystalline_Lens ocular lens uberon Transparent part of eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy) Wikipedia:Lens_%28anatomy%29 lens crystallina BTO:0000723 ocular lens BTO:0000723 crystalline lens GO:0002088 camera-type eye lens retina AAO:0010352 BTO:0001175 Currently this class encompasses only verteberate AOs but could in theory also include cephalopod - we may want to make a more specific class for vertebrate retina. note that this class excludes ommatidial retinas, as the retina must be part of an eyeball. Us the parent class photoreceptor array / light-sensitive tissue for arthropods EFO:0000832 EHDAA2:0001627 EHDAA:4757 EMAPA:17168 EV:0100348 FMA:58301 GAID:755 MA:0000276 MAT:0000142 MESH:A.09.371.729 MIAA:0000142 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1153 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1156 Netzhaut OpenCyc:Mx4rvViTfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181171005 TAO:0000152 The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. UBERON:0000966 UBERON:FBbt_00004200-FMA_58301-MA_0000276-MIAA_0000142-XAO_0000009-ZFA_0000152 VHOG:0000229 XAO:0000009 ZFA:0000152 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png/200px-Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png inner layer of eyeball ncithesaurus:Retina tunica interna of eyeball uberon The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. Wikipedia:Retina ZFIN:curator BTO:0001175 Netzhaut adult thoracic sensillum An arthropod sensillum that is part of a thorax [Obol]. FBbt:00004245 MAT:0000205 MIAA:0000205 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000967 UBERON:FBbt_00004245-MIAA_0000205 arthropod sensillum of thorax sensillum of thorax thoracic sensillum thorax arthropod sensillum thorax sensillum uberon OBOL:automatic sensillum of thorax An arthropod sensillum that is part of a thorax [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic arthropod sensillum of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax sensillum OBOL:automatic thorax arthropod sensillum adult abdominal sensillum FBbt:00004461 MAT:0000206 MIAA:0000206 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000968 UBERON:FBbt_00004461-MIAA_0000206 abdomen arthropod sensillum abdomen sensillum abdominal sensillum arthropod sensillum of abdomen sensillum of abdomen uberon OBOL:automatic arthropod sensillum of abdomen OBOL:automatic abdomen sensillum OBOL:automatic abdomen arthropod sensillum OBOL:automatic sensillum of abdomen joint connecting hardened body parts HAO:0000982 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP1TTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000969 UBERON:FBbt_00004479-FMA_7493-MA_0001475 uberon eye AAO:0010340 BILA:0000017 BTO:0000439 EFO:0000827 EMAPA:16198 EV:0100336 GAID:69 MAT:0000140 MESH:A.01.456.505.420 MIAA:0000140 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViTvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244486005 TGMA:0000024 UBERON:0000970 UBERON:FBbt_00004508-FMA_54448-MA_0000261-MIAA_0000140-XAO_0000179-ZFA_0000107 VHOG:0000275 organ that detects light uberon visual apparatus EV:0100336 visual apparatus UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Eye http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye organ that detects light ommatidium BTO:0001922 FBbt:00004510 HAO:0000666 MAT:0000143 MIAA:0000143 One of the small facets of the compound eye. UBERON:0000971 UBERON:FBbt_00004510-MIAA_0000143 omatidium uberon ISBN:3110148986 One of the small facets of the compound eye. Wikipedia:Ommatidium antenna AEO:0000198 BTO:0000074 EFO:0000874 FBbt:00004511 HAO:0000101 MAT:0000086 MIAA:0000086 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjSAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TGMA:0000007 The paired, usually multiple jointed, sensory organs articulating on the procephalic region of the head capsule; its highly versatile sensory structures are capable to detect the various environmental stimuli. In the context of Drosophila refers to they are the most anterior segmented sensory appendage of the head. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000972 UBERON:FBbt_00004511-MIAA_0000086 feeler uberon BTO:0000074 feeler FB:gg ISBN:3110148986 The paired, usually multiple jointed, sensory organs articulating on the procephalic region of the head capsule; its highly versatile sensory structures are capable to detect the various environmental stimuli. In the context of Drosophila refers to they are the most anterior segmented sensory appendage of the head. Wikipedia:Antenna_(biology) labrum UBERON:0000973 UBERON:FBbt_00004522-FMA_76808 true uberon neck AEO:0000108 BTO:0000420 EFO:0000967 EHDAA2:0003108 FMA:7155 GAID:86 MA:0000024 MAT:0000297 MESH:A.01.598 MIAA:0000297 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjLF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302550007 Subdivision of body proper, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the cervical vertebral coumn, it is partially surrounded by skin of neck. Examples: There is only one neck[FMA]. TODO - generic definition UBERON:0000974 UBERON:FBbt_00004550-FMA_7155-MA_0000024-MIAA_0000297 galen:Neck http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Female_neck.jpg/200px-Female_neck.jpg ncithesaurus:Neck uberon Subdivision of body proper, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the cervical vertebral coumn, it is partially surrounded by skin of neck. Examples: There is only one neck[FMA]. Wikipedia:Neck sternum AAO:0000765 BTO:0001302 EHDAA2:0001914 EHDAA:9561 EMAPA:18344 Editor note: in EMAPA this is part of the skeleton of pectoral girdle. Here we have a strict spatial disjointness condition between the thorax and appendages so we do not include this FMA:7485 GAID:246 MA:0001331 MESH:A.02.835.232.904.766 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjO6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302522007 The sternum or breastbone, in vertebrate anatomy, is a flat bone. It probably first evolved in early tetrapods as an extension of the pectoral girdle; it is not found in fish. In amphibians and reptiles it is typically a shield-shaped structure, often composed entirely of cartilage. It is absent in both turtles and snakes. In birds it is a relatively large bone and typically bears an enormous projecting keel to which the flight muscles are attached. Only in mammals does the sternum take on the elongated, segmented form seen in humans. In some mammals, such as opossums, the individual segments never fuse and remain separated by cartilagenous plates throughout life. UBERON:0000975 UBERON:FBbt_00004557-FMA_7485-MA_0001331 VHOG:0000856 breastbone galen:Sternum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg/200px-Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg ncithesaurus:Sternum uberon vertebrate sternum BTO:0001302 breastbone ISBN:3110148986 The sternum or breastbone, in vertebrate anatomy, is a flat bone. It probably first evolved in early tetrapods as an extension of the pectoral girdle; it is not found in fish. In amphibians and reptiles it is typically a shield-shaped structure, often composed entirely of cartilage. It is absent in both turtles and snakes. In birds it is a relatively large bone and typically bears an enormous projecting keel to which the flight muscles are attached. Only in mammals does the sternum take on the elongated, segmented form seen in humans. In some mammals, such as opossums, the individual segments never fuse and remain separated by cartilagenous plates throughout life. Wikipedia:Sternum humerus AAO:0000679 EFO:0001398 EMAPA:18468 EMAPA:19106 FMA:13303 GAID:183 MA:0001356 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.412 Paired long bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows[AAO, modified]. SCTID:181923006 UBERON:0000976 UBERON:FBbt_00004562-FMA_13303-MA_0001356 VHOG:0001158 XAO:0003210 galen:Humerus homologous to proximal metapterygial mesomere [Hall 2007] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Illu_upper_extremity.jpg/200px-Illu_upper_extremity.jpg ncithesaurus:Humerus uberon definitional definitional AAO:0000679 Paired long bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows[AAO, modified]. Wikipedia:Humerus pleura BTO:0001791 EFO:0001980 EV:0100044 FMA:9583 GAID:360 In mouse, is_a cavity lining. In FMA, is_a (viscous) serous membrane MA:0000433 MESH:A.04.716 OpenCyc:Mx4rv3zwLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181609007 The delicate serous membrane that lines each half of the thorax of mammals and is folded back over the surface of the lung of the same side[BTO]. UBERON:0000977 UBERON:FBbt_00004591-FMA_9583-MA_0000433 VHOG:0000394 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gray965.png/200px-Gray965.png ncithesaurus:Pleural_Tissue pleura pleural tissue uberon wall of pleural sac BTO:0001791 pleural tissue MESH FMA The delicate serous membrane that lines each half of the thorax of mammals and is folded back over the surface of the lung of the same side[BTO]. Wikipedia:Pleura leg BTO:0000721 EFO:0001411 EHDAA2:0000972 EHDAA:5151 EHDAA:6176 EHDAA:8289 EMAPA:17489 GAID:49 MA:0000047 MESH:A.01.378.610 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViYzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod. The term leg can mean: [1] an appendage on which an animal walks [2] the entire hindlimb of a tetrapod [3] the segment of a human leg between knee and ankle (cf FMA) [4] the region of a hindlimb include the stylopod and zeugopod, but excluding the autopod. We define this class as [4], and thus 'leg' is compltely analagous to 'arm'. For [1], see the class 'locomotive weight-bearing appendage'. For [2] we use 'hindlimb'. For [3] we use the less open to misinterpretation 'hindlimb zeugopod'. Editor note: currently declared as overlapping foot, as AOs disagree over whether some ankle parts are in the leg or foot UBERON:0000978 UBERON:FBbt_00004640-FMA_24979-MA_0000047-MIAA_0000095 VHOG:0000345 lower extremity tetrapod leg uberon The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod. Wikipedia:Leg#Limb MESH:A.01.378.610 lower extremity tibia AAO:0000890 BTO:0001252 Does not include the tibia segment of the arthropod leg FBbt:00004642 EFO:0003054 EMAPA:18513 EMAPA:19142 FMA:24476 GAID:204 Larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates and connects the knee with the ankle bones. MA:0001361 MESH:A.02.835.232.500.883 OpenCyc:Mx4rvtq3-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182061009 UBERON:0000979 UBERON:FBbt_00004642-FMA_24476-MA_0001361 galen:Tibia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gray260.png/200px-Gray260.png ncithesaurus:Tibia shankbone shinbone uberon Wikipedia:Tibia shankbone Larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates and connects the knee with the ankle bones. Wikipedia:Tibia FMA FMA Wikipedia:Tibia shinbone trochanter AAO:0000897 FMA:82513 MA:0002821 UBERON:0000980 UBERON:FBbt_00004643-FMA_82513 bony prominences near the upper extremity of the femur; there are two in human (greater and lesser trochanters) and three in many other mammalian species (greater, lesser and third); these normally serve as attachment points for hip and thigh muscles[MP] femoral trochanter ncithesaurus:Trochanter uberon AAO:0000897 femoral trochanter MA Wikipedia:Trochanter bony prominences near the upper extremity of the femur; there are two in human (greater and lesser trochanters) and three in many other mammalian species (greater, lesser and third); these normally serve as attachment points for hip and thigh muscles[MP] FMA femur AAO:0000889 BTO:0001284 EFO:0001396 EMAPA:18514 EMAPA:19143 FMA:9611 GAID:199 MA:0001359 MESH:A.02.835.232.500.247 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjOJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182046008 The femur, or thigh bone, is the most proximal (closest to the body) bone of the leg in vertebrates capable of walking or jumping, such as most land mammals, birds, many reptiles such as lizards, and amphibians such as frogs. In vertebrates with four legs, the femur is found only in the rear legs. Some species of whales[1], snakes[2], and other non-walking vertebrates have vestigial femurs. One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur is the Eusthenopteron, a prehistoric lobe-finned fish from the Late Devonian period. UBERON:0000981 UBERON:FBbt_00004644-FMA_9611-MA_0001359 VHOG:0001159 XAO:0003214 femoral bone galen:Femur homologous to proximal metapterygial mesomere [Hall 2007] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gray252.png/200px-Gray252.png ncithesaurus:Femur os femorale os femoris thigh bone uberon BTO:0001284 os femorale MA The femur, or thigh bone, is the most proximal (closest to the body) bone of the leg in vertebrates capable of walking or jumping, such as most land mammals, birds, many reptiles such as lizards, and amphibians such as frogs. In vertebrates with four legs, the femur is found only in the rear legs. Some species of whales[1], snakes[2], and other non-walking vertebrates have vestigial femurs. One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur is the Eusthenopteron, a prehistoric lobe-finned fish from the Late Devonian period. Wikipedia:Femur definitional BTO:0001284 os femoris BTO:0001284 femoral bone skeletal joint AEO:0000182 BTO:0001686 EFO:0000948 EMAPA:19204 FMA:7490 GAID:102 Heterogeneous cluster which consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, parts of which are interconnected by organ parts that consist of various types of connective tissue. Together with other joints and bones, a joint constitutes the skeletal system. Examples: pubic symphysis, knee joint, temporomandibular joint. MA:0000319 MAT:0000188 MESH:A.02.835.583 MIAA:0000188 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003182 TAO:0000367 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000982 UBERON:FBbt_00004645-FMA_228659-FMA_7490-MA_0000319-MIAA_0000188-XAO_0000171-ZFA_0001596 VHOG:0001276 XAO:0000171 ZFA:0001596 articular joint galen:Joint joint ncithesaurus:Joint uberon FMA:7490 joint FMA:7490 Heterogeneous cluster which consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, parts of which are interconnected by organ parts that consist of various types of connective tissue. Together with other joints and bones, a joint constitutes the skeletal system. Examples: pubic symphysis, knee joint, temporomandibular joint. Wikipedia:Joint ZFIN:curator BTO:0001686 articular joint metatarsus AAO:0000221 FMA:24997 GAID:43 Limb segment that consists of the long bones of the foot. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. MA:0000049 MESH:A.01.378.610.250.300.480 Note that mammalian and non-mammalian AOs differ in whether they consider this a part of the skeleton OpenCyc:Mx4rva_rBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280711000 UBERON:0000983 UBERON:FBbt_00004648-FMA_24997-MA_0000049 XAO:0003212 hind metapodium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png metatarsal part of foot metatarsal region regio metatarsalis uberon Limb segment that consists of the long bones of the foot. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. Wikipedia:Metatarsus AAO:0000221 MA:th hind metapodium http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metapodial FMA:24997 FMA:TA regio metatarsalis imaginal disc-derived wing A flight organ of the adult external thorax that is derived from a dorsal mesothoracic disc. FBbt:00004729 HAO:0001089 TGMA:0000196 TODO: review. hymenoptera thorax = fusion of thorax and mesosoma/metasoma UBERON:0000984 UBERON:FBbt_00004729-MIAA_0000202 adult mesothoracic wing adult metathoracic wing thoracic wing thorax wing uberon wing wing of thorax OBOL:automatic wing of thorax A flight organ of the adult external thorax that is derived from a dorsal mesothoracic disc. FB:gg FBbt:00004729 wing OBOL:automatic thorax wing axillary vein EMAPA:18758 FMA:13329 GAID:527 In human anatomy, the axillary vein is a large blood vessel that conveys blood from the lateral aspect of the thorax, axilla (armpit) and upper limb toward the heart. There is one axillary vein on each side of the body. Its origin is at the lower margin of the teres major muscle and a continuation of the brachial vein. Its tributaries include the basilic vein and cephalic vein, which are both superficial veins. It terminates at the lateral margin of the first rib, at which it becomes the subclavian vein. It is accompanied along its course by a similarly named artery, the axillary artery. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002084 MESH:A.07.231.908.077 OpenCyc:Mx4rwLSHK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181389002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000985 UBERON:FBbt_00004754-FMA_13329-MA_0002084 galen:AxillaryVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png ncithesaurus:Axillary_Vein subcostal vein uberon In human anatomy, the axillary vein is a large blood vessel that conveys blood from the lateral aspect of the thorax, axilla (armpit) and upper limb toward the heart. There is one axillary vein on each side of the body. Its origin is at the lower margin of the teres major muscle and a continuation of the brachial vein. Its tributaries include the basilic vein and cephalic vein, which are both superficial veins. It terminates at the lateral margin of the first rib, at which it becomes the subclavian vein. It is accompanied along its course by a similarly named artery, the axillary artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Axillary_vein haltere EFO:0000886 FBbt:00004783 MAT:0000203 MIAA:0000203 OpenCyc:Mx4rwL1JcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The capitate stalk on both sides of the thorax having developed from the dorsal metathoracic wing-buds, it is freely movable and capable of vibration, representing the hind wing of Diptera; used for flight balance. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000987 UBERON:FBbt_00004783-MIAA_0000203 balancer organ uberon FB:gg ISBN:3110148986 The capitate stalk on both sides of the thorax having developed from the dorsal metathoracic wing-buds, it is freely movable and capable of vibration, representing the hind wing of Diptera; used for flight balance. Wikipedia:Haltere pons ABA:P BM:Pons BTO:0001101 Brainstrem structure that has as its parts the pontine tegmentum and basal part of pons[FMA]. EFO:0001394 EHDAA2:0004394 EMAPA:17563 EV:0100253 FMA:67943 GAID:578 MA:0000204 MAT:0000115 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.428.600 MIAA:0000115 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_733 SCTID:279103004 The pons is not present in zebrafish. In this ontology we currently have some structures which are applicable to zebrafish appearing as parts of the pons. Currently we only include the weaker dubious_for_taxon relationship ubtil this is resolved UBERON:0000988 UBERON:FBbt_00004840-FMA_67943-MA_0000204-MIAA_0000115-ZFA_0001618 VHOG:0001176 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gray768.png/200px-Gray768.png pons of Varolius uberon ABA Brainstrem structure that has as its parts the pontine tegmentum and basal part of pons[FMA]. FMA:67943 Wikipedia:Pons penis BTO:0000405 EFO:0000987 EHDAA2:0001433 EHDAA:9380 EMAPA:18682 EV:0100107 FMA:9707 GAID:389 MA:0000408 MAT:0000186 MESH:A.05.360.444.492 MIAA:0000186 Most male birds (e.g., roosters and turkeys) have a cloaca (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with a penis are paleognathes (tinamous and ratites), Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans), and a very few other species (such as flamingoes). A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall and being erected by lymph, not blood. It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in flaccid state curls up inside the cloaca[WP] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjkCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:265793009 The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external sexual organ of certain biologically male organisms, in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The penis is a reproductive organ, technically an intromittent organ, and for placental mammals, additionally serves as the external organ of urination. The penis is generally found on mammals and reptiles. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000989 UBERON:FBbt_00004852-FMA_9707-MA_0000408-MIAA_0000186 VHOG:0000727 galen:Penis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Labelled_flaccid_penis.jpg/200px-Labelled_flaccid_penis.jpg ncithesaurus:Penis phallus uberon Wikipedia The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external sexual organ of certain biologically male organisms, in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The penis is a reproductive organ, technically an intromittent organ, and for placental mammals, additionally serves as the external organ of urination. The penis is generally found on mammals and reptiles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Penis Wikipedia reproductive system AAO:0010258 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. BILA:0000103 BTO:0000081 EFO:0000809 EHDAA2:0001603 EHDAA:5923 EMAPA:17381 EV:0100100 FBbt:00004826 FBbt:00004857 FMA:7160 GAID:363 Geschlechtsorgan HAO:0000374 HAO:0000895 MA:0000326 MIAA:0000305 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVja4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278875001 TAO:0000632 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000990 UBERON:FBbt_00004857-FMA_7160-MA_0000326-MIAA_0000305-WBbt_0005747-XAO_0000142-ZFA_0000632 VHOG:0000182 WBbt:0005747 XAO:0000142 ZFA:0000632 animal reproductive system genital system genitalia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Penis.svg/200px-Penis.svg.png ncithesaurus:Reproductive_System organa genitalia reproductive tissue uberon BTO:0000081 organa genitalia BTO:0000081 reproductive tissue BTO:0000081 Geschlechtsorgan genitalia BTO:0000081 animal reproductive system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. Wikipedia:Reproductive_system gonad AAO:0000213 BILA:0000123 BTO:0000534 EMAPA:17383 FBbt:00004858 FMA xref is a 'general anatomical term' FMA:18250 GAID:368 HAO:0000379 MA:0002420 MESH:A.05.360.576 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQvdiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). SCTID:304623008 TAO:0000413 UBERON:0000991 UBERON:FBbt_00004858-FMA_18250-MA_0002420-WBbt_0005175-XAO_0003146-ZFA_0000413 VHOG:0000397 WBbt:0005175 XAO:0003146 ZFA:0000413 gonada ncithesaurus:Gonad uberon ISBN:0140512888 Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). Wikipedia:Gonad ZFA:0000413 ZFIN:curator female gonad AAO:0000371 BILA:0000125 BTO:0000975 EHDAA2:0001360 EHDAA:8124 EMAPA:17962 EV:0100111 FBbt:00004865 FMA:7209 GAID:367 MA:0000384 MESH:A.05.360.319.114.630 MIAA:0000125 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi9QJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Ovaries of some kind are found in the female reproductive system of many animals that employ sexual reproduction, including invertebrates. However, they develop in a very different way in most invertebrates than they do in vertebrates, and are not truly homologous. Many of the features found in human ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells, tunica albuginea, and so on. However, many species produce a far greater number of eggs during their lifetime than do humans, so that, in fish and amphibians, there may be hundreds, or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary at any given time. In these species, fresh eggs may be developing from the germinal epithelium throughout life. Corpora lutea are found only in mammals, and in some elasmobranch fish; in other species, the remnants of the follicle are quickly resorbed by the ovary. In birds, reptiles, and monotremes, the egg is relatively large, filling the follicle, and distorting the shape of the ovary at maturity. Amphibians and reptiles have no ovarian medulla; the central part of the ovary is a hollow, lymph-filled space. The ovary of teleosts is also often hollow, but in this case, the eggs are shed into the cavity, which opens into the oviduct. Although most normal female vertebrates have two ovaries, this is not the case in all species. In birds and platypuses, the right ovary never matures, so that only the left is functional. In some elasmobranchs, the reverse is true, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo[WP]. Ovum-producing female reproductive organ. SCTID:181464007 TAO:0000403 UBERON:0000992 UBERON:FBbt_00004865-FMA_7209-MA_0000384-MIAA_0000125-XAO_0000258-ZFA_0000403 VHOG:0000251 XAO:0000258 ZFA:0000403 female organism genitalia gonad female organism genitalia gonada female organism reproductive system gonad female organism reproductive system gonada female reproductive system gonad female reproductive system gonada genitalia of female organism gonad genitalia of female organism gonada gonad of female organism genitalia gonad of female organism reproductive system gonad of female reproductive system gonad of genitalia of female organism gonad of reproductive system of female organism gonada of female organism genitalia gonada of female organism reproductive system gonada of female reproductive system gonada of genitalia of female organism gonada of reproductive system of female organism http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Ovary ovaries ovary ovum-producing ovary reproductive system of female organism gonad reproductive system of female organism gonada uberon OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system gonad ovaries OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonad of genitalia of female organism Ovum-producing female reproductive organ. Wikipedia:Ovary OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism gonad OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic gonada of genitalia of female organism OBOL:automatic gonada of reproductive system of female organism OBOL:automatic female organism genitalia gonada OBOL:automatic gonad of reproductive system of female organism OBOL:automatic female organism genitalia gonad OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism gonada OBOL:automatic gonad of female organism genitalia OBOL:automatic reproductive system of female organism gonada OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic reproductive system of female organism gonad OBOL:automatic gonad of female organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonada of female organism reproductive system GO:0061039 ovum-producing ovary OBOL:automatic gonada of female organism genitalia oviduct AAO:0010533 BTO:0000980 EFO:0000974 EMAPA:18984 GAID:366 MAT:0000126 MESH:A.13.706 MIAA:0000126 TAO:0000560 UBERON:0000993 UBERON:FBbt_00004911-FMA_18245-MA_0000385-MIAA_0000126-XAO_0003052-ZFA_0000560 VHOG:0001136 XAO:0003052 ZFA:0000560 ncithesaurus:Oviduct note that the more specific class fallopian tube is included, which has mammal-specific relationships passage from the ovaries to the outside of the body[Wikipedia:Oviduct]. salpinx tuba uterina tuba uterinae uberon uterine tube Wikipedia:Oviduct passage from the ovaries to the outside of the body[Wikipedia:Oviduct]. BTO:0000980 salpinx BTO:0000980 tuba uterina BTO:0000980 tuba uterinae spermathecum BTO:0001273 EFO:0000977 FBbt:00004921 HAO:0000945 MAT:0000168 MIAA:0000168 TGMA:0000560 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000994 UBERON:FBbt_00004921-MIAA_0000168-WBbt_0005319 WBbt:0005319 an organ of the female reproductive tract in insects, some molluscs, oligochaeta worms and certain other invertebrates and vertebrates.[1] Its purpose is to receive and store sperm from the male, and can sometimes be the site of fertilization when the oocytes are ready.[2] Some species have multiple spermathecae, as seen in earthworms, where four pairs of spermathecae are present. One pair in 6,7,8 and 9 segments. They receive and store the spermatozoa of another earthworm during copulation.[3] They are lined with epithelium and are variable in shape; some are thin, heavily coiled tubes, others are vague outpocketings from the main reproductive tract. It is one of the many variations in sexual reproduction[WP]. an accordion-like tube that contains sperm and is the site of oocyte fertilization. receptaculum seminis seminal receptacle spermatheca uberon spermatheca Wikipedia:Spermatheca an organ of the female reproductive tract in insects, some molluscs, oligochaeta worms and certain other invertebrates and vertebrates.[1] Its purpose is to receive and store sperm from the male, and can sometimes be the site of fertilization when the oocytes are ready.[2] Some species have multiple spermathecae, as seen in earthworms, where four pairs of spermathecae are present. One pair in 6,7,8 and 9 segments. They receive and store the spermatozoa of another earthworm during copulation.[3] They are lined with epithelium and are variable in shape; some are thin, heavily coiled tubes, others are vague outpocketings from the main reproductive tract. It is one of the many variations in sexual reproduction[WP]. an accordion-like tube that contains sperm and is the site of oocyte fertilization. BTO:0001273 receptaculum seminis uterus BTO:0001424 EFO:0000975 EMAPA:29915 EV:0100113 FMA:17558 GAID:172 MA:0000389 MAT:0000127 MESH:A.05.360.319.679 MIAA:0000127 Most animals that lay eggs, such as birds and reptiles, have an oviduct instead of a uterus. In monotremes, mammals which lay eggs and include the platypus, either the term uterus or oviduct is used to describe the same organ, but the egg does not develop a placenta within the mother and thus does not receive further nourishment after formation and fertilization. Marsupials have two uteruses, each of which connect to a lateral vagina and which both use a third, middle "vagina" which functions as the birth canal. Marsupial embryos form a choriovitelline "placenta" (which can be thought of as something between a monotreme egg and a "true" placenta), in which the egg's yolk sac supplies a large part of the embryo's nutrition but also attaches to the uterine wall and takes nutrients from the mother's bloodstream. OpenCyc:Mx4rvViojJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181452004 UBERON:0000995 UBERON:FBbt_00004924-FMA_17558-MA_0000389-MIAA_0000127-WBbt_0006760 VHOG:0001137 a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes, depending on the species. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation, usually developing completely in placental mammals such as humans and partially in marsupials such as kangaroos and opossums. Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused[WP]. galen:Uterus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Uterus uberon uterine horn uterine horns womb Wikipedia:Uterus a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes, depending on the species. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation, usually developing completely in placental mammals such as humans and partially in marsupials such as kangaroos and opossums. Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused[WP]. BTO:0001424 womb vagina BTO:0000243 EFO:0000976 EMAPA:18986 EV:0100117 FMA:19949 GAID:381 MA:0000394 MAT:0000128 MESH:A.05.360.319.779 MIAA:0000128 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj1B5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181441005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000996 UBERON:FBbt_00004925-FMA_19949-MA_0000394-MIAA_0000128 VHOG:0001138 a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles[WP]. Organ with organ cavity which connects the cervical canal of uterus to the vestibule of vagina.[FMA] galen:Vagina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vaginal_opening_-_english_description.jpg/200px-Vaginal_opening_-_english_description.jpg ncithesaurus:Vagina uberon Wikipedia FMA:19949 Wikipedia:Vagina a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles[WP]. Organ with organ cavity which connects the cervical canal of uterus to the vestibule of vagina.[FMA] mammalian vulva BTO:0003101 EFO:0000978 EV:0100118 FMA:20462 GAID:383 MA:0000395 MAT:0000169 MESH:A.05.360.319.887 MIAA:0000169 OpenCyc:Mx4rvgAWeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:265796001 UBERON:0000997 UBERON:FBbt_00004926-FMA_20462-FMA_225311-MA_0000395-MIAA_0000169-WBbt_0006748 VHOG:0001458 editor note: todo - add pudendum external genital organs of the female mammal[WP]. female pudendum galen:Vulva mammalian vulva ncithesaurus:Vulva puboperineal region pudendum femininum skin of female pudendum skin of vulva uberon vulva Wikipedia FMA:20462 female pudendum Wikipedia:Vulva external genital organs of the female mammal[WP]. FMA:20462 puboperineal region MA:0000395 vulva BTO BTO:0003101 female pudendum FMA:20462 FMA:TA pudendum femininum seminal vesicle AAO:0010788 BTO:0001234 EFO:0000986 EMAPA:19180 EV:0100106 Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct. FMA:19386 Function notes: The seminal vesicles secrete a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen. Lipofuscin granules from dead epithelial cells give the secretion its yellowish color. About 50-70%[2] of the seminal fluid in humans originates from the seminal vesicles, but is not expelled in the first ejaculate fractions which are dominated by spermatozoa and zinc-rich prostatic fluid. GAID:394 MA:0000410 MAT:0000171 MESH:A.05.360.444.713 MIAA:0000171 OpenCyc:Mx4rwTtRpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181434004 UBERON:0000998 UBERON:FBbt_00004958-FMA_19386-MA_0000410-MIAA_0000171-WBbt_0006870 VHOG:0001379 glandula seminalis glandula vesiculosa gon_male_sves http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Male_anatomy_en.svg/200px-Male_anatomy_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Seminal_Vesicle seminal gland uberon vas efferens vesicul%c3%a6 seminales vesicula seminalis vesiculae seminales vesicular gland vesicular glands vesicular seminalis BTO:0001234 Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct. Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle BTO:0001234 glandula vesiculosa BTO:0001234 vesicula seminalis Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicular glands Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicul%c3%a6 seminales Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicular seminalis Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicula seminalis Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicular gland BTO:0001234 glandula seminalis Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesiculae seminales ejaculatory duct BTO:0001580 EFO:0000985 EMAPA:19088 FMA:19325 GAID:388 MAT:0000170 MESH:A.05.360.444.251 MIAA:0000170 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOt7MJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279665005 The Ejaculatory ducts (ductus ejaculatorii) are paired structures in male anatomy, about 2 cm in length. Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle. They pass through the prostate, and empty into the urethra at the Colliculus seminalis. During ejaculation, semen passes through the ducts and exits the body via the penis[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000999 UBERON:FBbt_00004965-FMA_19325-MIAA_0000170 ductus ejaculatorii ductus ejaculatorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Male_anatomy.png/200px-Male_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Ejaculatory_Duct uberon The Ejaculatory ducts (ductus ejaculatorii) are paired structures in male anatomy, about 2 cm in length. Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle. They pass through the prostate, and empty into the urethra at the Colliculus seminalis. During ejaculation, semen passes through the ducts and exits the body via the penis[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ejaculatory_duct BTO:0001580 ductus ejaculatorii BTO:0001580 ductus ejaculatorius vas deferens BTO:0001427 EFO:0000981 EMAPA:18681 EV:0100105 FMA:19234 GAID:404 MA:0000413 MESH:A.05.360.444.930 MIAA:0000129 OpenCyc:Mx4rvjv7bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245467009 Taxon notes (from WP): Most vertebrates have some form of duct to transfer the sperm from the testes to the urethra. In cartilaginous fish and amphibians, sperm is carried through the archinephric duct, which also partially helps to transport urine from the kidneys. In teleosts, there is a distinct sperm duct, separate from the ureters, and often called the vas deferens, although probably not truly homologous with that in humans. In cartilaginous fishes, the part of the archinephric duct closest to the testis is coiled up to form an epididymis. Below this are a number of small glands secreting components of the seminal fluid. The final portion of the duct also receives ducts from the kidneys in most species. In amniotes, however, the archinephric duct has become a true vas deferens, and is used only for conducting sperm, never urine. As in cartilaginous fish, the upper part of the duct forms the epididymis. In many species, the vas deferens ends in a small sac for storing sperm. The only vertebrates to lack any structure resembling a vas deferens are the primitive jawless fishes, which release sperm directly into the body cavity, and then into the surrounding water through a simple opening in the body wall. UBERON:0001000 UBERON:FBbt_00004968-FMA_19234-MA_0000413-MIAA_0000129-WBbt_0005337 VHOG:0001135 deferent duct duct that transports sperm from the testis. In mammals this is from the epididymis. ductus deferens galen:VasDeferens http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Male_anatomy_en.svg/200px-Male_anatomy_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Vas_Deferens sperm duct uberon vas deferen vasa deferentia Wikipedia:Vas_deferens duct that transports sperm from the testis. In mammals this is from the epididymis. FMA Wikipedia:Vas_deferens ductus deferens chitin-based cuticle EFO:0000944 FBbt:00004970 HAO:0000240 MAT:0000150 MIAA:0000150 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkBTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TODO - split from exoskeleton? Also: See above sf item to see if this belongs in GO The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is a polysaccharide, chitin, composed of N-acetylglucosamine units, together with proteins and lipids[WP]. UBERON:0001001 UBERON:FBbt_00004970 arthropod cuticle cuticle exoskeleton insect cuticle uberon The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is a polysaccharide, chitin, composed of N-acetylglucosamine units, together with proteins and lipids[WP]. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Cuticle#Invertebrate_zoology https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3348965&group_id=36855&atid=440764 FBbt:00004970 cuticle cuticle BTO:0001600 TODO - check cuticle vs exoskeleton. Note that GO has a very generic definition of cuticle. See also arthropod-anatomy ontology. Note in ncit Cuticle is a plant part UBERON:0001002 UBERON:FBbt_00004970-MIAA_0000150-WBbt_0005755 cuticula tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Cuticles are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure and chemical composition[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Cuticle http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3348965&group_id=36855&atid=440764 tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Cuticles are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure and chemical composition[WP]. BTO:0001600 cuticula epidermis AAO:0000143 BTO:0000404 EFO:0000954 EHDAA2:0001844 EMAPA:17525 EV:0100153 FMA:70596 GAID:932 MA:0000153 MAT:0000154 MESH:A.10.272.497 MIAA:0000154 SCTID:361694003 TAO:0000105 The outer layer of the skin[WP]. cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm[ZFA]. UBERON:0001003 UBERON:FBbt_00004993-FBbt_00005401-FMA_70596-MA_0000153-MIAA_0000154-WBbt_0005733-XAO_0000028-ZFA_0000105 VHOG:0000077 XAO:0000028 ZFA:0000105 Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. In terrestrial vertebrates the epidermis often forms an outer keratinized or cornified layer, the stratum corneum. Interaction between the epideris and dermis gives rise to feathers (birds), hair and mammary glands (mammals), teeth and scales (placoid: chondrichthyans; cosmoids, ganoid, cycloid in bony fishes). adult epidermis ncithesaurus:Epidermis skin uberon vertebrate epidermis ISBN10:0073040584 The outer layer of the skin[WP]. cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Epidermis_(skin) respiratory system AAO:0000541 Atmungssystem BTO:0000203 EFO:0000804 EHDAA2:0001604 EHDAA:2203 EMAPA:16727 EV:0100036 FMA:7158 Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration.. GAID:78 MA:0000327 MAT:0000030 MESH:A.04 MIAA:0000030 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278197002 TAO:0000272 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001004 UBERON:FBbt_00005024-FMA_7158-MA_0000327-MIAA_0000030-XAO_0000117-ZFA_0000272 VHOG:0000202 XAO:0000117 ZFA:0000272 apparatus respiratorius apparatus respiratorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg/200px-Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Respiratory_System respiratory system uberon BTO:0000203 apparatus respiratorius Atmungssystem BTO:0000203 Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration.. Wikipedia:Respiratory_system respiratory airway An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. SCTID:361380005 This class generically groups trachea and analagous structures throughout metazoa. Consider renaming, as the term could be taken to mean lumen of tracheal system (e.g. in SNOMED) UBERON:0001005 UBERON:FBbt_00005043-FMA_7394-MA_0000441-MIAA_0000137-XAO_0000118 uberon An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. Wikipedia:Trachea spiracle EFO:0000936 FBbt:00005054 HAO:0000950 MAT:0000208 MIAA:0000208 OBSOLETE: The mostly slit-like opening on the body surface through which air is taken into the respiratory system. TGMA:0000578 This class was obsoleted as it grouped together disparate classes. For the fish structure, see UBERON:0010019. The arthropod structure will presumably be added to the arthropod anatomy UBERON:0001006 UBERON:0010019 UBERON:FBbt_00005054-MIAA_0000208 open tracheal system spiracle spiracle of open tracheal system spiracular gland true uberon GO:0035277 open tracheal system spiracle GO:0035277 spiracle of open tracheal system ISBN:3110148986 OBSOLETE: The mostly slit-like opening on the body surface through which air is taken into the respiratory system. Wikipedia:Spiracle digestive system AAO:0000129 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. BILA:0000082 BTO:0000058 EFO:0000793 EV:0100056 FBbt:00005055 FMA:7152 GAID:278 MA:0002431 MAT:0000018 MESH:A.03 MIAA:0000018 SCTID:278859004 TADS:0000170 TAO:0000339 UBERON:0001007 UBERON:FBbt_00005055-FMA_7152-MA_0000323-MIAA_0000018-WBbt_0005748-XAO_0000125-ZFA_0000339 WBbt:0005748 XAO:0000125 ZFA:0000339 alimentary system alimentary tract galen:DigestiveSystem gastrointestinal system gut ncithesaurus:Digestive_System note that many anatomy ontologies consider gastrointestinal system synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class uberon Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. FB:gg NLM:alimentary+system Wikipedia:Digestive_system excretory system AAO:0010257 BILA:0000015 BTO:0003092 EFO:0000803 EHDAA2:0001601 EHDAA:5901 EMAPA:17366 EV:0100095 FBbt:00005056 FMA:7159 GAID:391 In various sources such as Encyclopedia Britannica, the excretory and urinary systems are indeed the same system (see wikipedia talk page) MA:0000325 MAT:0000027 MESH:A.05.810 MIAA:0000027 SCTID:362204003 TADS:0000162 TAO:0000163 The excretory system is the system of an organism that mainly performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes. It is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by the processes that maintain homeostasis. UBERON:0001008 UBERON:FBbt_00005056-FMA_7159-MIAA_0000027-WBbt_0005736-XAO_0000143-ZFA_0000163 VHOG:0000723 WBbt:0005736 XAO:0000143 ZFA:0000163 galen:UrinaryTract ncithesaurus:Urinary_System renal or urinary system renal system renal/urinary system systema urinaria systema urinarium uberon urinary system urinary system urinary tract EHDAA:5901 renal or urinary system BTO:0003092 systema urinarium BILA:0000015 The excretory system is the system of an organism that mainly performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes. It is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by the processes that maintain homeostasis. Wikipedia:Excretory_system GO:0001977 renal system circulatory system AAO:0000959 FBbt:00005057 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001009 UBERON:FBbt_00005057-FMA_7161-MA_0000010-MIAA_0000016-XAO_0000100-ZFA_0000010 VHOG:0001248 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg/200px-Circulatory_System_en.svg.png organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system are parts of the circulatory system uberon Wikipedia:Circulatory_system organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. diaphysis of ulna FMA:33760 SCTID:302520004 UBERON:0001010 body of ulna corpus ulnae shaft of ulna uberon ulnar diaphysis FMA:33760 body of ulna FMA:33760 corpus ulnae FMA:33760 shaft of ulna FMA:33760 ulnar diaphysis hemolymph BTO:0000572 Blood analogue used by all arthropods and most mollusks that have an open circulatory system. In these animals there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. The liquid fills all of the interior (the hemocoel) of the body and surrounds all cells. FBbt:00005061 GAID:1220 MAT:0000054 MESH:A.13.453 MIAA:0000054 TGMA:0000000 UBERON:0001011 UBERON:FBbt_00005061-MIAA_0000054 haemolymph uberon Blood analogue used by all arthropods and most mollusks that have an open circulatory system. In these animals there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. The liquid fills all of the interior (the hemocoel) of the body and surrounds all cells. Wikipedia:Hemolymph head of radius FMA:33773 SCTID:181941003 The head of the radius has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum (or capitellum) of the humerus. The circumference of the head is smooth; it is broad medially where it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna, narrow in the rest of its extent, which is embraced by the annular ligament. The deepest point in the fovea is not axi-symmetric with the long axis of the radius, creating a cam effect during pronation and supination[WP]. UBERON:0001012 galen:HeadOfRadius radial head uberon FMA:33773 radial head FMA FMA The head of the radius has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum (or capitellum) of the humerus. The circumference of the head is smooth; it is broad medially where it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna, narrow in the rest of its extent, which is embraced by the annular ligament. The deepest point in the fovea is not axi-symmetric with the long axis of the radius, creating a cam effect during pronation and supination[WP]. Wikipedia:Head_of_radius FMA adipose tissue AAO:0000001 AEO:000020 BTO:0001487 Dense irregular connective tissue, which predominantly consists of adipocytes. Fat is stored in adipose tissue. EFO:0000234 EFO:0000790 EHDAA2:0003120 EV:0100381 FMA:20110 GAID:920 MA:0000009 MAT:0000015 MESH:A.10.165.114 MIAA:0000015 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjc_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:55603005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001013 UBERON:FBbt_00005065-FMA_20110-MA_0000009-MIAA_0000015-XAO_0003049 VHOG:0001284 XAO:0003049 ZFA:0005345 adipose bodyfat fat fat tissue fatty tissue galen:FattyTissue ncithesaurus:Adipose_Tissue uberon MA BTO:0001487 bodyfat Dense irregular connective tissue, which predominantly consists of adipocytes. Fat is stored in adipose tissue. NLM:adipose+tissue Wikipedia:Adipose_tissue BTO:0001487 adipose MA:0000009 fat fat body UBERON:0001014 UBERON:0003917 UBERON:FBbt_00005066-FMA_58616-MA_0002481-MIAA_0000096-XAO_0003050 fat pad the encapsulated adipose tissue. true uberon MP:0005334 the encapsulated adipose tissue. musculature AAO:0011066 Anatomical system that allows the animal move, includes all muscles[WP]. BTO:0000887 EFO:0001949 FMA:32558 In FMA this is classified as a set of organs. ZFA musculature system has subtypes, so it is classified here. WBbt muscular system has subtypes so it goes here. Note that we use the MA term set of skeletal muscles here as it seems most appropriate (not MA:musculature) MA:0000165 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjmr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000548 UBERON:0001015 UBERON:FBbt_00005069-FMA_30316-FMA_32558-MA_0000015-MIAA_0000025-WBbt_0005737-XAO_0000172-ZFA_0000548-ZFA_0005145 WBbt:0005737 ZFA:0000548 muscle group muscle system muscles muscles set musculature musculature system musculi ncithesaurus:Muscle set of muscles set of organs set of skeletal muscles uberon FMA:32558 set of muscles MA:0000165 set of skeletal muscles Anatomical system that allows the animal move, includes all muscles[WP]. BTO:0000887 Wikipedia:Muscular_system ZFIN:curator FMA:32558 FMA:TA musculi nervous system AAO:0000324 BILA:0000079 BTO:0001484 EFO:0000802 EHDAA2:0001246 EHDAA:826 EMAPA:16469 EV:0100162 FBbt:00005093 FMA:7157 GAID:466 MA:0000016 MAT:0000026 MESH:A.08 MIAA:0000026 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_844 Nervensystem OpenCyc:Mx4rvViT_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278196006 TAO:0000396 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001016 UBERON:FBbt_00005093-FMA_7157-MA_0000016-MIAA_0000026-WBbt_0005735-XAO_0000177-ZFA_0000396 VHOG:0000402 WBbt:0005735 XAO:0000177 ZFA:0000396 a network of specialized cells that communicate information about an organism's surroundings and itself[Wikipedia]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png/200px-Nervous_system_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Nervous_System nerve net uberon BTO:0001484 Nervensystem ISBN:0-14-051288-8 ISBN:3110148986 NLM:nervous+system WB:rynl Wikipedia:Nervous_system ZFIN:curator a network of specialized cells that communicate information about an organism's surroundings and itself[Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Nerve_net nerve net central nervous system AAO:0000090 BILA:0000080 BTO:0000227 CNS EFO:0000908 EHDAA2:0000225 EHDAA:828 EMAPA:16470 EMAPA:16754 EV:0100163 FBbt:00005094 FMA:55675 GAID:570 MA:0000167 MAT:0000457 MESH:A.08.186 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1099 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzYt3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278199004 TAO:0000012 The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord[GO]. The part of the nervous system which in vertebrates consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and which supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system[XAO]. Neuraxis plus retina[INCF]. UBERON:0001017 UBERON:FBbt_00005094-FMA_55675-MA_0000167-XAO_0000215-ZFA_0000012 VHOG:0000293 XAO:0000215 ZFA retina NOT part_of CNS. XAO excludes retina in text def, retina part_of CNS. MA retina NOT part_of CNS. NIF_GA retina NOT part_of CNS. Fly also excludes it. EFO also excludes it. GO also excludes it. ZFA:0000012 cerebrospinal axis ncithesaurus:Central_Nervous_System neuraxis systema nervosum centrale uberon FMA:55675 neuraxis FMA:55675 cerebrospinal axis FMA:55675 FMA:TA systema nervosum centrale FB:gg ISBN:3110148986 NLM:central+nervous+system The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord[GO]. The part of the nervous system which in vertebrates consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and which supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system[XAO]. Neuraxis plus retina[INCF]. Wikipedia:Central_nervous_system ZFIN:curator axon tract A group of axons linking two or more neuropils and having a common origin, termination[FBbt]. EV:0100304 FBbt:00005100 FMA:83847 UBERON:0001018 UBERON:FBbt_00005100-FMA_76739 WP says this is the analog of peripheral nerves in CNS neuraxis tract tract tract of neuraxis uberon A group of axons linking two or more neuropils and having a common origin, termination[FBbt]. http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html FMA:83847 tract of neuraxis FMA:83847 neuraxis tract fascicle A slender neuron projection bundle[FBbt]. BTO:0004101 FBbt:00005101 FMA:12235 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_872 TGMA:0000088 TODO - invert specific? note FBbt class not disjoint from tract. Consider merging with 'neuron projection bundle' UBERON:0001019 UBERON:FBbt_00005101-FMA_76740 fasciculus ncithesaurus:Fascicle nerve bundle nerve fasciculus neural fasciculus uberon FMA:12235 neural fasciculus A slender neuron projection bundle[FBbt]. Wikipedia:Nerve_fascicle FMA:12235 nerve fasciculus FMA:12235 nerve bundle commissure *not* the same as FMA:76741 Commissure FBbt:00005103 FMA:83906 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090513 OpenCyc:Mx4rdBrmE6gOEdudWQACs5b6Bw TADS:0000201 UBERON:0001020 UBERON:FBbt_00005103-FMA_76741 White matter fiber bundle that crosses the midline of the brain or spinal cord[NIF]. The transverse connection between two longitudinal parts, e.g. nerves, tracheae. In the context of Drosophila refers to a broad band of axons connecting the same neuropils each side of the brain[FBbt]. commissure of neuraxis ncithesaurus:Commissure neuraxis commissure uberon FMA:83906 commissure of neuraxis FMA:83906 neuraxis commissure ISBN:3110148986 White matter fiber bundle that crosses the midline of the brain or spinal cord[NIF]. The transverse connection between two longitudinal parts, e.g. nerves, tracheae. In the context of Drosophila refers to a broad band of axons connecting the same neuropils each side of the brain[FBbt]. Wikipedia:Commissure http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html nerve AAO:0011070 AEO:0000137 BTO:0000925 EHDAA2:0003137 EHDAA:2851 EHDAA:3776 EHDAA:4657 EV:0100162 FBbt:00005105 FMA:65132 GAID:758 MA:0000217 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3lkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:256864008 TAO:0007009 UBERON:0001021 UBERON:FBbt_00005099-FMA_5914 UBERON:FBbt_00005105-FMA_65132-MA_0000217-XAO_0003047-ZFA_0007009 XAO:0003047 ZFA:0007009 an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons [wikipedia]. A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons[ZFA]. Segment of neural tree organ which has as its parts a nerve trunk and its branches; together with other nerves of the same tree it constitutes a neural tree. Examples: chorda tympani, digastric branch of facial nerve, greater petrosal nerve, posterior cutaneous branch of posterior ramus of cervical nerve, superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm[FMA]. check nerve vs peripheral nerve vs tract. Check isa hierarchy - we include under neural tissue as well as neuron projection bundle for now. FMA also has this under organ segment galen:Nerve ncithesaurus:Nerve neural subtree uberon FMA:65132 neural subtree FMA:65132 Wikipedia:Nerve ZFA:0007009 ZFIN:curator an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons [wikipedia]. A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons[ZFA]. Segment of neural tree organ which has as its parts a nerve trunk and its branches; together with other nerves of the same tree it constitutes a neural tree. Examples: chorda tympani, digastric branch of facial nerve, greater petrosal nerve, posterior cutaneous branch of posterior ramus of cervical nerve, superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm[FMA]. FBbt EHDAA2 cell body Cell component which consists of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.[FMA] FBbt:00005107 FMA:67301 GO:0043025 NIF_Subcellular:sao1044911821 TODO - use GO UBERON:0001022 UBERON:FBbt_00005107-FMA_67301 cell soma soma uberon Cell component which consists of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Cell_body http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html dendrite FBbt:00005110 FMA:67314 GAID:749 GO:0030425 MESH:A.08.663.256 NIF_Subcellular:sao1211023249 OpenCyc:Mx4rviIdspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TGMA:0001373 TODO - use GO The region of a neuron receiving inputs from other neurons, typically a slender neurite, often branched. In insect neurons, this is often not a clear designation and often presynaptic sites co-extend with postsynaptic ones. UBERON:0001023 UBERON:FBbt_00005110-FMA_67314 ncithesaurus:Dendrite uberon The region of a neuron receiving inputs from other neurons, typically a slender neurite, often branched. In insect neurons, this is often not a clear designation and often presynaptic sites co-extend with postsynaptic ones. Wikipedia:Dendrite http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html neurite FBbt:00005113 FMA:61814 GAID:751 GO:0043005 MESH:A.08.663.256.500 NIF_Subcellular:sao-867568886 One of the processes or extensions of a neuron, axon or dendrite or cell body fiber. // Cell appendage of the neuron which includes the axon and the dendrite. TODO - use GO UBERON:0001024 UBERON:FBbt_00005113-FMA_61814 uberon One of the processes or extensions of a neuron, axon or dendrite or cell body fiber. // Cell appendage of the neuron which includes the axon and the dendrite. Wikipedia:Neurite http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html synapse FBbt:00005114 FMA:67408 GAID:766 GO:0045202 MESH:A.08.850 NIF_Subcellular:sao914572699 SCTID:362298009 TODO - use GO The structural contact that is the site of transmission between neurons, identified by a presynaptic ribbon and synaptic vesicles as the input element and one or (usually) more postsynaptic elements with various specializations (membrane densities, cisternae, etc.). UBERON:0001025 UBERON:FBbt_00005114-FMA_67408 ncithesaurus:Synapse synaptic junction uberon The structural contact that is the site of transmission between neurons, identified by a presynaptic ribbon and synaptic vesicles as the input element and one or (usually) more postsynaptic elements with various specializations (membrane densities, cisternae, etc.). Wikipedia:Synapse http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html motor nerve General anatomical term applied to nerves in which somatic efferent nerve fibers predominate[FMA]. A motor nerve is an efferent nerve that exclusively contains the axons of somatic and branchial motoneurons, which innervate skeletal muscles (that ensure locomotion) and branchial muscles (that motorize the face and neck)[WP]. UBERON:0001026 UBERON:FBbt_00005135-FMA_5867 efferent nerve nervus motorius true uberon General anatomical term applied to nerves in which somatic efferent nerve fibers predominate[FMA]. A motor nerve is an efferent nerve that exclusively contains the axons of somatic and branchial motoneurons, which innervate skeletal muscles (that ensure locomotion) and branchial muscles (that motorize the face and neck)[WP]. Wikipedia:Motor_nerve sensory nerve AEO:0000201 EHDAA2:0003200 FBbt:00005136 FMA:5868 General anatomical term applied to nerves in which somatic afferent nerve fibers predominate[FMA]. nerves that receive sensory stimuli made up of nerve fibers, called sensory fibers (mechanoreceptor fibers sense body movement and pressure placed against the body, and nociceptor fibers sense tissue injury)[WP]. OpenCyc:Mx4rv0GdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001027 UBERON:FBbt_00005136-FMA_5868 afferent nerve nervus sensorius uberon General anatomical term applied to nerves in which somatic afferent nerve fibers predominate[FMA]. nerves that receive sensory stimuli made up of nerve fibers, called sensory fibers (mechanoreceptor fibers sense body movement and pressure placed against the body, and nociceptor fibers sense tissue injury)[WP]. Wikipedia:Sensory_nerve diaphysis of radius FMA:33782 SCTID:302518002 UBERON:0001028 body of radius corpus radii radial diaphysis shaft of radius uberon FMA:33782 body of radius FMA:33782 corpus radii FMA:33782 radial diaphysis FMA:33782 shaft of radius neuromuscular junction . FBbt:00005142 FMA:61803 GAID:809 GO:0031594 MESH:A.08.800.550.550.550 NIF_Subcellular:sao1124888485 TODO - use GO UBERON:0001029 UBERON:FBbt_00005142-FMA_61803 myoneural junction uberon . Wikipedia:Neuromuscular_junction synaptic ribbon FBbt:00005143 FMA:67107 NIF_Subcellular:sao1884931180 TODO - use GO UBERON:0001030 UBERON:FBbt_00005143-FMA_67107 ribbon synapse uberon neurilemma BTO:0003048 FBbt:00005151 FMA def is 'Neural tissue which consists of Schwann cells' which does not fit, but we still use 'neural tissue' here. WP def specifically states Schwann cells, which would restrict it to PNS FMA:62976 GAID:730 MESH:A.08.561.600 Schwann's membrane UBERON:0001031 UBERON:FBbt_00005151-FMA_62976 endoneural membrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gray631.png/200px-Gray631.png ncithesaurus:Sheath_of_Schwann neurolemma sheath of Schwann thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber[TFD]. uberon Wikipedia:Neurilemma http://www.thefreedictionary.com/neurolemma thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber[TFD]. BTO:0003048 Schwann's membrane BTO:0003048 endoneural membrane sensory system AAO:0000555 Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. BILA:0000099 EFO:0000805 EHDAA2:0003094 EMAPA:16192 FBbt:00005827 FMA:75259 MA:0002442 MAT:0000031 MESH:A.09 MIAA:0000031 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090816 TAO:0000282 UBERON:0001032 UBERON:FBbt_00005155-FMA_78499-MA_0002442-MIAA_0000031-WBbt_0005832-ZFA_0000282 XAO:0003194 ZFA:0000282 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray722.png/200px-Gray722.png note the distinct between entire sensory system and individual system. this reconciles is_a and part_of distinctions between ssAOs organa sensuum sense organ subsystem sense organs sense organs set sensory organ system sensory subsystem uberon FMA:75259 FMA:TA organa sensuum FMA:75259 sense organs set Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. Wikipedia:Sensory_system FMA:75259 sense organs gustatory system A subset of the sensory system for the sensing of taste. AAO:0010577 BILA:0000143 EFO:0000830 FMA:7194 MA:0002446 MAT:0000275 MIAA:0000275 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090803 SCTID:423940004 TAO:0001101 UBERON:0001033 UBERON:FBbt_00005159-FMA_7194-MA_0002446-MIAA_0000275-ZFA_0001101 XAO:0003197 ZFA:0001101 gustatory organ system in ZFA and MA this is a subtype of sensory system. we should change sensory system to disambiguate parts and wholes taste system uberon A subset of the sensory system for the sensing of taste. Wikipedia:Gustatory_system photoreceptor BTO:0001060 Can refer to a light sensitive organ, a photoreceptor cell or a photoreceptor protein. This class was made obsolete because it was ambiguous FBbt:00005162 FMA:85613 GAID:778 UBERON:0001034 UBERON:FBbt_00005162-FMA_85613 true uberon Can refer to a light sensitive organ, a photoreceptor cell or a photoreceptor protein. This class was made obsolete because it was ambiguous Wikipedia:Photoreceptor dento-alveolar joint FMA:7495 Fibrous joint in which the periodontal ligament connects a tooth to the alveolar bone of the maxilla or mandible. Examples: Dento-alveolar joint of incisor tooth.[FMA] MA:0001499 OpenCyc:Mx4rveAQeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001035 UBERON:FBbt_00005172-FMA_7495-MA_0001499 dento-alveolar syndesmosis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray1003.png/200px-Gray1003.png peg-and-socket joint socket syndesmosis dentoalveolaris uberon FMA:7495 socket FMA:7495 dento-alveolar syndesmosis FMA FMA:FMA Fibrous joint in which the periodontal ligament connects a tooth to the alveolar bone of the maxilla or mandible. Examples: Dento-alveolar joint of incisor tooth.[FMA] Wikipedia:Gomphosis FMA:7495 peg-and-socket joint MA FMA:7495 FMA:TA syndesmosis dentoalveolaris strand of hair A filament, mostly protein, that grows from follicles found in the dermis[WP]. BTO:0001501 EFO:0000958 EMAPA:18769 EV:0100157 FMA:53667 GAID:71 MA:0000155 MAT:0000160 MESH:A.17.360 MIAA:0000160 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjOX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA-Mp88EdaAAACgycbRww SCTID:361702001 UBERON:0001037 UBERON:FBbt_00005182-FMA_53667-MA_0000155-MIAA_0000160 VHOG:0001191 coat hair coat/ hair fur hair microchaeta ncithesaurus:Hair quill setulae this class defines an individual hair. todo - consider fur / coat of fur, which has_part hair. TODO: for now we treat vibrissa/whisker as a syonym, but these have different follicles. We could introduce subclasses (see also: Pangolin scales) uberon vibrissa whisker quill vibrissa A filament, mostly protein, that grows from follicles found in the dermis[WP]. Wikipedia:Hair whisker chordotonal organ Chordotonal organs are arthropod sensory structures consisting of special sensilla called the scolopidia, which are mechano-transducers and respond mainly to stretch or flexion. In insects, they consist of bundles of internal sensilla, each of which has a cap cell, an enveloping cell and one or more sense cells. The distal end of the organ is usually attached to the cuticle of the body wall, marked by a pit, a thickened disc or a nodule of chitin, and the base of the organ is connected with the hypodermis, often by a special ligament. EFO:0000940 FBbt:00005215 MAT:0000209 MIAA:0000209 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001038 UBERON:FBbt_00005215-MIAA_0000209 ch scolopophorous organ uberon Chordotonal organs are arthropod sensory structures consisting of special sensilla called the scolopidia, which are mechano-transducers and respond mainly to stretch or flexion. In insects, they consist of bundles of internal sensilla, each of which has a cap cell, an enveloping cell and one or more sense cells. The distal end of the organ is usually attached to the cuticle of the body wall, marked by a pit, a thickened disc or a nodule of chitin, and the base of the organ is connected with the hypodermis, often by a special ligament. FB:FBrf0056378 Wikipedia:Chordotonal_organ yolk sac BTO:0001471 EFO:0003078 EHDAA2:0002212 EHDAA:164 EMAPA:16085 FMA:87180 GAID:1301 MESH:A.16.254.403.981 Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes. SCTID:362845002 Taxon notes: In therians, a structure homologous to the yolk sac is is present, but contains no yolk platelets. Instead it is filled with fluid [ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong"] UBERON:0001040 UBERON:FBbt_00005376-FMA_87180 VHOG:0000830 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gray22.png/200px-Gray22.png ncithesaurus:Yolk_Sac uberon ISBN10:0073040584 ISBN10:0073040584 Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes. Wikipedia:Yolk_sac foregut AAO:0011042 Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. An anterior part of the alimentary canal derived from the ectoderm[WP]. BILA:0000085 BTO:0000507 EHDAA2:0000557 EHDAA:520 EMAPA:16548 Editor notes: Note we define this generically to include invertebrates, but the class may be split in future. We may explicitly make this a developmental class. AO Notes: in FMA this class has no children. FBbt:00005379 FMA:45616 MA:0001526 SCTID:361409009 TGMA:0001014 UBERON:0001041 UBERON:FBbt_00005379-FMA_45616-MA_0001526-XAO_0000232 VHOG:0000285 XAO:0000232 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gray27.png/200px-Gray27.png ncithesaurus:Foregut uberon Wikipedia Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. An anterior part of the alimentary canal derived from the ectoderm[WP]. Wikipedia:Foregut chordate pharynx AAO:0000967 BTO:0001049 EFO:0000836 EHDAA2:0001458 EHDAA:2947 EMAPA:16706 EMAPA:18838 EV:0100065 FMA:46688 Funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the esophagus, and air to the larynyx and lungs. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx)[MESH]. Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills[ZFA]. GAID:155 MA:0000432 MESH:A.03.867 Note that MA/FMA pharynx not part of digestive/alimentary system, we follow their lead here OpenCyc:Mx4rvViv7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000056 UBERON:0001042 UBERON:FBbt_00005380-FMA_46688-MA_0000432-MIAA_0000049-WBbt_0003681-ZFA_0000056 VHOG:0000462 XAO:0003227 ZFA:0000056 galen:Pharynx ncithesaurus:Pharynx pharynx uberon FMA:46688 pharynx Funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the esophagus, and air to the larynyx and lungs. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx)[MESH]. Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Pharynx EHDAA2 esophagus AAO:0000145 ANISEED:1235301 BTO:0000959 EFO:0000835 EHDAA2:0001285 EHDAA:2937 EMAPA:16833 EMAPA:18860 EV:0100069 FBbt:00005381 FMA:7131 GAID:291 MA:0000352 MAT:0000048 MESH:A.03.365 MIAA:0000048 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj9Q5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181245004 TAO:0000204 Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). UBERON:0001043 UBERON:FBbt_00005381-FMA_7131-MA_0000352-MIAA_0000048-XAO_0000127-ZFA_0000204 VHOG:0000450 XAO:0000127 ZFA:0000204 esophagus NOT part of gut in MA. part of gut in ZFA. part_of gut (via UGIT) in FMA. Consider splitting. Interspecies: The human oesophagus is 25 cm long and has a diameter of ca. 2 cm. Only little information was found on the oesophagus in rat, rabbit and pig. The oesophagus of rat (75 x 2 mm) and rabbit has no mucous glands and the cardia of the stomach has a well-developed sphincter, which prevents them from vomiting (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988; Manning et al., 1994). Morphologically the oesophagus is similar in man and pig; both are omnivores and have a non-keratinised epithelium, submucous glands and similar membrane enzymes. Like in humans, pigs can suffer from reflux oesophagitis and stress ulceration of the oesophagus. The pig oesophagus may therefore be a good model for investigation compared to the human oesophagus (Christie et al., 1995) galen:Esophagus gullet ncithesaurus:Esophagus oesophagus uberon Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). Wikipedia:Esophagus http://www.rivm.nl/interspeciesinfo/inter/oesophagus/ salivary gland BTO:0001203 EFO:0000859 EHDAA2:0001775 EHDAA:7987 EMAPA:17751 EV:0100059 FBbt:00005382 FMA:9597 GAID:937 MA:0000346 MAT:0000079 MESH:A.10.336.779 MIAA:0000079 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjl5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181236000 UBERON:0001044 UBERON:FBbt_00005382-FMA_9597-MA_0000346-MIAA_0000079 VHOG:0000376 currently we define saliva and salivary glands very generally in functional terms but it may be more appropriate to split this class. From WP: In most vertebrates, saliva does not contain any enzymes, consisting of mucus and water only, and its primary function is to moisten food while eating. As a result, true salivary glands are rarely found in fish or aquatic tetrapods, although there are often individual mucus-secreting cells. Amphibians have a single salivary gland, the intermaxillary gland, located in the forward part of the palate. Reptiles and birds normally have only very small glands on the lips, palate, and base of the mouth, although there are some birds with large glands, which produce a sticky saliva that helps in nest-building. The distinct parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are only developed in mammals.[3] The salivary glands of some species, however, are modified to produce enzymes; salivary amylase is found in many, but by no means all, bird and mammal species (including humans, as noted above). Furthermore, the venom glands of poisonous snakes, Gila monsters, and some shrews, are modified salivary glands galen:SalivaryGland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg ncithesaurus:Salivary_Gland saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO]. The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva. They also secrete amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose. In other organisms such as insects, salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins like silk or glues, and fly salivary glands contain polytene chromosomes that have been useful in genetic research[WP]. uberon GO:0007431 Wikipedia:Salivary_gland saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO]. The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva. They also secrete amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose. In other organisms such as insects, salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins like silk or glues, and fly salivary glands contain polytene chromosomes that have been useful in genetic research[WP]. midgut BILA:0000086 BTO:0000863 EFO:0001950 EHDAA2:0001185 EHDAA:983 EMAPA:16255 Editor notes: Note we define this generically to include invertebrates, but the class may be split in future. We may explicitly make this a developmental class. AO Notes: in FMA this class has no children. FBbt:00005383 FMA:45617 MA:0001564 Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. That part of the alimentary canal which lies between the gizzard and the hind intestine. SCTID:361410004 TGMA:0001036 UBERON:0001045 UBERON:FBbt_00005383-FMA_45617-MA_0001564-XAO_0000103 VHOG:0000290 XAO:0000103 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpg/200px-Illu_small_intestine.jpg ncithesaurus:Midgut uberon GO:0007494 Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. That part of the alimentary canal which lies between the gizzard and the hind intestine. Wikipedia:Midgut hindgut AAO:0011052 BILA:0000087 BTO:0000510 EHDAA2:0000779 EHDAA:975 EMAPA:16715 Editor notes: Note we define this generically to include invertebrates, but the class may be split in future. We may explicitly make this a developmental class. AO Notes: in FMA this class has no children. FBbt:00005384 FMA:45618 MA:0001527 Posterior subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. SCTID:362856002 TGMA:0001020 UBERON:0001046 UBERON:FBbt_00005384-FMA_45618-MA_0001527-XAO_0000104 VHOG:0000459 XAO:0000104 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray472.png/200px-Gray472.png ncithesaurus:Hindgut uberon Wikipedia Posterior subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. Wikipedia:Hindgut neural glomerulus FBbt:00005386 NIF_Subcellular:sao587858733 Roundish subunit structure of synaptic neuropil, often ensheathed by glial lamellae and reflecting the terminal arborization domain(s) of one or more neurons[FBbt]. Large synaptic bouton found in areas like olfactory bulb, cerebellar cortex and thalamus, that contacts many post-synaptic targets[NIF]. UBERON:0001047 UBERON:FBbt_00005386 glomerulus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1130.svg/200px-Gray1130.svg.png isa or partof neuropil? TODO. Add to GO? ncithesaurus:Glomerulus uberon Roundish subunit structure of synaptic neuropil, often ensheathed by glial lamellae and reflecting the terminal arborization domain(s) of one or more neurons[FBbt]. Large synaptic bouton found in areas like olfactory bulb, cerebellar cortex and thalamus, that contacts many post-synaptic targets[NIF]. http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/SAO/images/glomerulus_sw_512x512.jpg http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html primordium AEO:0000171 BTO:0001886 EFO:0001652 EHDAA2:0003171 FBbt:00005495 FMA:86589 MAT:0000482 Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt]. An embryonic structure that is the rudiment or commencement of a part or organ. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001048 UBERON:FBbt_00005495-FMA_86589-XAO_0003043 XAO:0003043 bud ncithesaurus:Primordium placode rudiment uberon EHDAA2 BTO:0001886 FB:DJS FB:FBrf0089570 FB:FBrf0178740 Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt]. An embryonic structure that is the rudiment or commencement of a part or organ. Wikipedia:Primordium FBbt:00005495 placode neural tube AAO:0010617 BTO:0001057 EHDAA2:0001255 EHDAA:2869 EHDAA:908 EMAPA:16164 EMAPA:16530 EMAPA:16757 In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. MAT:0000069 MIAA:0000069 SCTID:362852000 TAO:0001135 The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium[GO:0021915] UBERON:0001049 UBERON:FBbt_00005554-MIAA_0000069-ZFA_0001135 VHOG:0000307 XAO:0003204 ZFA:0001135 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png ncithesaurus:Neural_Tube presumptive central nervous system uberon GO definitional In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Neural_tube atrium Anatomical chamber. Examples: right atrium of heart, atrium of middle nasal meatus, atrium of tympanic cavity, atrium of alveolus. FMA:85574 UBERON:0001050 UBERON:0002081 UBERON:FBbt_00005615-FMA_85574-ZFA_0000471 obsoleted because 'atrium' as a general grouping class that encompasses the cardiac atrium and atrium of alveolus atrium is of questionable value. Furthermore, the use of the term 'atrium' in the generic sense is misleading, as this is commonly used to refer specifically to the cardiac atrium true uberon Anatomical chamber. Examples: right atrium of heart, atrium of middle nasal meatus, atrium of tympanic cavity, atrium of alveolus. FMA:85574 hypopharynx BTO:0001740 Bottom part of the pharynx, and is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. EFO:0001388 EHDAA2:0004574 EV:0100068 FMA:54880 GAID:338 MA:0001796 MESH:A.03.867.490 OpenCyc:Mx4rvq5O0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281490009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001051 UBERON:FBbt_00005751-FMA_54880-MA_0001796 VHOG:0000445 laryngeal pharynx laryngopharynx ncithesaurus:Hypopharynx pars laryngea pharyngis uberon FMA:54877 laryngeal pharynx Bottom part of the pharynx, and is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. Wikipedia:Hypopharynx BTO:0001740 pars laryngea pharyngis FMA:54877 laryngopharynx rectum AAO:0010401 BTO:0001158 EFO:0000848 EHDAA2:0001592 EHDAA:5836 EMAPA:17896 EMAPA:18925 EV:0100081 FMA:14544 GAID:311 In the lungfish, sharks and rays the rectum opens into the cloaca which also receives wastes (urine) from the kidneys and material from the reproductive organs. In bony fish the rectum reaches the outside environment through the anus, which is normally situated just in front the urinary and reproductive openings. However in some fish the digestive tract may be curled back on itself, and in the Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) the anus is situated in the fish's throat. MA:0000336 MAT:0000050 MESH:A.03.492.411.495.767 MIAA:0000050 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjaU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181261002 UBERON:0001052 UBERON:FBbt_00005756-FMA_14544-MA_0000336-MIAA_0000050-WBbt_0005773-XAO_0000238 VHOG:0000427 WBbt:0005773 XAO:0000238 galen:Rectum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anorectum.gif/200px-Anorectum.gif intestinum rectum ncithesaurus:Rectum rectal sac the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus[WP]. uberon BTO:0001158 intestinum rectum FMA BTO:0001158 Wikipedia:Rectum the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus[WP]. Wikipedia FMA MA neurohemal organ BTO:0002106 EFO:0000864 FBbt:00005757 MAT:0000212 MIAA:0000212 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001053 UBERON:FBbt_00005757-MIAA_0000212 neurohaemal organ uberon Malpighian tubule BTO:0000810 EFO:0000243 Editor note: this will be ceded to the Arthropod Anatomy Ontology FBbt:00001896 FBbt:00005786 GAID:1228 MAT:0000123 MESH:A.13.574 MIAA:0000123 Malphigian tube SCTID:41055008 TADS:0000163 TGMA:0001038 The most important structure of the insect's excretory organ, which may comprise cystiform or labyrinthine highly versatile tubules having their outlet into the inital section of the rectum[FBbt]. Any of a group of long blind vessels opening into the posterior part of the alimentary canal in most insects and some other arthropods and functioning primarily as excretory organs[BTO]. UBERON:0001054 UBERON:FBbt_00005786-MIAA_0000123 tuba Malpighii uberon BTO:0000810 tuba Malpighii ISBN:3110148986 The most important structure of the insect's excretory organ, which may comprise cystiform or labyrinthine highly versatile tubules having their outlet into the inital section of the rectum[FBbt]. Any of a group of long blind vessels opening into the posterior part of the alimentary canal in most insects and some other arthropods and functioning primarily as excretory organs[BTO]. Wikipedia:Malpighian_tubule BTO:0000810 Malphigian tube GO ureter UBERON:0000056 UBERON:0000057 UBERON:0001055 UBERON:FBbt_00005793-FMA_19667-FMA_9704-MA_0000378-MA_0000379-MIAA_0000120-MIAA_0000121-WBbt_0004540-WBbt_0005777-XAO_0000144-XAO_0000153 the tube that conducts the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. true uberon MP:0000534 the tube that conducts the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. corpus cardiacum BTO:0000432 EFO:0000380 FBbt:00005799 MAT:0000211 MIAA:0000211 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001056 UBERON:FBbt_00005799-MIAA_0000211 corpora cardiaca uberon BTO:0000432 corpora cardiaca corpus allatum A neurosecretory organ forming part of the retrocerebral complex. BTO:0000291 EFO:0000379 FBbt:00005800 MAT:0000210 MESH:A.08.713.100 MIAA:0000210 UBERON:0001057 UBERON:FBbt_00005800-MIAA_0000210 corpora allata todo - move to arthropod ontology uberon BTO:0000291 corpora allata A neurosecretory organ forming part of the retrocerebral complex. http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html mushroom body BTO:0002675 EFO:0000925 FBbt:00005801 GAID:1231 MAT:0000336 MESH:A.13.641 MIAA:0000336 Paired neuropils, thought to be crucial to olfactory associative learning and memory. Mushroom body neuropils are divided into calyces, pedunculus, and its subsequent lobes. In Drosophila these are the alpha, beta, and gamma lobes. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001058 UBERON:FBbt_00005801-MIAA_0000336 uberon Paired neuropils, thought to be crucial to olfactory associative learning and memory. Mushroom body neuropils are divided into calyces, pedunculus, and its subsequent lobes. In Drosophila these are the alpha, beta, and gamma lobes. Wikipedia:Mushroom_body http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html pars intercerebralis EFO:0000926 FBbt:00005802 MAT:0000337 MIAA:0000337 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001059 UBERON:FBbt_00005802-MIAA_0000337 a neurosecretory center of the insect brain, located along the anterior midline[wiktionary]. A medial cleft or depression dividing the left and right protocerebrum and containing numerous large and small somata of neurosecretory and neuromodulatory neurons[FBbt]. uberon a neurosecretory center of the insect brain, located along the anterior midline[wiktionary]. A medial cleft or depression dividing the left and right protocerebrum and containing numerous large and small somata of neurosecretory and neuromodulatory neurons[FBbt]. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pars_intercerebralis http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html anatomical entity AEO:0000000 BILA:0000000 Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. CARO:0000000 EHDAA2:0002229 FBbt_root:00000000 FMA:62955 HAO:0000000 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_6 TAO:0100000 TGMA:0001822 UBERON:0001062 UBERON:FBbt_root_00000000-FMA_62955 ZFA:0100000 uberon Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. CARO:MAH FMA:62955 flocculus ABA:FL FMA:83881 MA:0000992 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1329 Note that flocculus is an exact label for two distinct classes in NIF SCTID:30711003 UBERON:0001063 UBERON:Flocculus-MA_0000992 a small lobe of the cerebellum at the posterior border of the middle cerebellar peduncle anterior to the biventer lobule[WP]. hemispheric lobule X uberon ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081213 hemispheric lobule X ABA ABA ABA Wikipedia:Flocculus_(cerebellar) a small lobe of the cerebellum at the posterior border of the middle cerebellar peduncle anterior to the biventer lobule[WP]. main pancreatic duct BTO:0002362 EHDAA:6905 EMAPA:17510 EMAPA:18821 FMA:16003 GAID:337 MA:0000126 MESH:A.03.734.667 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002177 SCTID:245385001 UBERON:0001064 UBERON:0005627 UBERON:FMA_10419-MA_0000124-ZFA_0001372 VHOG:0000256 a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. canal of Wirsung chief pancreatic duct duct of Wirsung hepaticopancreatic duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gray1100.png/200px-Gray1100.png ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Duct pancreatic duct uberon ventral pancreatic duct Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct duct of Wirsung MA:0000126 ventral pancreatic duct MESH:A.03.734.667 pancreatic duct Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. FMA:16003 chief pancreatic duct BTO:0002362 canal of Wirsung FMA BTO:0002362 hepaticopancreatic duct parotid duct BTO:0004554 FMA:10420 MA:0002697 SCTID:362175009 Stensen's duct Stensens's duct The parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, is the route that saliva takes from the parotid gland into the mouth. It passes through the buccal fat, buccopharyngeal fascia, and buccinator muscle then opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the upper second molar tooth. The buccinator acts as a valve that prevents inflation of the duct during blowing. Running along with the duct superiorly is the transverse facial artery and upper buccal nerve; running along with the duct inferiorly is the lower buccal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001065 UBERON:FMA_10420-MA_0002697 duct of parotid duct of parotid gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gray1023.png/200px-Gray1023.png ncithesaurus:Parotid_Duct parotid gland duct stenon duct uberon The parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, is the route that saliva takes from the parotid gland into the mouth. It passes through the buccal fat, buccopharyngeal fascia, and buccinator muscle then opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the upper second molar tooth. The buccinator acts as a valve that prevents inflation of the duct during blowing. Running along with the duct superiorly is the transverse facial artery and upper buccal nerve; running along with the duct inferiorly is the lower buccal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Parotid_duct OBOL:automatic parotid gland duct OBOL:automatic duct of parotid intervertebral disk BTO:0003625 EFO:0001370 FMA:10446 GAID:105 MA:0000110 MESH:A.02.165.410 OpenCyc:Mx4rv11AcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244570000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001066 UBERON:FMA_10446-MA_0000110 cartiliginous organ that lies between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a cartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together[WP]. discus intervertebralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray301.png/200px-Gray301.png intervertebral disc intervertebral fibrocartilage ncithesaurus:Intervertebral_Disc spinal disc spinal disk uberon Wikipedia:Intervertebral_disk cartiliginous organ that lies between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a cartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together[WP]. Wikipedia:Spinal_disc spinal disc FMA:10446 FMA:TA discus intervertebralis BTO:0003625 intervertebral fibrocartilage BTO:0003625 spinal disk vertebral arch joint FMA:10447 GAID:275 MA:0001513 MESH:A.02.835.583.979 OpenCyc:Mx4rvorHEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:89836005 UBERON:0001067 UBERON:FMA_10447-MA_0001513 a synovial joint between the superior articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment[WP]. facet joint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gray90.png/200px-Gray90.png joint of vertebral arch joint of vertebral articular process ncithesaurus:Facet_Joint uberon zygapophyseal joint zygapophysial joint Wikipedia:Zygapophysial_joint a synovial joint between the superior articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment[WP]. skin of back A zone of skin that is part of a back [Obol]. FMA:10462 FMA:22985 MA:0000498 SCTID:181492002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001068 UBERON:FMA_10462-MA_0000498 back skin back zone of skin uberon zone of skin of back OBOL:automatic zone of skin of back A zone of skin that is part of a back [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic back zone of skin head of pancreas EHDAA2:0001374 EMAPA:17507 EMAPA:18820 FMA:10468 MA:0000122 SCTID:362201006 The head of pancreas is a portion of the pancreas that is lodged within the curve of the duodenum, and is flattened anteriorly (from before). The other parts of the pancreas are the body and the tail. Its upper border is overlapped by the superior part of the duodenum and its lower overlaps the horizontal part; its right and left borders overlap in front, and insinuate themselves behind, the descending and ascending parts of the duodenum respectively. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001069 UBERON:FMA_10468-MA_0000122 VHOG:0000448 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg/200px-Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Pancreas pancreas head pancreatic head right extremity of pancreas uberon The head of pancreas is a portion of the pancreas that is lodged within the curve of the duodenum, and is flattened anteriorly (from before). The other parts of the pancreas are the body and the tail. Its upper border is overlapped by the superior part of the duodenum and its lower overlaps the horizontal part; its right and left borders overlap in front, and insinuate themselves behind, the descending and ascending parts of the duodenum respectively. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Head_of_pancreas external carotid artery AAO:0010416 BTO:0004696 EFO:0001953 EHDAA2:0000461 EMAPA:18611 FMA:10635 GAID:480 MA:0001929 MESH:A.07.231.114.186.200.210 ORA OpenCyc:Mx4rwVJkPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362044002 TAO:0005022 The opercular artery arises from the hyoid stump on the first aortic arch, then follows the lateral margin of the operculum (gill covering) ventrally to reconnect into the proximal part of the first aortic arch. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al. 2001.</a> This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001070 UBERON:FMA_10635-MA_0001929-XAO_0000345-ZFA_0005022 VHOG:0000265 XAO:0000345 ZFA:0005022 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/External_carotid_a.gif/200px-External_carotid_a.gif ncithesaurus:External_Carotid_Artery opercular artery uberon The opercular artery arises from the hyoid stump on the first aortic arch, then follows the lateral margin of the operculum (gill covering) ventrally to reconnect into the proximal part of the first aortic arch. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al. 2001.</a> Wikipedia:External_carotid_artery ZFIN:curator superficial cervical artery . FMA:10665 MA:0002052 SCTID:161746006 The transverse cervical artery splits into two branches, a superficial one and a deep one[WP] UBERON:0001071 UBERON:FMA_10665-MA_0002052 ncithesaurus:Superficial_Cervical_Artery uberon . Wikipedia:Superficial_cervical_artery inferior vena cava AAO:0011083 BTO:0002682 EHDAA2:0000611 EMAPA:18416 FMA:10951 GAID:548 MA:0000480 MESH:A.07.231.908.949.648 SCTID:181369003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right common iliac vein and the left common iliac vein and terminates in the right atrium. UBERON:0001072 UBERON:FMA_10951-MA_0000480-XAO_0000388 VHOG:0001194 XAO:0000388 galen:InferiorVenaCava http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray577.png/200px-Gray577.png ncithesaurus:Inferior_Vena_Cava posterior vena cava uberon vena cava inferior Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right common iliac vein and the left common iliac vein and terminates in the right atrium. Wikipedia:Inferior_vena_cava BTO:0002682 vena cava inferior Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein ileocecal junction FMA:11338 MA:0000332 SCTID:264021000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001073 UBERON:FMA_11338-MA_0000332 ileocaecal junction uberon pericardial cavity Cavity of serous sac surrounded by serous pericardium.[FMA] EHDAA2:0001434 EMAPA:18447 EMAPA:18448 FMA:11350 MA:0000053 SCTID:362027001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001074 UBERON:FMA_11350-MA_0000053 VHOG:0000556 ZFA:0001655 cavity of pericardial sac http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png ncithesaurus:Pericardial_Cavity uberon Cavity of serous sac surrounded by serous pericardium.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity Wikipedia body of vertebra AAO:0000697 FMA:11945 MA:0001457 OpenCyc:Mx4rvXU4VpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361745008 SCTID:362867001 The body is the largest part of a vertebra, and is more or less cylindrical in shape. Its upper and lower surfaces are flattened and rough, and give attachment to the intervertebral fibrocartilages, and each presents a rim around its circumference. In front, the body is convex from side to side and concave from above downward. Behind, it is flat from above downward and slightly concave from side to side. Its anterior surface presents a few small apertures, for the passage of nutrient vessels. On the posterior surface is a single large, irregular aperture, or occasionally more than one, for the exit of the basi-vertebral veins from the body of the vertebra. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001075 UBERON:FMA_11945-MA_0001457 ZFA:0000126 autocentrum centrum centrum of vertebra corpus vertebrae corpus vertebrae (vertebrale) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Corpusvertebrae.png/200px-Corpusvertebrae.png ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Body todo - add subclasses: acoelus, amphicoelus, procoelus, opsithocoelus, heterocoelus; pleurocentrum, intercentrum; todo: add developmental relationships uberon vertebral body vertebral centrum FMA:11945 corpus vertebrae (vertebrale) MA:0001457 vertebral centrum ZFA:0000126 autocentrum Wikipedia:Body_of_vertebra corpus vertebrae The body is the largest part of a vertebra, and is more or less cylindrical in shape. Its upper and lower surfaces are flattened and rough, and give attachment to the intervertebral fibrocartilages, and each presents a rim around its circumference. In front, the body is convex from side to side and concave from above downward. Behind, it is flat from above downward and slightly concave from side to side. Its anterior surface presents a few small apertures, for the passage of nutrient vessels. On the posterior surface is a single large, irregular aperture, or occasionally more than one, for the exit of the basi-vertebral veins from the body of the vertebra. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Body_of_vertebra FMA:11945 vertebral body spinous process of vertebra AAO:0000705 EMAPA:25107 FMA:11948 MA:0001455 SCTID:264259004 The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae (in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus, where they form a sail- or finback. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001076 UBERON:FMA_11948-MA_0001455 ZFA:0001336 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Processusspinosusvertebrae.png/200px-Processusspinosusvertebrae.png neural spine processus spinosus uberon vertebra spinous process The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae (in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus, where they form a sail- or finback. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Processus_spinosus transverse process of vertebra FMA:11949 MA:0001456 SCTID:264238006 The transverse or costal processes of a vertebra, two in number, project one at either side from the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001077 UBERON:FMA_11949-MA_0001456 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Processustransversusvertebrae.PNG/200px-Processustransversusvertebrae.PNG processus transversus transverse process uberon vertebra transverse process The transverse or costal processes of a vertebra, two in number, project one at either side from the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Processus_transversus pedicle of vertebra FMA:11950 MA:0001458 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYdjdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277422007 The pedicles are two short, thick processes, which project backward, one on either side, from the upper part of the body, at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001078 UBERON:FMA_11950-MA_0001458 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pediculusarcusvertebrae.png/200px-Pediculusarcusvertebrae.png pedicle pedicle of vertebral arch pediculus arcus vertebrae uberon vertebral pedicle FMA:TA pediculus arcus vertebrae The pedicles are two short, thick processes, which project backward, one on either side, from the upper part of the body, at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pedicle_of_vertebral_arch FMA:11950 pedicle of vertebral arch FMA:11950 vertebral pedicle superior articular process of vertebra AAO:0000703 FMA:11953 MA:0001452 Paired processes at the cephalic end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially and articulate with the lateroventrally facing facets of the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra. SCTID:42424006 TODO - add distinct classes for hemal vs neural? UBERON:0001079 UBERON:FMA_11953-MA_0001452 ZFA:0001325 cranial articular process of vertebra http://www.informatics.jax.org/cookbook/figures/figure20.shtml neural prezygapophysis neural prezygopophyses prezygapophysis processus articularis superior uberon vertebra cranial articular process ZFA:0001325 neural prezygapophysis ZFA:0001325 neural prezygopophyses AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Paired processes at the cephalic end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially and articulate with the lateroventrally facing facets of the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra. inferior articular process of vertebra AAO:0000702 FMA:11954 MA:0001451 Paired processes at the caudal end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the postzygapophyses face lateroventrally and articulate with the dorsomedially facing facets of the prezygapophyses of the succeeding vertebra. SCTID:30079000 TODO - add distinct classes for hemal vs neural? UBERON:0001080 UBERON:FMA_11954-MA_0001451 ZFA:0000681 caudal articular process of vertebra neural postzygapophysis neural postzygopophysis postzygapophysis processus articularis inferior processus obliquus posterior uberon vertebra caudal articular process AAO:0000702 processus obliquus posterior ZFA:0000681 neural postzygopophysis ZFA:0000681 neural postzygapophysis AAO:LAP Paired processes at the caudal end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the postzygapophyses face lateroventrally and articulate with the dorsomedially facing facets of the prezygapophyses of the succeeding vertebra. endocardium of ventricle Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle. FMA:12148 MA:0000079 SCTID:192172004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001081 UBERON:FMA_12148-MA_0000079-ZFA_0001615 VHOG:0000607 ZFA:0001615 cardiac ventricle endocardium endocardium of cardiac ventricle endocardium of heart ventricle endocardium of lower chamber of heart endocardium of ventricle of heart heart ventricle endocardium lower chamber of heart endocardium uberon ventricle endocardium ventricle of heart endocardium ventricular endocardium Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle. ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle endocardium OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic heart ventricle endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic endocardium of lower chamber of heart epicardium of ventricle FMA:12150 TAO:0005058 The external layer of the ventricle bounding the ventricular myocardium. It is formed by a single layer of mesothelial cells supported by a basal lamina, and imbricated with collagen, fibroblasts, and vascular structures in the subepicardial space. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010912-30'>Hu et al. 2001.</a>. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001082 UBERON:FMA_12150-ZFA_0005058 ZFA:0005058 cardiac ventricle epicardium cardiac ventricle heart epicardium cardiac ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart epicardium of cardiac ventricle epicardium of heart ventricle epicardium of lower chamber of heart epicardium of ventricle of heart heart epicardium of cardiac ventricle heart epicardium of heart ventricle heart epicardium of lower chamber of heart heart epicardium of ventricle of heart heart ventricle epicardium heart ventricle heart epicardium heart ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart lower chamber of heart epicardium lower chamber of heart heart epicardium lower chamber of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart uberon ventricle of heart epicardium ventricle of heart heart epicardium ventricle of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart ventricular epicardium visceral serous pericardium of heart of cardiac ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart of heart ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart of lower chamber of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic heart epicardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart epicardium OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle heart epicardium OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle epicardium OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart heart epicardium OBOL:automatic heart ventricle heart epicardium The external layer of the ventricle bounding the ventricular myocardium. It is formed by a single layer of mesothelial cells supported by a basal lamina, and imbricated with collagen, fibroblasts, and vascular structures in the subepicardial space. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010912-30'>Hu et al. 2001.</a>. ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart heart epicardium OBOL:automatic visceral serous pericardium of heart of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic visceral serous pericardium of heart of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic heart ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart OBOL:automatic epicardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic heart ventricle epicardium OBOL:automatic heart epicardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart OBOL:automatic epicardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic visceral serous pericardium of heart of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic heart epicardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic heart epicardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic epicardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart epicardium OBOL:automatic epicardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic visceral serous pericardium of heart of lower chamber of heart myocardium of ventricle EFO:0003088 FMA:12151 MA:0000082 Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer. SCTID:192084000 TAO:0005061 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001083 UBERON:FMA_12151-MA_0000082-ZFA_0005061 VHOG:0000604 ZFA:0005061 cardiac muscle of cardiac ventricle cardiac muscle of heart ventricle cardiac muscle of lower chamber of heart cardiac muscle of ventricle of heart cardiac ventricle cardiac muscle cardiac ventricle heart muscle cardiac ventricle heart myocardium cardiac ventricle muscle of heart cardiac ventricle myocardium heart muscle of cardiac ventricle heart muscle of heart ventricle heart muscle of lower chamber of heart heart muscle of ventricle of heart heart myocardium of cardiac ventricle heart myocardium of heart ventricle heart myocardium of lower chamber of heart heart myocardium of ventricle of heart heart ventricle cardiac muscle heart ventricle heart muscle heart ventricle heart myocardium heart ventricle muscle of heart heart ventricle myocardium lower chamber of heart cardiac muscle lower chamber of heart heart muscle lower chamber of heart heart myocardium lower chamber of heart muscle of heart lower chamber of heart myocardium muscle of heart of cardiac ventricle muscle of heart of heart ventricle muscle of heart of lower chamber of heart muscle of heart of ventricle of heart myocardium of cardiac ventricle myocardium of heart ventricle myocardium of lower chamber of heart myocardium of ventricle of heart uberon ventricle myocardium ventricle of heart cardiac muscle ventricle of heart heart muscle ventricle of heart heart myocardium ventricle of heart muscle of heart ventricle of heart myocardium ventricular myocardium OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart heart muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle muscle of heart OBOL:automatic myocardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart heart muscle OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic heart ventricle heart muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart muscle of heart OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic myocardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart muscle of heart OBOL:automatic heart muscle of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart heart myocardium OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle heart muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic heart muscle of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic heart ventricle myocardium OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart heart myocardium OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart ventricle cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle myocardium OBOL:automatic heart ventricle heart myocardium Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer. ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic heart ventricle muscle of heart OBOL:automatic heart muscle of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic heart muscle of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic myocardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle heart myocardium OBOL:automatic myocardium of heart ventricle skin of head A zone of skin that is part of a head [Obol]. FMA:12166 FMA:24756 MA:0000582 SCTID:181484006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001084 UBERON:FMA_12166-MA_0000582 adult head zone of skin head skin head zone of skin ncithesaurus:Head_Skin uberon zone of skin of adult head zone of skin of head OBOL:automatic adult head zone of skin OBOL:automatic head zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a head [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of adult head OBOL:automatic zone of skin of head skin of trunk A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Obol]. FMA:12167 FMA:23093 MA:0000517 SCTID:181489001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001085 UBERON:FMA_12167-MA_0000517 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Trunk torso zone of skin trunk skin trunk zone of skin uberon zone of skin of torso zone of skin of trunk OBOL:automatic torso zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of trunk OBOL:automatic zone of skin of torso OBOL:automatic trunk zone of skin articular cartilage BTO:0001572 EFO:0001902 FMA:12264 GAID:101 MA:0000487 MESH:A.02.165.165 SCTID:305026006 TAO:0001670 UBERON:0001086 UBERON:FMA_12264-MA_0000487-ZFA_0001644 ZFA:0001644 cartilago articularis galen:ArticularCartilage ncithesaurus:Articular_Cartilage the bones of a synovial joint are covered by this layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the epiphyses of joint end of bone with a smooth, slippery surface that does not bind them together; articular cartilage functions to absorb shock and reduce friction during movement. uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia:Synovial_joint#Structure the bones of a synovial joint are covered by this layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the epiphyses of joint end of bone with a smooth, slippery surface that does not bind them together; articular cartilage functions to absorb shock and reduce friction during movement. MA BTO pleural fluid BTO:0003080 FMA:12273 MA:0002532 MAT:0000500 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Transudate contained in the pleural cavity.[FMA] UBERON:0001087 UBERON:FMA_12273-MA_0002532 ncithesaurus:Pleural_Fluid uberon FMA:FMA Transudate contained in the pleural cavity.[FMA] Wikipedia:Pleural_fluid urine BTO:0001419 EFO:0001939 ENVO:00002047 Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.[FMA] FMA:12274 GAID:1189 MA:0002545 MAT:0000058 MESH:A.12.207.927 MIAA:0000058 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjGppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001088 UBERON:FMA_12274-MA_0002545-MIAA_0000058 galen:Urine ncithesaurus:Urine uberon Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Urine sweat BTO:0001254 ENVO:02000025 FMA:12275 GAID:1172 MA:0002539 MESH:A.12.200.849 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjJtZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Secretion produced by a sweat gland.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001089 UBERON:FMA_12275-MA_0002539 ncithesaurus:Sweat skin exudate uberon BTO:0001254 skin exudate FMA:FMA Secretion produced by a sweat gland.[FMA] Wikipedia:Sweat synovial fluid BTO:0001339 ENVO:02000039 FMA:12277 GAID:265 MA:0002544 MESH:A.02.835.583.443.800.800 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Transudate contained in the synovial cavity of joints, and in the cavity of tendon sheaths and bursae.[FMA] UBERON:0001090 UBERON:FMA_12277-MA_0002544 ZFA:0005154 galen:SynovialFluid joint fluid ncithesaurus:Synovial_Fluid uberon FMA:FMA Transudate contained in the synovial cavity of joints, and in the cavity of tendon sheaths and bursae.[FMA] Wikipedia:Synovial_fluid calcareous tooth AEO:0000220 BTO:0000397 EFO:0000839 EHDAA2:0004605 EHDAA:8009 EHDAA:8045 EMAPA:17917 EMAPA:17938 EV:0100063 FMA:12516 GAID:1260 MA:0000348 MAT:0000041 MESH:A.14.254.860 MIAA:0000041 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjUEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ with a cavity which consist of dentine surrounded by enamel. Examples: incisor, molar. SCTID:302214001 TAO:0000694 UBERON:0001091 UBERON:FMA_12516-MA_0000348-MIAA_0000041-XAO_0000431-ZFA_0000644-ZFA_0000694 VHOG:0000127 XAO:0000431 ZFA:0000694 ceratobranchial 5 tooth dentine containing tooth http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/200px-Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg ncithesaurus:Tooth tooth uberon vertebrate tooth XAO ZFA Organ with a cavity which consist of dentine surrounded by enamel. Examples: incisor, molar. Wikipedia:Tooth Wikipedia:Tooth_(animal) ZFIN:curator definitional first cervical vertebra . AAO:0000709 Atlas (CI) C1 C1 vertebra EHDAA:10606 FMA:12519 GAID:236 MA:0001421 MESH:A.02.835.232.834.151.213 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001092 UBERON:FMA_12519-MA_0001421 ZFA:0001167 atlas cervical vertebra 1 ncithesaurus:C1_Vertebra uberon . Wikipedia:Atlas_(anatomy) second cervical vertebra C2 C2 vertebra EHDAA:10608 FMA:12520 GAID:237 MA:0001422 MESH:A.02.835.232.834.151.383 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-zaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001093 UBERON:FMA_12520-MA_0001422-ZFA_0000092 ZFA:0001168 axis axis (CII) cervical axis cervical vertebra 2 ncithesaurus:Axis note: not the same as ZFA term 'axis' second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine. uberon vertebra 2 MA:0001422 axis ZFA:0001168 vertebra 2 MA:0001422 cervical vertebra 2 Wikipedia:Axis_(anatomy) second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine. MP:0004608 cervical axis sacral vertebra A vertebra that is part of a sacrum. EMAPA:18336 FMA:12526 MA:0000313 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-ZsXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361773005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001094 UBERON:FMA_12526-XAO_0003078 XAO:0003078 galen:SacralVertebra ncithesaurus:Sacral_Vertebra sacral segment segment of sacrum uberon A vertebra that is part of a sacrum. OBOL:automatic caudal vertebra EMAPA:18374 MA:0000310 OpenCyc:Mx4rv9IEzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000326 UBERON:0001095 UBERON:FMA_12527-XAO_0003079-ZFA_0000326 XAO:0003079 ZFA:0000326 bones in the tails or coccyx of mammals. In zebrafish: Vertebra bearing a hemal arch and spine. The most posterior caudal vertebrae support the caudal fin and are referred to as preural vertebrae. caudal vertebrae tail vertebra uberon caudal vertebrae Wikipedia:Caudal_vertebra ZFIN:curator bones in the tails or coccyx of mammals. In zebrafish: Vertebra bearing a hemal arch and spine. The most posterior caudal vertebrae support the caudal fin and are referred to as preural vertebrae. MA:0000310 tail vertebra wall of esophagus An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. FMA:12611 MA:0002691 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001096 UBERON:FMA_12611-MA_0002691 anatomical wall of esophagus anatomical wall of gullet anatomical wall of oesophagus esophageal wall esophagus anatomical wall esophagus wall gullet anatomical wall gullet wall oesophagus anatomical wall oesophagus wall uberon wall of gullet wall of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet anatomical wall OBOL:automatic esophagus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic oesophagus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of gullet OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus wall OBOL:automatic wall of gullet OBOL:automatic wall of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet wall An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of esophagus axillary lymph node FMA:12771 MA:0000735 SCTID:181759007 The Axillary lymph nodes are of large size, vary from twenty to thirty in number, and may be arranged in the following groups: brachial lymph nodes (or 'lateral') pectoral axillary lymph nodes (or 'anterior') subscapular axillary lymph nodes (or 'posterior') central lymph nodes apical lymph nodes (or 'medial' or 'subclavicular') [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001097 UBERON:FMA_12771-MA_0000735 axillary node http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gray607.png/200px-Gray607.png ncithesaurus:Axillary_Lymph_Node uberon The Axillary lymph nodes are of large size, vary from twenty to thirty in number, and may be arranged in the following groups: brachial lymph nodes (or 'lateral') pectoral axillary lymph nodes (or 'anterior') subscapular axillary lymph nodes (or 'posterior') central lymph nodes apical lymph nodes (or 'medial' or 'subclavicular') [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Axillary_lymph_node Wikipedia:Axillary_lymph_nodes incisor tooth BTO:0001741 EHDAA:8011 EHDAA:8047 FMA:12823 GAID:1263 Humans normally have eight (8) incisors; Among other animals, some other primates, cats and horses have twelve. Rodents have four, while Foxes have nine. Rabbits and hares (lagomorphs) were once considered rodents, but are distinguished by having eight — one small pair, called 'peg teeth', is located directly behind the most anterior pair. Incisors are used to bite off tough foods, such as red meat Incisors are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and mandible below. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000349 MESH:A.14.254.860.425 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP1ch5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:420856006 UBERON:0001098 UBERON:FMA_12823-MA_0000349 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gray997.png/200px-Gray997.png incisor ncithesaurus:Incisor uberon Incisors are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and mandible below. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Incisor_tooth MA:0000349 incisor subcostal vein FMA:12845 MA:0002222 SCTID:25248001 The subcostal vein is a vein in the human body that runs along the bottom of the twelfth rib. It has the same essential qualities as the posterior intercostal veins, except that it cannot be considered intercostal because it is not between two ribs. Each subcostal vein gives off a posterior (dorsal) branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001099 UBERON:FMA_12845-MA_0002222 ncithesaurus:Subcostal_Vein uberon The subcostal vein is a vein in the human body that runs along the bottom of the twelfth rib. It has the same essential qualities as the posterior intercostal veins, except that it cannot be considered intercostal because it is not between two ribs. Each subcostal vein gives off a posterior (dorsal) branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subcostal_vein pectoralis minor EHDAA2:0001425 EHDAA:8313 EMAPA:18180 FMA:13109 MA:0002355 SCTID:181625002 The Pectoralis minor is a thin, triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the chest, beneath the Pectoralis major. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001100 UBERON:FMA_13109-MA_0002355 VHOG:0000902 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pectoralis_minor.png/200px-Pectoralis_minor.png ncithesaurus:Pectoralis_Minor pectoralis minor muscle uberon The Pectoralis minor is a thin, triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the chest, beneath the Pectoralis major. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pectoralis_minor external jugular vein AAO:0010508 EHDAA2:0000468 EHDAA:9887 EMAPA:17875 FMA:13110 MA:0002156 OpenCyc:Mx4rvrm0c5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181373000 The external jugular vein receives the greater part of the blood from the exterior of the cranium and the deep parts of the face, being formed by the junction of the posterior division of the posterior facial with the posterior auricular vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001101 UBERON:FMA_13110-MA_0002156 XAO:0000379 external jugular external jugular venous tree galen:ExternalJugularVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:External_Jugular_Vein uberon The external jugular vein receives the greater part of the blood from the exterior of the cranium and the deep parts of the face, being formed by the junction of the posterior division of the posterior facial with the posterior auricular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_jugular_vein FMA/obol EHDAA2:0000468 external jugular cartilage of main bronchus A cartilage that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. EMAPA:19092 FMA:13117 MA:0001846 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001102 UBERON:FMA_13117-MA_0001846 bronchus principalis cartilage cartilage of bronchus principalis cartilage of primary bronchus cartilage of principal bronchus cartilaginous ring of main bronchus main bronchial cartilage main bronchus cartilage primary bronchus cartilage principal bronchus cartilage uberon OBOL:automatic cartilage of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic cartilage of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic cartilage of primary bronchus A cartilage that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis cartilage OBOL:automatic primary bronchus cartilage EMAPA:19092 cartilaginous ring of main bronchus OBOL:automatic principal bronchus cartilage diaphragm BTO:0000341 EFO:0000937 EHDAA2:0003495 EMAPA:17701 EV:0100376 FMA:13295 GAID:158 MA:0001904 MAT:0000502 MESH:A.02.633.567.900.300 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVivz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181614006 The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs[GO]. The existence of some membrane separating the pharynx from the stomach can be traced widely among the chordates. Thus amphioxus possesses an atrium by which water exits the pharynx, which has been argued (and disputed) to be homologous to structures in ascidians and hagfishes.[3] The urochordate epicardium separates digestive organs from the pharynx and heart, but the anus returns to the upper compartment to discharge wastes through an outgoing siphon (Thoracic_diaphragm#Comparative_anatomy_and_evolution) UBERON:0001103 UBERON:FMA_13295-MA_0001904 VHOG:0000713 diaphragm muscle midriff ncithesaurus:Diaphragm phren thoracic diaphragm uberon BTO:0000341 midriff definitional GO:0060539 The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs[GO]. Wikipedia:Thoracid_diaphragm BTO:0000341 diaphragm muscle BTO:0000341 phren anterior jugular vein FMA:13318 MA:0002155 SCTID:65478008 The anterior jugular vein begins near the hyoid bone by the confluence of several superficial veins from the submaxillary region. It descends between the median line and the anterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, and, at the lower part of the neck, passes beneath that muscle to open into the termination of the external jugular, or, in some instances, into the subclavian vein. It varies considerably in size, bearing usually an inverse proportion to the external jugular; most frequently there are two anterior jugulars, a right and left; but sometimes only one. Its tributaries are some laryngeal veins, and occasionally a small thyroid vein. Just above the sternum the two anterior jugular veins communicate by a transverse trunk, the venous jugular arch, which receive tributaries from the inferior thyroid veins; each also communicates with the internal jugular. There are no valves in this vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001104 UBERON:FMA_13318-MA_0002155 anterior external jugular vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gray558.png/200px-Gray558.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Jugular_Vein uberon The anterior jugular vein begins near the hyoid bone by the confluence of several superficial veins from the submaxillary region. It descends between the median line and the anterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, and, at the lower part of the neck, passes beneath that muscle to open into the termination of the external jugular, or, in some instances, into the subclavian vein. It varies considerably in size, bearing usually an inverse proportion to the external jugular; most frequently there are two anterior jugulars, a right and left; but sometimes only one. Its tributaries are some laryngeal veins, and occasionally a small thyroid vein. Just above the sternum the two anterior jugular veins communicate by a transverse trunk, the venous jugular arch, which receive tributaries from the inferior thyroid veins; each also communicates with the internal jugular. There are no valves in this vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_jugular_vein FMA/obol clavicle AAO:0000761 EMAPA:18721 FMA:13321 GAID:182 In human anatomy, the clavicle or collar bone is classified as a flat bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle. It receives its name from the Latin clavicula ('little key') because the bone rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is abducted. This movement is palpable. In some people, particularly females who may have less fat in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible as it creates a bulge in the skin. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001329 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.227 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjijZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181910004 The clavicle first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it is associated with the pectoral fin; they also have a bone called the cleithrum. In such fish, the paired clavicles run behind and below the gills on each side, and are joined by a solid symphysis on the fish's underside. They are, however, absent in cartilagenous fish and in the vast majority of living bony fish, including all of the teleosts[ISBN 0-03-910284-X] Note that FMA and MA differ in whether they consider this part of the shoulder UBERON:0001105 UBERON:FMA_13321-MA_0001329 VHOG:0000849 collar bone galen:Clavicle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg/200px-Pectoral_girdles-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Clavicle uberon FMA In human anatomy, the clavicle or collar bone is classified as a flat bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle. It receives its name from the Latin clavicula ('little key') because the bone rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is abducted. This movement is palpable. In some people, particularly females who may have less fat in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible as it creates a bulge in the skin. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Clavicle MA MA FMA cephalic vein EMAPA:25075 FMA:13324 In human anatomy, the cephalic vein is a superficial vein of the upper limb. It is also called the antecubital vein. It communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle. Superiorly the cephalic vein passes between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and through the deltopectoral triangle, where it empties into the axillary vein. It is often visible through the skin, and its location in the deltopectoral groove is fairly consistent, making this site a good candidate for cannulation. It is often referred to as the 'House-man's Friend' for this reason and is generally a good place for cannulaton when a large bore cannula needs to be sited. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002092 OpenCyc:Mx4rwTpbQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181391005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001106 UBERON:FMA_13324-MA_0002092 cephalic vein of forearm galen:CephalicVein ncithesaurus:Cephalic_Vein uberon vena cephalica antebrachii FMA/obol In human anatomy, the cephalic vein is a superficial vein of the upper limb. It is also called the antecubital vein. It communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle. Superiorly the cephalic vein passes between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and through the deltopectoral triangle, where it empties into the axillary vein. It is often visible through the skin, and its location in the deltopectoral groove is fairly consistent, making this site a good candidate for cannulation. It is often referred to as the 'House-man's Friend' for this reason and is generally a good place for cannulaton when a large bore cannula needs to be sited. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cephalic_vein FMA/obol FMA:13324 FMA:TA vena cephalica antebrachii sternohyoid EMAPA:19271 FMA:13341 MA:0002383 The sternohyoid muscle is a thin, narrow muscle attaching the hyoid bone to the sternum, one of the paired strap muscles of the infrahyoid muscles serving to depress the hyoid bone. It is innervated by the ansa cervicalis. The muscle arises from the posterior border of the medial end of the clavicle, the posterior sternoclavicular ligament, and the upper and posterior part of the manubrium sterni. Passing upward and medially, it is inserted by short tendinous fibers into the lower border of the body of the hyoid bone. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001107 UBERON:FMA_13341-MA_0002383-ZFA_0000283 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG/200px-Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG ncithesaurus:Sternohyoid sternohyoidei sternohyoideus sternohyoidoid muscle todo - add taxon restriction uberon Wikipedia:Sternohyoid_muscle sternohyoidei The sternohyoid muscle is a thin, narrow muscle attaching the hyoid bone to the sternum, one of the paired strap muscles of the infrahyoid muscles serving to depress the hyoid bone. It is innervated by the ansa cervicalis. The muscle arises from the posterior border of the medial end of the clavicle, the posterior sternoclavicular ligament, and the upper and posterior part of the manubrium sterni. Passing upward and medially, it is inserted by short tendinous fibers into the lower border of the body of the hyoid bone. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sternohyoid FMA Wikipedia:Sternohyoid_muscle sternohyoidoid muscle Wikipedia:Sternohyoid_muscle sternohyoideus omohyoid FMA:13342 MA:0002348 The omohyoid muscle is a muscle at the front of the neck that consists of two bellies separated by an intermediate tendon. It belongs to the group of infrahyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001108 UBERON:FMA_13342-MA_0002348 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gray1210.png/200px-Gray1210.png ncithesaurus:Omohyoid uberon The omohyoid muscle is a muscle at the front of the neck that consists of two bellies separated by an intermediate tendon. It belongs to the group of infrahyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Omohyoid FMA sternothyroid EMAPA:19272 FMA:13343 MA:0002386 The Sternothyreoideus (or Sternothyroid muscle) is shorter and wider than the Sternohyoideus, beneath which it is situated. It arises from the posterior surface of the manubrium sterni, below the origin of the Sternohyoideus, and from the edge of the cartilage of the first rib, and sometimes that of the second rib, it is inserted into the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage. This muscle is in close contact with its fellow at the lower part of the neck, but diverges somewhat as it ascends; it is occasionally traversed by a transverse or oblique tendinous inscription. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001109 UBERON:FMA_13343-MA_0002386 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sternothyroideus.png/200px-Sternothyroideus.png ncithesaurus:Sternothyroid uberon The Sternothyreoideus (or Sternothyroid muscle) is shorter and wider than the Sternohyoideus, beneath which it is situated. It arises from the posterior surface of the manubrium sterni, below the origin of the Sternohyoideus, and from the edge of the cartilage of the first rib, and sometimes that of the second rib, it is inserted into the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage. This muscle is in close contact with its fellow at the lower part of the neck, but diverges somewhat as it ascends; it is occasionally traversed by a transverse or oblique tendinous inscription. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sternothyroid FMA thyrohyoid EMAPA:19273 EMAPA:25143 FMA:13344 MA:0002393 The Thyrohyoid muscle is a small, quadrilateral muscle appearing like an upward continuation of the Sternothyreoideus. It belongs to the infrahyoid muscles group. It arises from the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage, and is inserted into the lower border of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001110 UBERON:FMA_13344-MA_0002393 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thyrohyoid_muscle.PNG/200px-Thyrohyoid_muscle.PNG ncithesaurus:Thyrohyoid uberon FMA The Thyrohyoid muscle is a small, quadrilateral muscle appearing like an upward continuation of the Sternothyreoideus. It belongs to the infrahyoid muscles group. It arises from the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage, and is inserted into the lower border of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thyrohyoid intercostal muscle EFO:0001368 EHDAA2:0000841 EHDAA:5988 FMA:13354 GAID:159 Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002324 MESH:A.02.633.567.900.500 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQo8QJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181746004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001111 UBERON:FMA_13354-MA_0002324 VHOG:0000903 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray411.png/200px-Gray411.png intercostales ncithesaurus:Intercostal_Muscle uberon Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intercostal_muscle latissimus dorsi EFO:0003067 EHDAA2:0000932 EHDAA:8307 EMAPA:18178 FMA:13357 MA:0002331 The latissimus dorsi is the larger, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm, and partly covered by the trapezius on its median dorsal region. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001112 UBERON:FMA_13357-MA_0002331 VHOG:0000930 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Latissimus_dorsi.png/200px-Latissimus_dorsi.png uberon The latissimus dorsi is the larger, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm, and partly covered by the trapezius on its median dorsal region. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Latissimus_dorsi lobe of liver EMAPA:18306 FMA:13361 MA:0000360 SCTID:245378000 Traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. The falciform ligament is visible on the front (anterior side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe, and a right anatomical lobe. UBERON:0001113 UBERON:FMA_13361-MA_0000360 editor note: some work needs to be done to ensure the child terms of this class have correct isa/partof placement. in MA they are subclasses, in FMA they are parts hepatic lobe liver lobe lobus hepatis ncithesaurus:Liver_Lobe uberon Traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. The falciform ligament is visible on the front (anterior side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe, and a right anatomical lobe. Wikipedia:Liver#Lobes right lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001008 EHDAA:4001 EMAPA:18311 FMA:13362 MA:0000363 SCTID:362182008 The right lobe is much larger than the left; the proportion between them being as six to one. It occupies the right hypochondrium, and is separated from the left lobe on its upper surface by the falciform ligament; on its under and posterior surfaces by the left sagittal fossa; and in front by the umbilical notch. It is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under and posterior surfaces being marked by three fossæ: the porta and the fossæ for the gall-bladder and inferior vena cava, which separate its left part into two smaller lobes; the quadrate and caudate lobes. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001114 UBERON:FMA_13362-MA_0000363 VHOG:0001424 ZFA:0005173 gall bladder lobe http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png liver right lobe ncithesaurus:Right_Lobe_of_the_Liver right liver lobe uberon ZFA:0005173 right liver lobe The right lobe is much larger than the left; the proportion between them being as six to one. It occupies the right hypochondrium, and is separated from the left lobe on its upper surface by the falciform ligament; on its under and posterior surfaces by the left sagittal fossa; and in front by the umbilical notch. It is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under and posterior surfaces being marked by three fossæ: the porta and the fossæ for the gall-bladder and inferior vena cava, which separate its left part into two smaller lobes; the quadrate and caudate lobes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_lobe_of_liver ZFA:0005173 gall bladder lobe left lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001000 EHDAA:3995 EMAPA:18307 FMA:13363 MA:0000361 SCTID:362183003 The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface presents the gastric impression and omental tuberosity. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001115 UBERON:FMA_13363-MA_0000361 VHOG:0001423 ZFA:0005172 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png left liver lobe liver left lobe ncithesaurus:Left_Lobe_of_the_Liver uberon The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface presents the gastric impression and omental tuberosity. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_lobe_of_liver quadrate lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001012 EHDAA:8082 EMAPA:18318 FMA:13364 MA:0000365 SCTID:279929003 The quadrate lobe is an area of the liver situated on the under surface of the right lobe, bounded in front by the anterior margin of the liver; behind by the porta hepatis; on the right, by the fossa for the gall-bladder; and on the left, by the fossa for the umbilical vein. It is oblong in shape, its antero-posterior diameter being greater than its transverse. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001116 UBERON:FMA_13364-MA_0000365 VHOG:0000509 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png liver quadrate lobe lobus quadratus ncithesaurus:Lobus_Quadratus uberon The quadrate lobe is an area of the liver situated on the under surface of the right lobe, bounded in front by the anterior margin of the liver; behind by the porta hepatis; on the right, by the fossa for the gall-bladder; and on the left, by the fossa for the umbilical vein. It is oblong in shape, its antero-posterior diameter being greater than its transverse. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Quadrate_lobe_of_liver caudate lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001005 EHDAA:6990 EMAPA:18313 FMA:13365 MA:0000364 SCTID:362184009 The caudate lobe (posterior hepatic segment I, Spigelian lobe) is situated upon the postero-superior surface of the liver on the right lobe of the liver, opposite the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae. It is bounded on the left side by the physiological division of the liver called the ligamentum venosum. It is bounded, below, by the porta; on the right, by the fossa for the inferior vena cava; and, on the left, by the fossa for the ductus venosus. It looks backward, being nearly vertical in position; it is longer from above downward than from side to side, and is somewhat concave in the transverse direction. The caudate process is a small elevation of the hepatic substance extending obliquely and laterally, from the lower extremity of the caudate lobe to the under surface of the right lobe. It is situated behind the porta, and separates the fossa for the gall-bladder from the commencement of the fossa for the inferior vena cava. Budd-Chiari syndrome, caused by occlusion of hepatic venous outflow, can lead to hypertrophy of the caudate lobe due to its own caval anastomosis that allows for continued function of this lobe of the liver. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001117 UBERON:FMA_13365-MA_0000364 VHOG:0000508 couinaud hepatic segment i hepatovenous segment i http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png liver caudate lobe liver caudate process lobus caudatus ncithesaurus:Lobus_Caudatus pars posterior hepatis posterior hepatic segment i posterior liver posterior part of liver segment i of liver segmentum hepatis i spiegelian lobe spigel lobe uberon FMA:13365 couinaud hepatic segment i FMA:13365 FMA:TA pars posterior hepatis FMA:13365 FMA:TA segmentum hepatis i The caudate lobe (posterior hepatic segment I, Spigelian lobe) is situated upon the postero-superior surface of the liver on the right lobe of the liver, opposite the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae. It is bounded on the left side by the physiological division of the liver called the ligamentum venosum. It is bounded, below, by the porta; on the right, by the fossa for the inferior vena cava; and, on the left, by the fossa for the ductus venosus. It looks backward, being nearly vertical in position; it is longer from above downward than from side to side, and is somewhat concave in the transverse direction. The caudate process is a small elevation of the hepatic substance extending obliquely and laterally, from the lower extremity of the caudate lobe to the under surface of the right lobe. It is situated behind the porta, and separates the fossa for the gall-bladder from the commencement of the fossa for the inferior vena cava. Budd-Chiari syndrome, caused by occlusion of hepatic venous outflow, can lead to hypertrophy of the caudate lobe due to its own caval anastomosis that allows for continued function of this lobe of the liver. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Caudate_lobe_of_liver lobe of thyroid gland EHDAA2:0002032 EMAPA:18196 EMAPA:18830 FMA:13367 MA:0000131 SCTID:245537001 The lobes of the thyroid gland are conical in shape, the apex of each being directed upward and lateralward as far as the junction of the middle with the lower third of the thyroid cartilage; the base looks downward, and is on a level with the fifth or sixth tracheal ring. Each lobe is about 5 cm. long; its greatest width is about 3 cm. , and its thickness about 2 cm. The lateral or superficial surface is convex, and covered by the skin, the superficial and deep fasciæ, the Sternocleidomastoideus, the superior belly of the Omohyoideus, the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus, and beneath the last muscle by the pretracheal layer of the deep fascia, which forms a capsule for the gland. The deep or medial surface is moulded over the underlying structures, viz. , the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, the trachea, the Constrictor pharyngis inferior and posterior part of the Cricothyreoideus, the esophagus (particularly on the left side of the neck), the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and the recurrent nerves. The anterior border is thin, and inclines obliquely from above downward toward the middle line of the neck, while the posterior border is thick and overlaps the common carotid artery, and, as a rule, the parathyroids. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001118 UBERON:FMA_13367-MA_0000131 VHOG:0000732 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray1174.png/200px-Gray1174.png lobus (glandula thyroidea) ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Gland_Lobe thyroid gland lobe thyroid lobe uberon The lobes of the thyroid gland are conical in shape, the apex of each being directed upward and lateralward as far as the junction of the middle with the lower third of the thyroid cartilage; the base looks downward, and is on a level with the fifth or sixth tracheal ring. Each lobe is about 5 cm. long; its greatest width is about 3 cm. , and its thickness about 2 cm. The lateral or superficial surface is convex, and covered by the skin, the superficial and deep fasciæ, the Sternocleidomastoideus, the superior belly of the Omohyoideus, the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus, and beneath the last muscle by the pretracheal layer of the deep fascia, which forms a capsule for the gland. The deep or medial surface is moulded over the underlying structures, viz. , the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, the trachea, the Constrictor pharyngis inferior and posterior part of the Cricothyreoideus, the esophagus (particularly on the left side of the neck), the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and the recurrent nerves. The anterior border is thin, and inclines obliquely from above downward toward the middle line of the neck, while the posterior border is thick and overlaps the common carotid artery, and, as a rule, the parathyroids. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lobes_of_thyroid_gland right lobe of thyroid gland EHDAA2:0001759 FMA:13368 MA:0000729 SCTID:170482008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001119 UBERON:FMA_13368-MA_0000729 VHOG:0000733 lobus dexter (glandula thyroidea) ncithesaurus:Right_Thyroid_Gland_Lobe right thyroid lobe thyroid gland right lobe uberon left lobe of thyroid gland EHDAA2:0000965 FMA:13369 MA:0000728 SCTID:170784008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001120 UBERON:FMA_13369-MA_0000728 VHOG:0000734 left thyroid lobe lobus sinister (glandula thyroidea) ncithesaurus:Left_Thyroid_Gland_Lobe thyroid gland left lobe uberon longus colli FMA:13370 MA:0002341 SCTID:244836009 The Longus colli muscle is a muscle of the human body. The Longus colli is situated on the anterior surface of the vertebral column, between the atlas and the third thoracic vertebra. It is broad in the middle, narrow and pointed at either end, and consists of three portions, a superior oblique, an inferior oblique, and a vertical. The superior oblique portion arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebræ and, ascending obliquely with a medial inclination, is inserted by a narrow tendon into the tubercle on the anterior arch of the atlas. The inferior oblique portion, the smallest part of the muscle, arises from the front of the bodies of the first two or three thoracic vertebræ; and, ascending obliquely in a lateral direction, is inserted into the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the fifth and sixth cervical vertebræ. The vertical portion arises, below, from the front of the bodies of the upper three thoracic and lower three cervical vertebræ, and is inserted into the front of the bodies of the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebræ. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001121 UBERON:FMA_13370-MA_0002341 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Longus_colli.png/200px-Longus_colli.png longi colli longus colli muscle ncithesaurus:Longus_Colli uberon The Longus colli muscle is a muscle of the human body. The Longus colli is situated on the anterior surface of the vertebral column, between the atlas and the third thoracic vertebra. It is broad in the middle, narrow and pointed at either end, and consists of three portions, a superior oblique, an inferior oblique, and a vertical. The superior oblique portion arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebræ and, ascending obliquely with a medial inclination, is inserted by a narrow tendon into the tubercle on the anterior arch of the atlas. The inferior oblique portion, the smallest part of the muscle, arises from the front of the bodies of the first two or three thoracic vertebræ; and, ascending obliquely in a lateral direction, is inserted into the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the fifth and sixth cervical vertebræ. The vertical portion arises, below, from the front of the bodies of the upper three thoracic and lower three cervical vertebræ, and is inserted into the front of the bodies of the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebræ. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longus_colli Wikipedia:Longus_colli_muscle longus colli muscle FMA Wikipedia:Longus_colli_muscle longi colli scalenus medius FMA:13386 MA:0002370 The Scalenus medius, the largest and longest of the three scalene muscles, arises from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower six cervical vertebræ. It descendes along the side of the vertebral column to insert by a broad attachment into the upper surface of the first rib, between the tubercle and the subclavian groove. The brachial plexus and the subclavian artery pass anterior to it. Because it elevates the upper ribs, the middle scalene muscle is also one of the accessory muscles of respiration. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001122 UBERON:FMA_13386-MA_0002370 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scalenus_medius.png/200px-Scalenus_medius.png medial scalene muscle middle scalene musculus scalenus medius ncithesaurus:Scalenus_Medius uberon FMA:13386 FMA:TA musculus scalenus medius The Scalenus medius, the largest and longest of the three scalene muscles, arises from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower six cervical vertebræ. It descendes along the side of the vertebral column to insert by a broad attachment into the upper surface of the first rib, between the tubercle and the subclavian groove. The brachial plexus and the subclavian artery pass anterior to it. Because it elevates the upper ribs, the middle scalene muscle is also one of the accessory muscles of respiration. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scalenus_medius scalenus posterior FMA:13387 MA:0002369 The Scalenus posterior (Scalenus posticus), the smallest and most deeply seated of the three Scaleni, arises, by two or three separate tendons, from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower two or three cervical vertebræ, and is inserted by a thin tendon into the outer surface of the second rib, behind the attachment of the Serratus anterior. It is occasionally blended with the Scalenus medius. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001123 UBERON:FMA_13387-MA_0002369 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Scalenus_posterior.png/200px-Scalenus_posterior.png musculus scalenus posterior ncithesaurus:Scalenus_Dorsalis posterior scalene posterior scalene muscle scalenus dorsalis uberon FMA:13387 FMA:TA musculus scalenus posterior The Scalenus posterior (Scalenus posticus), the smallest and most deeply seated of the three Scaleni, arises, by two or three separate tendons, from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower two or three cervical vertebræ, and is inserted by a thin tendon into the outer surface of the second rib, behind the attachment of the Serratus anterior. It is occasionally blended with the Scalenus medius. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scalenus_posterior tetrapod scapula AAO:0000751 BTO:0001218 EFO:0001400 EMAPA:18722 FMA:13394 GAID:186 In human anatomy, the scapula, omo (Medical Latin), or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). The scapula forms the posterior (back) located part of the shoulder girdle. In humans, it is a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape, placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001330 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVji0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001124 UBERON:FMA_13394-MA_0001330-ZFA_0000583 VHOG:0001398 galen:Scapula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg/200px-Pectoral_girdles-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Scapula present in all tetrapods with even vestiges of anterior limbs, e.g., turtles & birds & mammals scapula bone shoulder blade uberon BTO:0001218 scapula bone OG FMA In human anatomy, the scapula, omo (Medical Latin), or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). The scapula forms the posterior (back) located part of the shoulder girdle. In humans, it is a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape, placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scapula serratus anterior Boxer's muscle EHDAA2:0001832 EHDAA:9463 EMAPA:18525 FMA:13397 MA:0002378 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWn_D5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181748003 The serratus anterior is a muscle that originates on the surface of the upper eight or nine ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001125 UBERON:FMA_13397-MA_0002378 VHOG:0000679 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Serratus_anterior.png/200px-Serratus_anterior.png ncithesaurus:Serratus_Ventralis serratus anterior muscle serratus ventralis uberon The serratus anterior is a muscle that originates on the surface of the upper eight or nine ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Serratus_anterior serratus posterior superior FMA:13401 MA:0002377 SCTID:244935007 The Serratus posterior superior is a thin, quadrilateral muscle, situated at the upper and back part of the thorax. It arises by a thin and broad aponeurosis from the lower part of the ligamentum nuchae, from the spinous processes of the seventh cervical and upper two or three thoracic vertebræ and from the supraspinal ligament. Inclining downward and lateralward it becomes muscular, and is inserted, by four fleshy digitations, into the upper borders of the second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs, a little beyond their angles. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001126 UBERON:FMA_13401-MA_0002377 ncithesaurus:Serratus_Dorsalis_Cranialis serratus dorsalis cranialis superior serratus posterior uberon The Serratus posterior superior is a thin, quadrilateral muscle, situated at the upper and back part of the thorax. It arises by a thin and broad aponeurosis from the lower part of the ligamentum nuchae, from the spinous processes of the seventh cervical and upper two or three thoracic vertebræ and from the supraspinal ligament. Inclining downward and lateralward it becomes muscular, and is inserted, by four fleshy digitations, into the upper borders of the second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs, a little beyond their angles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Serratus_posterior_superior serratus posterior inferior FMA:13402 MA:0002376 SCTID:244936008 The Serratus posterior inferior muscle (or posterior serratus) is a muscle of the human body. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001127 UBERON:FMA_13402-MA_0002376 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Serratus_posterior.PNG/200px-Serratus_posterior.PNG inferior serratus posterior ncithesaurus:Serratus_Dorsalis_Caudalis serratus dorsalis caudalis uberon The Serratus posterior inferior muscle (or posterior serratus) is a muscle of the human body. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Serratus_posterior_inferior sternocleidomastoid BTO:0005125 EMAPA:25137 FMA:13407 In human anatomy, the sternocleidomastoid muscle, also known as sternomastoid and commonly abbreviated as SCM, is a paired muscle in the superficial layers of the anterior portion of the neck. It acts to flex and rotate the head. It also acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration, along with the scalene muscles of the neck. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002384 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2bMg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181741009 UBERON:0001128 UBERON:FMA_13407-MA_0002384 VHOG:0000853 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gray512.png/200px-Gray512.png ncithesaurus:Sternocleidomastoid_Muscle sternocleidomastoid muscle sternomastoid uberon In human anatomy, the sternocleidomastoid muscle, also known as sternomastoid and commonly abbreviated as SCM, is a paired muscle in the superficial layers of the anterior portion of the neck. It acts to flex and rotate the head. It also acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration, along with the scalene muscles of the neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid BTO:0005125 sternocleidomastoid muscle subscapularis EHDAA2:0001943 EHDAA:8317 EMAPA:18181 FMA:13413 MA:0002388 OpenCyc:Mx4rviCRIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277446000 The Subscapularis is a large triangular muscle which fills the subscapular fossa and inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus and the front of the capsule of the shoulder-joint. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001129 UBERON:FMA_13413-MA_0002388 VHOG:0000850 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray411.png/200px-Gray411.png ncithesaurus:Subscapularis subscapularis muscle uberon The Subscapularis is a large triangular muscle which fills the subscapular fossa and inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus and the front of the capsule of the shoulder-joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subscapularis vertebral column . AAO:0000699 AAO:0000734 BTO:0000818 EFO:0001369 EHDA:10119 EHDAA:2895 EMAPA:16666 FMA:13478 GAID:106 MA:0002416 MESH:A.02.835.232.834 NIF_Subcellular:sao1145756102 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2j-CpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rv6GF55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkFEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:44300000 TAO:0001559 UBERON:0001130 UBERON:FMA_13478-MA_0002416-XAO_0003074-ZFA_0001559 VHOG:0001142 XAO:0003074 ZFA:0001559 backbone columna vertebralis dorsal spine galen:SpinalColumn ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Column spinal column spine uberon vertebral column skeleton AAO:0000699 vertebral column skeleton MESH:A.02.835.232.834 spinal column . Wikipedia:Vertebral_column FMA:13478 backbone BTO:0000818 columna vertebralis FMA:13478 spine BTO:0000818 dorsal spine vertebral foramen AAO:0000729 FMA:13479 In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen formed by the anterior segment, and the posterior part, the vertebral arch. The vertebral foramen begins at cervical vertebrae #1 and continues inferior to lumbar vertebrae #5. Within this foramen the spinal cord and associated meninges are housed. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001454 OpenCyc:Mx4rv_EvQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280734009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001131 UBERON:FMA_13479-MA_0001454 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Foramenvertebrale.png/200px-Foramenvertebrale.png uberon vertebra neural canal In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen formed by the anterior segment, and the posterior part, the vertebral arch. The vertebral foramen begins at cervical vertebrae #1 and continues inferior to lumbar vertebrae #5. Within this foramen the spinal cord and associated meninges are housed. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vertebral_foramen parathyroid gland AAO:0010545 BTO:0000997 Development notes: table 13.1 of Kardong is used to create the taxon-specific developmental relationships here, although some omissions are made for simplicity. Additional notes: Parathyroid glands are found in all adult tetrapods, although they vary in their number, and in their exact position. Mammals typically have four parathyroids, while other groups typically have six. Fish do not possess parathyroid glands, although the ultimobranchial glands, which are found close to the oesophagus, may have a similar function and could even be homologous with the tetrapod parathyroids. Even these glands are absent in the most primitive vertebrates, the jawless fish, but as these species have no bone in their skeletons, only cartilage, it may be that they have less need to regulate calcium metabolism. The conserved homology of genes and calcium-sensing receptors in fish gills with those in the parathryroid glands of birds and mammals is recognized by evolutionary developmental biology as evolution-using genes and gene networks in novel ways to generate new structures with some similar functions and novel functions[WP]. The parathryoid gland is not formed in fish, but is only found in tetrapods. In humans and chick it emerges from pouches 3 and 4, but in mice it is exclusively generated by the third pouch[PMID:16313389] EFO:0000862 EV:0100134 FMA:13890 GAID:452 MA:0000128 MAT:0000082 MESH:A.06.407.560 MIAA:0000082 SCTID:181121007 The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone[GO]. Parathyroid glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones[WP]. UBERON:0001132 UBERON:FMA_13890-MA_0000128-MIAA_0000082-XAO_0000167 VHOG:0001188 XAO:0000167 ncithesaurus:Parathyroid_Gland parathyroid parathyroid secreting cell uberon The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone[GO]. Parathyroid glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones[WP]. Wikipedia:Parathyroid_gland cardiac muscle tissue AAO:0010245 AEO:0000142 BTO:0000199 EHDAA2:0003142 FMA:14068 MA:0002441 Muscle composed of cardiac muscle cells that is part of the heart[ZFA]. involuntary striated muscle found in the walls of the heart, specifically the myocardium[Wikipedia]. Tissue which consists of cardiac myocytes surrounded by cardiac endomysium. Examples: Cardiac muscle tissue proper, conducting tissue of heart[FMA]. UBERON:0001133 UBERON:FMA_14068-MA_0002441 ZFA:0005280 cardiac muscle cardiac muscle muscle tissue cardiac muscle textus muscularis check relationship with myocardium. part_of in MA - but we also have a more specific class 'cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium'. Check ncit galen:CardiacMuscle galen:CardiacMuscleTissue heart muscle muscle tissue heart muscle textus muscularis heart myocardium muscle tissue heart myocardium textus muscularis muscle of heart muscle tissue muscle of heart textus muscularis muscle tissue of cardiac muscle muscle tissue of heart muscle muscle tissue of heart myocardium muscle tissue of muscle of heart muscle tissue of myocardium myocardium muscle tissue myocardium textus muscularis ncithesaurus:Heart_Muscle textus muscularis of cardiac muscle textus muscularis of heart muscle textus muscularis of heart myocardium textus muscularis of muscle of heart textus muscularis of myocardium uberon OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue FMA:14068 Muscle composed of cardiac muscle cells that is part of the heart[ZFA]. involuntary striated muscle found in the walls of the heart, specifically the myocardium[Wikipedia]. Tissue which consists of cardiac myocytes surrounded by cardiac endomysium. Examples: Cardiac muscle tissue proper, conducting tissue of heart[FMA]. OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart ZFA OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis skeletal muscle tissue AAO:0011099 BTO:0001103 EFO:0000888 EHDAA2:0001842 EHDAA:2923 EHDAA:5035 EHDAA:5043 EHDAA:5978 EHDAA:5984 EHDAA:8277 EHDAA:8291 EHDAA:8326 EHDAA:9146 EV:0100377 FMA:14069 GAID:141 MA:0002439 MAT:0000302 MESH:A.02.633.567 MIAA:0000302 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2kf-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:426215008 TODO - add skeletal muscle organ? See GO:0060538 skeletal muscle organ development. Consider FBbt:00005073 - somatic muscle. Tissue which consists of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps, Skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm[FMA]. Striated muscle tissue under control of the somatic nervous system. It is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac and smooth muscle. As its name suggests, most skeletal muscle is attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons. Skeletal muscle is made up of individual components known as muscle fibers. These fibers are formed from the fusion of developmental myoblasts. The myofibers are long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells composed of actin and myosin myofibrils repeated as a sarcomere, the basic functional unit of the cell and responsible for skeletal muscle's striated appearance and forming the basic machinery necessary for muscle contraction. The term muscle refers to multiple bundles of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue[WP]. UBERON:0001134 UBERON:FMA_14069-MA_0002439 VHOG:0000319 XAO:0000174 ZFA:0005277 ncithesaurus:Skeletal_Muscle_Tissue skeletal muscle skeletal muscle organ skeletal muscle system somatic muscle uberon Tissue which consists of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps, Skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm[FMA]. Striated muscle tissue under control of the somatic nervous system. It is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac and smooth muscle. As its name suggests, most skeletal muscle is attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons. Skeletal muscle is made up of individual components known as muscle fibers. These fibers are formed from the fusion of developmental myoblasts. The myofibers are long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells composed of actin and myosin myofibrils repeated as a sarcomere, the basic functional unit of the cell and responsible for skeletal muscle's striated appearance and forming the basic machinery necessary for muscle contraction. The term muscle refers to multiple bundles of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue[WP]. Wikipedia:Skeletal_muscle BTO:0001103 somatic muscle BTO:0001103 skeletal muscle system smooth muscle tissue AAO:0010244 AEO:0000141 BTO:0001260 EFO:0000889 EHDAA2:0003141 EMAPA:18923 EV:0100378 FBbt:00003525 FMA:14070 GAID:167 MA:0000166 MAT:0000303 MESH:A.02.633.570 MIAA:0000303 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvSS3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. Tissue which consists of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Examples: Arrector muscle of hair, Muscularis mucosae. UBERON:0001135 UBERON:FMA_14070-MA_0002440 VHOG:0001246 WBbt:0005781 XAO:0000175 ZFA:0005274 galen:SmoothMuscle galen:SmoothMuscleTissue involuntary muscle ncithesaurus:Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle smooth muscle terminological note: GO uses visceral and smooth interchangeably. However visceral can also be used in the sense of the viscera. Many fly annotations to smooth muscle terms. If we want to be inclusive of insects have to have a general definition of tissue that includes cells. textus muscularis nonstriatus uberon visceral muscle visceral muscle tissue Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. Tissue which consists of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Examples: Arrector muscle of hair, Muscularis mucosae. Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue FMA:14070 FMA:TA textus muscularis nonstriatus visceral muscle tissue visceral muscle mesothelium AEO:0000111 BTO:0002422 EHDAA2:0003111 EHDAA:2331 EHDAA:2339 EHDAA:2349 EHDAA:295 EHDAA:6073 EHDAA:640 EHDAA:646 FMA:14074 MA:0000565 SCTID:361918002 Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001136 UBERON:FMA_14074-MA_0000565 meso-epithelium ncithesaurus:Mesothelium uberon Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). Wikipedia:Mesothelium back BTO:0001713 EFO:0001405 FMA:14181 GAID:30 In humans: large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface opposite to the chest, its height being defined by the vertebral column (commonly referred to as the spine or backbone) and its breadth being supported by the ribcage and shoulders. The spinal canal runs through the spine and provides nerves to the rest of the body[WP]. MA:0000020 MESH:A.01.176 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkEU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001137 UBERON:FMA_14181-MA_0000020 back of body proper back of trunk galen:Back http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/432px-Gray-back.PNG/200px-432px-Gray-back.PNG ncithesaurus:Back uberon In humans: large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface opposite to the chest, its height being defined by the vertebral column (commonly referred to as the spine or backbone) and its breadth being supported by the ribcage and shoulders. The spinal canal runs through the spine and provides nerves to the rest of the body[WP]. Wikipedia:Back FMA:14181 back of body proper MA:0000020 back of trunk superior mesenteric vein BTO:0002783 EHDAA2:0001951 EHDAA:5414 EMAPA:18643 FMA:14332 In anatomy, the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine. At its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, the SMV combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein. The SMV lies to the right of the similarly named artery, the superior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002179 OpenCyc:Mx4rwFjmM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278031001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001138 UBERON:FMA_14332-MA_0002179 VHOG:0000552 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Mesenteric_Vein uberon upper mesenteric vein BTO:0002783 upper mesenteric vein In anatomy, the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine. At its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, the SMV combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein. The SMV lies to the right of the similarly named artery, the superior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_vein Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein common iliac vein EMAPA:17874 FMA:14333 In human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins and together, in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, form the inferior vena cava. They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by common iliac arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002143 OpenCyc:Mx4rv92CGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181398004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001139 UBERON:FMA_14333-MA_0002143 common iliac venous tree galen:CommonIliacVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Iliac_veins.gif/200px-Iliac_veins.gif ncithesaurus:Common_Iliac_Vein uberon In human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins and together, in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, form the inferior vena cava. They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by common iliac arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Common_iliac_vein renal vein BTO:0002681 EHDAA2:0001602 EHDAA:8722 EMAPA:19223 EMAPA:28376 FMA:14334 GAID:544 MA:0002210 MA:0002591 MESH:A.07.231.908.752 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdUXKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:116358006 The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001140 UBERON:FMA_14334-MA_0002210 galen:RenalVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray1122.png/200px-Gray1122.png kidney vein kidney venous blood vessel ncithesaurus:Renal_Vein renal venous tree uberon vein of kidney The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_vein OBOL:automatic kidney vein MA:0002591 kidney venous blood vessel OBOL:automatic vein of kidney right renal vein FMA:14335 MA:0002212 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvdUXKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:116357001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001141 UBERON:FMA_14335-MA_0002212 ncithesaurus:Right_Renal_Vein uberon left renal vein FMA:14336 MA:0002211 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvdUXKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:116356005 The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001142 UBERON:FMA_14336-MA_0002211 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray1122.png/200px-Gray1122.png ncithesaurus:Left_Renal_Vein uberon The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_renal_vein hepatic vein AAO:0010216 EMAPA:19221 FMA:14337 GAID:534 In human anatomy, the hepatic veins are the blood vessels that drain de-oxygenated blood from the liver and blood cleaned by the liver into the inferior vena cava. They arise from the substance of the liver, more specifically the central vein of the liver lobule. None of the hepatic veins have valves. [WP,unvetted]. MESH:A.07.231.908.380 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5GivJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278191001 TAO:0000670 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001143 UBERON:FMA_14337-XAO_0000387-ZFA_0000670 XAO:0000387 ZFA:0000670 galen:HepaticVein hepatic veins http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gray1121.png/200px-Gray1121.png liver vein ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Vein uberon vein of liver vena hepatica Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein OBOL:automatic liver vein OBOL:automatic vein of liver In human anatomy, the hepatic veins are the blood vessels that drain de-oxygenated blood from the liver and blood cleaned by the liver into the inferior vena cava. They arise from the substance of the liver, more specifically the central vein of the liver lobule. None of the hepatic veins have valves. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hepatic_vein testicular vein BTO:0002678 Comment: todo - check testicular vs spermatic vein (MA:0002218) EMAPA:18647 FMA:14344 MA:0002218 MA:0002234 OpenCyc:Mx4rv1WIHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:264496006 The testicular vein (or spermatic vein), the male gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding testis to the inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian vein, and is the venous counterpart of the testicular artery. It is a paired vein, with one supplying each testis: the right testicular vein generally joins the inferior vena cava; the left testicular vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. The veins emerge from the back of the testis, and receive tributaries from the epididymis; they unite and form a convoluted plexus, called the pampiniform plexus, which constitutes the greater mass of the spermatic cord; the vessels composing this plexus are very numerous, and ascend along the cord, in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring, they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins, which ascend on the Psoas major, behind the peritoneum, lying one on either side of the internal spermatic artery. These unite to form a single vein, which opens, on the right side, into the inferior vena cava (at an acute angle), on the left side into the left renal vein (at a right angle). The spermatic veins are provided with valves. The left spermatic vein passes behind the iliac colon and is thus exposed to pressure from the contents of that part of the bowel. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001144 UBERON:FMA_14344-MA_0002234 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gray590.png/200px-Gray590.png male gonadal vein ncithesaurus:Spermatic_Vein spermatic vein testicle vein testicular venous tree uberon vein of testicle vena tesicularis Wikipedia:Testicular_vein male gonadal vein The testicular vein (or spermatic vein), the male gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding testis to the inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian vein, and is the venous counterpart of the testicular artery. It is a paired vein, with one supplying each testis: the right testicular vein generally joins the inferior vena cava; the left testicular vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. The veins emerge from the back of the testis, and receive tributaries from the epididymis; they unite and form a convoluted plexus, called the pampiniform plexus, which constitutes the greater mass of the spermatic cord; the vessels composing this plexus are very numerous, and ascend along the cord, in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring, they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins, which ascend on the Psoas major, behind the peritoneum, lying one on either side of the internal spermatic artery. These unite to form a single vein, which opens, on the right side, into the inferior vena cava (at an acute angle), on the left side into the left renal vein (at a right angle). The spermatic veins are provided with valves. The left spermatic vein passes behind the iliac colon and is thus exposed to pressure from the contents of that part of the bowel. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Testicular_vein https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3220553&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 OBOL:automatic testicle vein Wikipedia:Testicular_vein testicular venous tree OBOL:automatic vein of testicle Wikipedia:Testicular_vein spermatic vein BTO:0002678 vena tesicularis ovarian vein EMAPA:18644 FMA:14346 MA:0002186 OpenCyc:Mx4rvrST5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278193003 The ovarian vein, the female gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. It is the female equivalent of the testicular vein, and is the venous counterpart of the ovarian artery. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. It a paired vein, with one supplying each ovary. The right ovarian vein travels through the suspensatory ligament of the ovary and generally joins the inferior vena cava. The left ovarian vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001145 UBERON:FMA_14346-MA_0002186 female reproductive system gonad vein female reproductive system gonada vein gonad of female reproductive system vein gonada of female reproductive system vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ovarschaf.jpg/200px-Ovarschaf.jpg ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Vein ovary vein uberon vein of female reproductive system gonad vein of female reproductive system gonada vein of gonad of female reproductive system vein of gonada of female reproductive system vein of ovary OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada vein OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system vein OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system vein OBOL:automatic vein of gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic vein of female reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonad vein OBOL:automatic vein of ovary The ovarian vein, the female gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. It is the female equivalent of the testicular vein, and is the venous counterpart of the ovarian artery. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. It a paired vein, with one supplying each ovary. The right ovarian vein travels through the suspensatory ligament of the ovary and generally joins the inferior vena cava. The left ovarian vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ovarian_vein OBOL:automatic vein of female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic ovary vein OBOL:automatic vein of gonada of female reproductive system suprarenal vein EHDAA2:0001966 EHDAA:8731 FMA:14348 MA:0002229 SCTID:278194009 The Suprarenal veins are two in number: the right ends in the inferior vena cava. the left ends in the left renal or left inferior phrenic vein. They receive blood from the adrenal glands and will sometimes form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001146 UBERON:FMA_14348-MA_0002229 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray1122.png/200px-Gray1122.png ncithesaurus:Suprarenal_Vein uberon The Suprarenal veins are two in number: the right ends in the inferior vena cava. the left ends in the left renal or left inferior phrenic vein. They receive blood from the adrenal glands and will sometimes form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Suprarenal_vein trunk of peripheral nerve EMAPA:16986 FMA:14383 MA:0000229 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001147 UBERON:FMA_14383-MA_0000229 peripheral nerve trunk peripheral neural trunk uberon median nerve EHDAA2:0001086 EHDAA:5648 EMAPA:17277 FMA:14385 GAID:843 MA:0001168 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.050.500 OpenCyc:Mx4rwF4HF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181010001 The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus. The median nerve is formed from parts of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus, and continues down the arm to enter the forearm with the brachial artery. It originates from the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 &amp; T1. The median nerve is the only nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel, where it may be compressed to cause carpal tunnel syndrome. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001148 UBERON:FMA_14385-MA_0001168 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif/200px-Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif ncithesaurus:Median_Nerve uberon The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus. The median nerve is formed from parts of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus, and continues down the arm to enter the forearm with the brachial artery. It originates from the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 &amp; T1. The median nerve is the only nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel, where it may be compressed to cause carpal tunnel syndrome. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Median_nerve bare area of liver EMAPA:17945 EMAPA:18308 EMAPA:18312 FMA:14480 MA:0000359 SCTID:279965008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001149 UBERON:FMA_14480-MA_0000359 area nuda (hepar) area nuda hepatis liver bare area uberon body of pancreas EHDAA2:0001368 EHDAA:9178 EMAPA:17504 EMAPA:18817 FMA:14518 MA:0000121 SCTID:362202004 The body of the pancreas is a subsection of the pancreas organ in the human body. It is somewhat prismatic in shape, and has three surfaces: anterior, posterior, and inferior. It is at the same level as the transpyloric plane. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001150 UBERON:FMA_14518-MA_0000121 VHOG:0000451 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg/200px-Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg ncithesaurus:Body_of_the_Pancreas pancreas body pancreas corpus pancreatic body uberon The body of the pancreas is a subsection of the pancreas organ in the human body. It is somewhat prismatic in shape, and has three surfaces: anterior, posterior, and inferior. It is at the same level as the transpyloric plane. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Body_of_pancreas tail of pancreas EHDAA2:0001390 EMAPA:17511 EMAPA:18824 FMA:14519 MA:0000123 SCTID:245382003 The tail of the pancreas, located anatomically left near the hilum of the spleen, is not simply an anatomical distinction. The tail is the only part of the pancreas which contains Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) cells, which are responsible for secreting pancreatic polypeptide to coordinate exocrine and islet enzyme release. PP cells are found in the tail's periphery. Beta cells and delta cells are found in the central part of the tail as with the rest of the pancreas. The cells described above are located exclusively in the islet cells; their secretions reach exocrine portions of the pancreas via the capillary network surrounding the islet cell populations. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001151 UBERON:FMA_14519-MA_0000123 VHOG:0000452 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg/200px-Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg left extremity of pancreas ncithesaurus:Tail_of_the_Pancreas pancreas tail pancreatic tail uberon FMA:14519 left extremity of pancreas The tail of the pancreas, located anatomically left near the hilum of the spleen, is not simply an anatomical distinction. The tail is the only part of the pancreas which contains Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) cells, which are responsible for secreting pancreatic polypeptide to coordinate exocrine and islet enzyme release. PP cells are found in the tail's periphery. Beta cells and delta cells are found in the central part of the tail as with the rest of the pancreas. The cells described above are located exclusively in the islet cells; their secretions reach exocrine portions of the pancreas via the capillary network surrounding the islet cell populations. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tail_of_pancreas FMA EHDAA2 FMA:14519 pancreatic tail cystic duct EHDAA2:0000333 EHDAA:3045 EMAPA:16841 FMA:14539 GAID:290 MA:0000355 MESH:A.03.159.183.419 OpenCyc:Mx4rveBeC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245398005 The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the gall bladder to the common bile duct. It usually lies next to the cystic artery. It is of variable length. It contains a 'spiral valve', which does not provide much resistance to the flow of bile. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001152 UBERON:FMA_14539-MA_0000355 VHOG:0000213 ZFA:0005166 galen:CysticDuct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png/200px-Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png ncithesaurus:Cystic_Duct uberon FMA EHDAA2 The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the gall bladder to the common bile duct. It usually lies next to the cystic artery. It is of variable length. It contains a 'spiral valve', which does not provide much resistance to the flow of bile. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cystic_duct FMA caecum A cecum is present in most amniote species, and also in lungfish, but not in any living species of amphibian. In reptiles, it is usually a single median structure, arising from the dorsal side of the large intestine. Birds typically have two paired ceca, as, unlike other mammals, do hyraxes. Most mammalian herbivores have a relatively large cecum, hosting a large number of bacteria, which aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose; in many species, it is considerably wider than the colon. In contrast, obligatory carnivores, whose diets contain little or no plant material, have a reduced cecum, which is often partially or wholly replaced by the vermiform appendix. Many fish have a number of small outpocketings, called pyloric ceca, along their intestine; despite the name they are not homologous with the cecum of amniotes, and their purpose is to increase the overall area of the digestive epithelium.[2] Some invertebrates, such as squid,[3] may also have structures with the same name, but these have no relationship with those of vertebrates.[WP] BTO:0000166 EFO:0000850 EHDAA2:0000206 EHDAA:3913 EV:0100397 FMA:14541 GAID:307 MA:0000334 MESH:A.03.492.411.495.209 MIAA:0000288 OpenCyc:Mx4rve6u4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve, and is the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction. SCTID:181256004 UBERON:0001153 UBERON:FMA_14541-MA_0000334-MIAA_0000288 VHOG:0001559 blind intestine blindgut cecum galen:Cecum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg/200px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg.png intestinum caecum intestinum crassum caecum intestinum crassum cecum ncithesaurus:Cecum uberon FMA:14541 cecum BTO:0000166 blindgut BTO:0000166 intestinum caecum BTO:0000166 blind intestine EHDAA2 Wikipedia BTO:0000166 intestinum crassum cecum Wikipedia MA Pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve, and is the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction. Wikipedia:Cecum appendix BTO:0000084 EFO:0000849 EHDAA2:0000588 EV:0100076 EV:0100080 FMA:14542 GAID:308 MA:0001540 MAT:0000287 MESH:A.03.492.411.495.209.290 MIAA:0000287 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjGgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the cecum and distally terminates in the tip of the appendix[FMA]. a narrowed, thickened, lymphoid-rich caecal apex [Fisher 2000]. SCTID:181255000 UBERON:0001154 UBERON:FMA_14542-MA_0001540-MIAA_0000287 VHOG:0001306 apex of cecum appendix vermiformis caecal appendix galen:AppendixVermiformis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray536.png/200px-Gray536.png ncithesaurus:Vermiform_Appendix uberon vermiform appendix vermix Wikipedia FMA MA FMA:14542 Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the cecum and distally terminates in the tip of the appendix[FMA]. a narrowed, thickened, lymphoid-rich caecal apex [Fisher 2000]. Wikipedia:Vermiform_appendix FMA:14542 FMA:TA appendix vermiformis colon AAO:0010400 BTO:0000269 EFO:0000361 EHDAA2:0000779 EMAPA:18939 EV:0100079 FMA:14543 GAID:309 Last portion of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body[WP] In mammals, the colon consists of four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon[WP]. In zebrafish, the posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050120-6'>Wallace et al, 2005.</a> MA:0000335 MAP:0000001 MAT:0000526 MESH:A.03.492.411.495.356 OpenCyc:Mx4rvgLEM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302508007 TAO:0000706 TODO: abstract this such that it legitimately covers all vertebrates UBERON:0001155 UBERON:FMA_14543-FMA_7201-MA_0000333-MA_0000335-MAP_0000001-MIAA_0000046-XAO_0000131-XAO_0000243-ZFA_0000706 VHOG:0000648 XAO:0000243 ZFA:0000706 galen:Colon hindgut large bowel ncithesaurus:Colon posterior intestine posterior intestine - zebrafish uberon FMA FMA Last portion of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body[WP] In mammals, the colon consists of four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon[WP]. In zebrafish, the posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050120-6'>Wallace et al, 2005.</a> Wikipedia:Colon_(anatomy) ZFIN:curator ascending colon BTO:0000270 EFO:0000843 FMA:14545 MA:0001541 MAT:0000311 MIAA:0000311 Note that in MA, this is a subclass of colon OpenCyc:Mx4rv3H0FZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ part which is continuous with the cecum proximally and the transverse colon distally.[FMA] SCTID:362162009 UBERON:0001156 UBERON:FMA_14545-MA_0001541-MIAA_0000311 galen:AscendingColon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg/200px-Dickdarm-Schema.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ascending_Colon uberon FMA Wikipedia FMA:FMA Organ part which is continuous with the cecum proximally and the transverse colon distally.[FMA] Wikipedia:Ascending_colon transverse colon BTO:0000272 EFO:0000844 FMA:14546 MA:0001543 MAT:0000312 MIAA:0000312 OpenCyc:Mx4rvg7qyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362163004 The transverse colon the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right hypochondrium region across the abdomen, opposite the confines of the epigastric and umbilical zones, into the left hypochondrium region, where it curves sharply on itself beneath the lower end of the spleen, forming the splenic or left colic flexure. The right colic flexure is adjacent to the liver. In its course, it describes an arch, the concavity of which is directed backward and a little upward; toward its splenic end there is often an abrupt U-shaped curve which may descend lower than the main curve. It is almost completely invested by peritoneum, and is connected to the inferior border of the pancreas by a large and wide duplicature of that membrane, the transverse mesocolon. It is in relation, by its upper surface, with the liver and gall-bladder, the greater curvature of the stomach, and the lower end of the spleen; by its under surface, with the small intestine; by its anterior surface, with the anterior layers of the greater omentum and the abdominal parietes; its posterior surface is in relation from right to left with the descending portion of the duodenum, the head of the pancreas, and some of the convolutions of the jejunum and ileum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001157 UBERON:FMA_14546-MA_0001543-MIAA_0000312 galen:TransverseColon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg/200px-Dickdarm-Schema.svg.png ncithesaurus:Transverse_Colon uberon The transverse colon the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right hypochondrium region across the abdomen, opposite the confines of the epigastric and umbilical zones, into the left hypochondrium region, where it curves sharply on itself beneath the lower end of the spleen, forming the splenic or left colic flexure. The right colic flexure is adjacent to the liver. In its course, it describes an arch, the concavity of which is directed backward and a little upward; toward its splenic end there is often an abrupt U-shaped curve which may descend lower than the main curve. It is almost completely invested by peritoneum, and is connected to the inferior border of the pancreas by a large and wide duplicature of that membrane, the transverse mesocolon. It is in relation, by its upper surface, with the liver and gall-bladder, the greater curvature of the stomach, and the lower end of the spleen; by its under surface, with the small intestine; by its anterior surface, with the anterior layers of the greater omentum and the abdominal parietes; its posterior surface is in relation from right to left with the descending portion of the duodenum, the head of the pancreas, and some of the convolutions of the jejunum and ileum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_colon FMA Wikipedia descending colon BTO:0000641 EFO:0000845 FMA:14547 MA:0001542 MAT:0000313 MIAA:0000313 OpenCyc:Mx4rwHsNhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362165006 The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the lateral border of the left kidney. At the lower end of the kidney it turns medialward toward the lateral border of the psoas muscle, and then descends, in the angle between psoas and quadratus lumborum, to the crest of the ilium, where it ends in the sigmoid colon. The peritoneum covers its anterior surface and sides, and therefore the descending colon is described as retroperitoneal. (The transverse colon and sigmoid colon, which are immediately proximal and distal, are intraperitoneal). Its posterior surface is connected by areolar tissue with the lower and lateral part of the left kidney, the aponeurotic origin of the transversus abdominis, and the quadratus lumborum. It is smaller in caliber and more deeply placed than the ascending colon. It has a mesentery in 33% of people, and is therefore more frequently covered with peritoneum on its posterior surface than the ascending colon (which has a mesentery in 25% of people). However, it is less likely to undergo volvulus than the ascending colon. In front of it are some coils of small intestine. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001158 UBERON:FMA_14547-MA_0001542-MIAA_0000313 galen:DescendingColon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gray1223.png/200px-Gray1223.png ncithesaurus:Descending_Colon uberon Wikipedia FMA The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the lateral border of the left kidney. At the lower end of the kidney it turns medialward toward the lateral border of the psoas muscle, and then descends, in the angle between psoas and quadratus lumborum, to the crest of the ilium, where it ends in the sigmoid colon. The peritoneum covers its anterior surface and sides, and therefore the descending colon is described as retroperitoneal. (The transverse colon and sigmoid colon, which are immediately proximal and distal, are intraperitoneal). Its posterior surface is connected by areolar tissue with the lower and lateral part of the left kidney, the aponeurotic origin of the transversus abdominis, and the quadratus lumborum. It is smaller in caliber and more deeply placed than the ascending colon. It has a mesentery in 33% of people, and is therefore more frequently covered with peritoneum on its posterior surface than the ascending colon (which has a mesentery in 25% of people). However, it is less likely to undergo volvulus than the ascending colon. In front of it are some coils of small intestine. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Descending_colon sigmoid colon BTO:0000645 EFO:0000846 FMA:14548 MAT:0000314 MESH:A.03.492.411.495.356.668 MIAA:0000314 OpenCyc:Mx4rwHX_-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362166007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001159 UBERON:FMA_14548-MIAA_0000314 colon sigmoideum galen:SigmoidColon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg/200px-Dickdarm-Schema.svg.png ncithesaurus:Sigmoid_Colon pelvic colon sigmoid colon sigmoid flexure the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity. uberon FMA Wikipedia Wikipedia:Sigmoid_colon the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity. fundus of stomach BTO:0000502 EFO:0002554 EHDAA2:0001919 EHDAA:4844 FMA:14559 GAID:320 MA:0001612 MESH:A.03.492.766.419 SCTID:362139007 The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch, and contains the fundic glands[GO, Kardong]. UBERON:0001160 UBERON:FMA_14559-MA_0001612 VHOG:0000421 fundus gastricus fundus gastricus (ventricularis) fundus gastricus ventricularis fundus ventricularis fundus ventriculi galen:GastricFundus gastric fundus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Fundus_of_the_Stomach stomach fundus uberon GO:0014825 ISBN10:0073040584 The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch, and contains the fundic glands[GO, Kardong]. Wikipedia:Fundus_of_stomach BTO:0000502 fundus gastricus BTO:0000502 fundus ventricularis BTO:0000502 fundus ventriculi BTO:0000502 fundus gastricus ventricularis body of stomach BTO:0000505 FMA:14560 MA:0002559 Note that we include this as zone of stomach even though it is not distinguished by gland type The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined[GO]. UBERON:0001161 UBERON:FMA_14560-MA_0002559 corpus gastricum corpus gastricum (ventriculare) corpus ventriculare corpus ventriculi galen:GastricCorpus gastric body gastric corpus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Body_of_Stomach stomach body uberon BTO:0000505 corpus ventriculare BTO:0000505 corpus gastricum BTO:0000505 corpus ventriculi GO:0014845 The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined[GO]. Wikipedia:Body_of_stomach FMA cardia of stomach BTO:0000198 Editor notes: We follow Kardong in defining stomach regions by glands. Boundary notes: There were previously conflicting statements in the academic anatomy community[10][11][12] over whether the cardia is part of the stomach, part of the esophagus or a distinct entity. Modern surgical and medical textbooks have agreed that "The gastric cardia is now clearly considered to be part of the stomach"[13][14]. Classical anatomy textbooks, and some other resources[15], describe the cardia as the first of 4 regions of the stomach. This makes sense histologically because the mucosa of the cardia is the same as that of the stomach[WP]. FMA:14561 GAID:319 MA:0001609 MESH:A.03.492.766.163 The opening of the esophagus into the stomach; also: the part of the stomach adjoining this opening[BTO]. The cardia is the anatomical term for the part of the stomach attached to the esophagus. The cardia begins immediately distal to the z-line of the gastroeosphageal junction, where the squamous epithelium of the esophagus gives way to the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract[WP] UBERON:0001162 UBERON:0004712 UBERON:FMA_14561-MA_0001609 antrum cardiacum cardiac orifice cardiac region cardiac sphincter cardial orifice cardial part of stomach esophageal sphincter esophageal sphincter%2c lower esophageal-cardiac junction esophagogastric junction gastric cardia gastro-esophageal junction gastro-esophageal sphincter gastro-oesophageal junction gastroesophageal junction gastroesophageal sphincter http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Illu_stomach.jpg/200px-Illu_stomach.jpg lower esophageal sphincter ncithesaurus:Cardia pars cardiaca (gaster) pars cardiaca gastricae stomach cardiac region uberon Wikipedia:Cardia cardiac orifice Wikipedia:Cardia cardial orifice Wikipedia:Cardia gastroesophageal junction Wikipedia:Cardia esophageal sphincter Wikipedia:Cardia gastro-oesophageal junction Wikipedia:Cardia esophageal sphincter%2c lower Wikipedia:Cardia gastro-esophageal sphincter Wikipedia:Cardia cardiac region Wikipedia:Cardia esophagogastric junction Wikipedia:Cardia lower esophageal sphincter Wikipedia:Cardia esophageal-cardiac junction Wikipedia:Cardia cardiac sphincter Wikipedia:Cardia gastro-esophageal junction Wikipedia:Cardia gastroesophageal sphincter FMA:14561 FMA:TA pars cardiaca gastricae MA:0001609 stomach cardiac region BTO:0000198 The opening of the esophagus into the stomach; also: the part of the stomach adjoining this opening[BTO]. The cardia is the anatomical term for the part of the stomach attached to the esophagus. The cardia begins immediately distal to the z-line of the gastroeosphageal junction, where the squamous epithelium of the esophagus gives way to the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract[WP] Wikipedia:Cardia Wikipedia:Cardia antrum cardiacum lesser curvature of stomach FMA:14572 MA:0001616 SCTID:362133008 The lesser curvature of the stomach, extending between the cardiac and pyloric orifices, forms the right or posterior border of the stomach. It descends as a continuation of the right margin of the esophagus in front of the fibers of the right crus of the diaphragm, and then, turning to the right, it crosses the first lumbar vertebra and ends at the pylorus. Nearer its pyloric than its cardiac end is a well-marked notch, the incisura angularis, which varies somewhat in position with the state of distension of the viscus; it serves to separate the stomach into a right and a left portion. The lesser curvature gives attachment to the two layers of the hepatogastric ligament, and between these two layers are the left gastric artery and the right gastric branch of the hepatic artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001163 UBERON:FMA_14572-MA_0001616 galen:LesserCurvatureOfStomach http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Lesser_Curvature stomach lesser curvature uberon FMA The lesser curvature of the stomach, extending between the cardiac and pyloric orifices, forms the right or posterior border of the stomach. It descends as a continuation of the right margin of the esophagus in front of the fibers of the right crus of the diaphragm, and then, turning to the right, it crosses the first lumbar vertebra and ends at the pylorus. Nearer its pyloric than its cardiac end is a well-marked notch, the incisura angularis, which varies somewhat in position with the state of distension of the viscus; it serves to separate the stomach into a right and a left portion. The lesser curvature gives attachment to the two layers of the hepatogastric ligament, and between these two layers are the left gastric artery and the right gastric branch of the hepatic artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lesser_curvature_of_stomach greater curvature of stomach FMA:14574 MA:0001615 SCTID:362134002 The greater curvature of the stomach is directed mainly forward, and is four or five times as long as the lesser curvature. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001164 UBERON:FMA_14574-MA_0001615 galen:GreaterCurvatureOfStomach http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Greater_Curvature stomach greater curvature uberon The greater curvature of the stomach is directed mainly forward, and is four or five times as long as the lesser curvature. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Greater_curvature_of_stomach FMA pyloric antrum BTO:0001732 EFO:0002555 EMAPA:17891 EMAPA:18919 FMA:14579 GAID:332 MA:0001624 MESH:A.03.492.766.716 Pyloric antrum (antrum, lesser cul-de-sac) is the initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach. It is near the bottom of the stomach on the left side of the pyloric sphincter, which separates the stomach and the duodenum. It may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the second part of the pyloric part of the stomach by a slight groove. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:362142001 UBERON:0001165 UBERON:FMA_14579-MA_0001624 antrum of Willis antrum of stomach antrum pylori antrum pyloricum galen:PyloricAntrum gastric antrum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Antrum_Pylori stomach antrum stomach pyloric antrum uberon FMA Pyloric antrum (antrum, lesser cul-de-sac) is the initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach. It is near the bottom of the stomach on the left side of the pyloric sphincter, which separates the stomach and the duodenum. It may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the second part of the pyloric part of the stomach by a slight groove. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pyloric_antrum Wikipedia BTO:0001732 gastric antrum BTO:0001732 antrum pyloricum BTO:0001732 antrum pylori BTO:0001732 antrum of Willis pylorus BTO:0001146 EHDAA2:0001580 EHDAA:4860 EMAPA:17631 EMAPA:18915 Editor notes: We follow Kardong in defining stomach regions by glands FMA:14581 GAID:333 MA:0002560 MESH:A.03.492.766.799 SCTID:362143006 The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is divided in two parts: the pyloric antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach. the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum. The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal and lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from celiac ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001166 UBERON:FMA_14581-MA_0002560 VHOG:0000420 galen:Pylorus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Pylorus pars pylorica gastricae pyloric part of stomach pyloric region stomach pyloric region uberon The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is divided in two parts: the pyloric antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach. the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum. The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal and lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from celiac ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pylorus FMA:14581 FMA:TA pars pylorica gastricae EHDAA2:0001580 stomach pyloric region wall of stomach An anatomical wall that is part of a stomach [Obol]. FMA:14582 MA:0002692 SCTID:279995000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001167 UBERON:FMA_14582-MA_0002692 anatomical wall of stomach anatomical wall of ventriculus galen:WallOfStomach gastric wall stomach anatomical wall stomach wall uberon ventriculus anatomical wall ventriculus wall wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall An anatomical wall that is part of a stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus wall of small intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. FMA:14615 MA:0002696 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001168 UBERON:FMA_14615-MA_0002696 anatomical wall of small bowel anatomical wall of small intestine small bowel anatomical wall small bowel wall small intestinal wall small intestine anatomical wall small intestine wall uberon wall of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of small bowel An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic small bowel wall OBOL:automatic small intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of small bowel OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of small intestine wall of large intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. FMA:14619 MA:0002695 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001169 UBERON:FMA_14619-MA_0002695 anatomical wall of large intestine large intestinal wall large intestine anatomical wall large intestine wall uberon An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic large intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of large intestine mesentery of small intestine FMA:14643 MA:0001555 SCTID:245456008 UBERON:0001170 UBERON:FMA_14643-MA_0001555 mesentery (proper) mesentery proper small intestinal mesentery small intestine mesentery the peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain[WP]. uberon FMA Wikipedia:Mesentery#Mesentery_.28proper.29 the peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain[WP]. Wikipedia:Mesentery mesentery (proper) FMA:14643 mesentery proper Obol:automatic small intestine mesentery FMA:14643 small intestinal mesentery portal lobule FMA:14653 MA:0002498 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001171 UBERON:FMA_14653-MA_0002498 ncithesaurus:Portal_Lobule the triangular region on the periphery of the liver lobules that contain a bile duct and a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel. uberon MP:0008992 the triangular region on the periphery of the liver lobules that contain a bile duct and a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel. hepatic acinus FMA:14654 MA:0002496 SCTID:272214009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001172 UBERON:FMA_14654-MA_0002496 liver acinus ncithesaurus:Liver_Acinus portal acinus uberon FMA biliary tree AAO:0011020 FMA:14665 GAID:279 Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consists of the bile ducts[FMA]. MA:0001273 MESH:A.03.159 SCTID:181267003 UBERON:0001173 UBERON:FMA_14665-XAO_0000455 XAO:0000455 biliary tract ncithesaurus:Biliary_Tract uberon FMA:14665 Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consists of the bile ducts[FMA]. Wikipedia:Biliary_tract common bile duct EHDAA2:0000303 EHDAA:3981 EMAPA:17201 FMA:14667 GAID:282 MA:0001631 MESH:A.03.159.183.079.300 SCTID:362199009 UBERON:0001174 UBERON:FMA_14667-MA_0001631 VHOG:0000214 ZFA:0005165 a tube-like anatomic structure in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (from the gall bladder). It is later joined by the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater. There, the two ducts are surrounded by the muscular sphincter of Oddi. ductus choledochus (biliaris) galen:CommonBileDuct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png/200px-Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png ncithesaurus:Common_Bile_Duct uberon Wikipedia:Common_bile_duct a tube-like anatomic structure in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (from the gall bladder). It is later joined by the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater. There, the two ducts are surrounded by the muscular sphincter of Oddi. common hepatic duct EMAPA:19101 FMA:14668 GAID:286 MA:0002660 MESH:A.03.159.183.079.600 Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct[GAID]. The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct[WP]. SCTID:245403006 TODO - MA distinguishes between bile duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct and common hepatic duct. in FMA hepatic duct and common hepatic duct are the same. Common is part of extra-hepatic part UBERON:0001175 UBERON:FMA_14668-ZFA_0001100 VHOG:0000220 hepatic duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Illu_liver_gallbladder.jpg/200px-Illu_liver_gallbladder.jpg ncithesaurus:Common_Hepatic_Duct uberon Wikipedia Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct[GAID]. The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct[WP]. Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_duct ZFIN:curator Wikipedia FMA definitional MA right hepatic duct EHDAA2:0001727 EHDAA:3992 EMAPA:18305 EMAPA:19100 FMA:14669 MA:0001639 SCTID:245401008 The duct that drains bile from the right half of the liver and joins the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001176 UBERON:FMA_14669-MA_0001639 VHOG:0000217 ncithesaurus:Right_Hepatic_Duct uberon The duct that drains bile from the right half of the liver and joins the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26034 left hepatic duct EHDAA2:0000941 EHDAA:3990 EMAPA:18304 EMAPA:19099 FMA:14670 MA:0001638 SCTID:245400009 The duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver and joins the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. UBERON:0001177 UBERON:FMA_14670-MA_0001638 VHOG:0000218 ncithesaurus:Left_Hepatic_Duct uberon The duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver and joins the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26035 visceral peritoneum FMA:14703 SCTID:362702003 TAO:0005132 The peritoneum that covers the external surfaces of most abdominal organs. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001178 UBERON:FMA_14703-ZFA_0005132 VHOG:0001528 ZFA:0005132 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1040.png/200px-Gray1040.png uberon The peritoneum that covers the external surfaces of most abdominal organs. Wikipedia:Visceral_peritoneum ZFIN:curator peritoneal cavity BTO:0001782 Cavity of serous sac surrounded by the peritoneum.[FMA] EHDAA2:0001446 EMAPA:18452 EMAPA:18454 EMAPA:18461 FMA:14704 GAID:24 MA:0000054 MESH:A.01.047.025.600.678 SCTID:181616008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001179 UBERON:FMA_14704-MA_0000054 VHOG:0000852 cavitas peritonealis ncithesaurus:Peritoneal_Cavity uberon Wikipedia Cavity of serous sac surrounded by the peritoneum.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity BTO:0001782 cavitas peritonealis superior recess of lesser sac EHDAA:2343 FMA:14708 MA:0000447 SCTID:263190002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001180 UBERON:FMA_14708-MA_0000447 omental bursa superior recess recessus superior bursae omentalis recessus superior omentalis superior omental bursa superior recess of omental bursa uberon FMA:14708 FMA:TA recessus superior bursae omentalis inferior recess of lesser sac EHDAA:6083 FMA:14709 MA:0000446 SCTID:263261002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001181 UBERON:FMA_14709-MA_0000446 inferior omental bursa inferior recess of omental bursa omental bursa inferior recess recessus inferior bursae omentalis recessus inferior omentalis uberon FMA:14709 FMA:TA recessus inferior bursae omentalis superior mesenteric artery BTO:0002303 EHDAA2:0001949 EHDAA:3358 EHDAA:5313 EMAPA:18619 FMA:14749 GAID:502 In human anatomy, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum through two-thirds of the transverse colon, as well as the pancreas. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002005 MESH:A.07.231.114.565.755 OpenCyc:Mx4rwE5KipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362048004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001182 UBERON:FMA_14749-MA_0002005 VHOG:0000754 arteria mesenterica superior galen:SuperiorMesentericArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gray1099.png/200px-Gray1099.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Mesenteric_Artery superior mesenteric arterial tree uberon Wikipedia BTO:0002303 arteria mesenterica superior In human anatomy, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum through two-thirds of the transverse colon, as well as the pancreas. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_artery inferior mesenteric artery BTO:0002302 EHDAA2:0000817 EHDAA:4345 EMAPA:18618 FMA:14750 GAID:501 In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric artery, often abbreviated as IMA, supplies the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum. Proximally, its territory of distribution overlaps (forms a watershed) with the middle colic artery, and therefore the superior mesenteric artery. The SMA and IMA anastomose via the marginal artery (artery of Drummond). The territory of distribution of the IMA is more or less equivalent to the embryonic hindgut. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002004 MESH:A.07.231.114.565.510 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-t-S5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181341006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001183 UBERON:FMA_14750-MA_0002004 VHOG:0001116 arteria mesenterica inferior galen:InferiorMesentericArtery inferior mesenteric arterial tree ncithesaurus:Inferior_Mesenteric_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric artery, often abbreviated as IMA, supplies the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum. Proximally, its territory of distribution overlaps (forms a watershed) with the middle colic artery, and therefore the superior mesenteric artery. The SMA and IMA anastomose via the marginal artery (artery of Drummond). The territory of distribution of the IMA is more or less equivalent to the embryonic hindgut. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_artery BTO:0002302 arteria mesenterica inferior renal artery AAO:0010223 BTO:0001165 EFO:0002552 EHDAA2:0004100 EHDAA:5321 EHDAA:8594 EMAPA:17862 EMAPA:28373 FMA:14751 GAID:507 MA:0002035 MESH:A.07.231.114.745 OpenCyc:Mx4rveOFHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001600 SCTID:181339005 TAO:0000420 The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001184 UBERON:FMA_14751-MA_0002035-ZFA_0000420 ZFA:0000420 galen:RenalArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/200px-Gray1120.png ncithesaurus:Renal_Artery renal arterial tree renal arteries uberon The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_artery right renal artery FMA:14752 MA:0002037 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW8I0KgEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rveOFHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:36800007 The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001185 UBERON:FMA_14752-MA_0002037 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/200px-Gray1120.png ncithesaurus:Right_Renal_Artery right renal arterial tree uberon The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_renal_artery left renal artery FMA:14753 MA:0002036 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW8I0agEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rveOFHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:19215005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001186 UBERON:FMA_14753-MA_0002036 left renal arterial tree ncithesaurus:Left_Renal_Artery uberon testicular artery EMAPA:18621 FMA:14758 MA:0002063 SCTID:244281003 The testicular artery (the male gonadal artery, also called the internal spermatic arteries in older texts) is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the testis. It is a paired artery, with one for each of the testes. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian artery. Because the testis is found in a different location than that of its female equivalent, it has a different course than the ovarian artery. They are two slender vessels of considerable length, and arise from the front of the aorta a little below the renal arteries. Each passes obliquely downward and lateralward behind the peritoneum, resting on the Psoas major, the right spermatic lying in front of the inferior vena cava and behind the middle colic and ileocolic arteries and the terminal part of the ileum, the left behind the left colic and sigmoid arteries and the iliac colon. Each crosses obliquely over the ureter and the lower part of the external iliac artery to reach the abdominal inguinal ring, through which it passes, and accompanies the other constituents of the spermatic cord along the inguinal canal to the scrotum, where it becomes tortuous, and divides into several branches. Two or three of these accompany the ductus deferens, and supply the epididymis, anastomosing with the artery of the ductus deferens; others pierce the back part of the tunica albuginea, and supply the substance of the testis. The internal spermatic artery supplies one or two small branches to the ureter, and in the inguinal canal gives one or two twigs to the Cremaster. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001187 UBERON:FMA_14758-MA_0002063 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png testicular arterial tree uberon The testicular artery (the male gonadal artery, also called the internal spermatic arteries in older texts) is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the testis. It is a paired artery, with one for each of the testes. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian artery. Because the testis is found in a different location than that of its female equivalent, it has a different course than the ovarian artery. They are two slender vessels of considerable length, and arise from the front of the aorta a little below the renal arteries. Each passes obliquely downward and lateralward behind the peritoneum, resting on the Psoas major, the right spermatic lying in front of the inferior vena cava and behind the middle colic and ileocolic arteries and the terminal part of the ileum, the left behind the left colic and sigmoid arteries and the iliac colon. Each crosses obliquely over the ureter and the lower part of the external iliac artery to reach the abdominal inguinal ring, through which it passes, and accompanies the other constituents of the spermatic cord along the inguinal canal to the scrotum, where it becomes tortuous, and divides into several branches. Two or three of these accompany the ductus deferens, and supply the epididymis, anastomosing with the artery of the ductus deferens; others pierce the back part of the tunica albuginea, and supply the substance of the testis. The internal spermatic artery supplies one or two small branches to the ureter, and in the inguinal canal gives one or two twigs to the Cremaster. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Testicular_artery right testicular artery FMA:14759 MA:0002042 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001188 UBERON:FMA_14759-MA_0002042 ncithesaurus:Right_Spermatic_Artery right spermatic artery trunk of right testicular arterial tree uberon left testicular artery FMA:14760 MA:0002041 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001189 UBERON:FMA_14760-MA_0002041 left spermatic artery ncithesaurus:Left_Spermatic_Artery trunk of left testicular arterial tree uberon ovarian artery EMAPA:18620 FMA:14761 In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery, and does not pass out of the abdominal cavity. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002012 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOa9PZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244280002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001190 UBERON:FMA_14761-MA_0002012 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gray1170.png/200px-Gray1170.png ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Artery ovarian arterial tree uberon In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery, and does not pass out of the abdominal cavity. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ovarian_artery common iliac artery BTO:0004665 EHDAA2:0000311 EHDAA:2553 EMAPA:17310 FMA:14764 MA:0001972 OpenCyc:Mx4rvkZ7ZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362050007 The common iliac arteries are two large arteries, about 4cm long in adults but more than a centimetre in diameter, that originate from the aortic bifurcation. The arteries run inferolaterally, along the medial border of the psoas muscles to the pelvic brim, where they bifurcate into the external iliac artery and internal iliac artery. The common iliac artery, and all of its branches, exist as paired structures (that is to say, there is one on the left side and one on the right). The distribution of the common iliac artery is basically the pelvis and lower limb on the corresponding side. Both common iliac arteries are accompanied along their course by common iliac veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001191 UBERON:FMA_14764-MA_0001972 XAO:0000361 common iliac arterial tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Iliac_artery_bifurcation_and_aorta.PNG/200px-Iliac_artery_bifurcation_and_aorta.PNG ncithesaurus:Common_Iliac_Artery uberon The common iliac arteries are two large arteries, about 4cm long in adults but more than a centimetre in diameter, that originate from the aortic bifurcation. The arteries run inferolaterally, along the medial border of the psoas muscles to the pelvic brim, where they bifurcate into the external iliac artery and internal iliac artery. The common iliac artery, and all of its branches, exist as paired structures (that is to say, there is one on the left side and one on the right). The distribution of the common iliac artery is basically the pelvis and lower limb on the corresponding side. Both common iliac arteries are accompanied along their course by common iliac veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Common_iliac_artery left gastric artery FMA:14768 In human anatomy, the left gastric artery arises from the celiac artery, and runs along the superior portion of the lesser curvature of the stomach. Branches also supply the lower esophagus. The left gastric artery anastomoses with the right gastric artery, which supplies the inferior portion. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001961 OpenCyc:Mx4rwMjqKZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244267000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001192 UBERON:FMA_14768-MA_0001961 galen:LeftGastricArtery gastric artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray532.png/200px-Gray532.png ncithesaurus:Gastric_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the left gastric artery arises from the celiac artery, and runs along the superior portion of the lesser curvature of the stomach. Branches also supply the lower esophagus. The left gastric artery anastomoses with the right gastric artery, which supplies the inferior portion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_gastric_artery hepatic artery . BTO:0004307 EMAPA:17859 FMA:14769 GAID:496 MA:0001963 MESH:A.07.231.114.407 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzKtFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:76015000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001193 UBERON:FMA_14769-MA_0001963 ZFA:0005161 galen:HepaticArtery ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Artery uberon . Wikipedia:Hepatic_artery splenic artery EMAPA:19216 FMA:14773 GAID:510 In anatomy, the splenic artery (in the past called the lienal artery) is the blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the spleen. It branches from the celiac artery, and follows a course superior to the pancreas. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001991 MESH:A.07.231.114.814 OpenCyc:Mx4rv0cb2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244266009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001194 UBERON:FMA_14773-MA_0001991 galen:SplenicArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gray1188.png/200px-Gray1188.png lienal artery ncithesaurus:Splenic_Artery uberon In anatomy, the splenic artery (in the past called the lienal artery) is the blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the spleen. It branches from the celiac artery, and follows a course superior to the pancreas. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Splenic_artery inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery FMA:14805 MA:0002014 SCTID:244273004 The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery or from its first intestinal branch, opposite the upper border of the inferior part of the duodenum. It courses to the right between the head of the pancreas and duodenum, and then ascends to anastomose with the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. It distributes branches to the head of the pancreas and to the descending and inferior parts of the duodenum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001195 UBERON:FMA_14805-MA_0002014 inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery ncithesaurus:Inferior_Pancreatico-duodenal_artery uberon The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery or from its first intestinal branch, opposite the upper border of the inferior part of the duodenum. It courses to the right between the head of the pancreas and duodenum, and then ascends to anastomose with the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. It distributes branches to the head of the pancreas and to the descending and inferior parts of the duodenum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery middle colic artery FMA:14810 MA:0002007 SCTID:244276007 The middle colic artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that mostly supplies the transverse colon. It arises just below the pancreas, and, passing downward and forward between the layers of the transverse mesocolon, divides into two branches: right and left. The right branch anastomoses with the right colic artery The left branch anastomoses with the left colic artery, a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery. The arches thus formed are placed about two fingers’ breadth from the transverse colon, to which they distribute branches. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001196 UBERON:FMA_14810-MA_0002007 galen:MiddleColicArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gray537.png/200px-Gray537.png ncithesaurus:Middle_Colic_Artery uberon The middle colic artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that mostly supplies the transverse colon. It arises just below the pancreas, and, passing downward and forward between the layers of the transverse mesocolon, divides into two branches: right and left. The right branch anastomoses with the right colic artery The left branch anastomoses with the left colic artery, a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery. The arches thus formed are placed about two fingers’ breadth from the transverse colon, to which they distribute branches. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_colic_artery ileocolic artery FMA:14815 MA:0001970 SCTID:244279000 The Ileocolic Artery is the lowest branch arising from the concavity of the superior mesenteric artery. It passes downward and to the right behind the peritoneum toward the right iliac fossa, where it divides into a superior and an inferior branch; the inferior anastomoses with the end of the superior mesenteric artery, the superior with the right colic artery. Supplies the cecum, ileum, and appendix. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001197 UBERON:FMA_14815-MA_0001970 galen:IleocolicArtery ncithesaurus:Ileo-colic_Artery uberon The Ileocolic Artery is the lowest branch arising from the concavity of the superior mesenteric artery. It passes downward and to the right behind the peritoneum toward the right iliac fossa, where it divides into a superior and an inferior branch; the inferior anastomoses with the end of the superior mesenteric artery, the superior with the right colic artery. Supplies the cecum, ileum, and appendix. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ileocolic_artery superior suprarenal artery Each (left and right) superior suprarenal artery is a branch of the inferior phrenic artery on that side of the body. The left and right phrenic arteries supply the diaphragm, and come off the aorta. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:14863 MA:0002057 SCTID:303424001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001198 UBERON:FMA_14863-MA_0002057 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gray1121.png/200px-Gray1121.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Suprarenal_Artery superior adrenal branch of inferior phrenic artery superior suprarenal branch of inferior phrenic artery uberon Each (left and right) superior suprarenal artery is a branch of the inferior phrenic artery on that side of the body. The left and right phrenic arteries supply the diaphragm, and come off the aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_suprarenal_artery mucosa of stomach BTO:0001308 FMA:14907 GAID:321 MA:0002683 MESH:A.03.492.766.440 Magenschleimhaut OpenCyc:Mx8NhB4rvcD6KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvmKNOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362131005 The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general epithelial lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001199 UBERON:FMA_14907-MA_0002683 galen:GastricMucosa gastric mucosa gastric mucous membrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illu_stomach2.jpg/200px-Illu_stomach2.jpg mucosa of organ of stomach mucosa of organ of ventriculus mucosa of ventriculus mucous membrane of stomach mucous membrane of ventriculus ncithesaurus:Gastric_Mucosa organ mucosa of stomach organ mucosa of ventriculus stomach mucosa stomach mucosa of organ stomach mucous membrane stomach organ mucosa tunica mucosa (gaster) tunica mucosa gastricae tunica mucosa gastris uberon ventriculus mucosa ventriculus mucosa of organ ventriculus mucous membrane ventriculus organ mucosa BTO:0001308 tunica mucosa gastris OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ventriculus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ventriculus FMA:14907 FMA:TA tunica mucosa gastricae OBOL:automatic ventriculus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic ventriculus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ventriculus OBOL:automatic ventriculus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of ventriculus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic ventriculus mucous membrane The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general epithelial lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach mucous membrane BTO:0001308 Magenschleimhaut OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach submucosa of stomach A submucosa that is part of a stomach [Obol]. BTO:0002110 FMA:14908 MA:0002685 SCTID:52459002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001200 UBERON:FMA_14908-MA_0002685 gastric submucosa ncithesaurus:Gastric_Submucosa stomach submucosa submucosa of ventriculus tela submucosa (gaster) uberon ventriculus submucosa OBOL:automatic ventriculus submucosa A submucosa that is part of a stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of ventriculus serosa of stomach A serous membrane that is part of a wall of stomach [Obol]. FMA:14914 MA:0001626 SCTID:1353004 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001201 UBERON:FMA_14914-MA_0001626 anatomical wall of stomach serosa anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane gastric serosa gastric wall serosa gastric wall serous membrane serosa of anatomical wall of stomach serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa of gastric wall serosa of stomach anatomical wall serosa of stomach wall serosa of ventriculus anatomical wall serosa of ventriculus wall serosa of wall of stomach serosa of wall of ventriculus serous coat of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane of gastric wall serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall serous membrane of stomach wall serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane of ventriculus wall serous membrane of wall of stomach serous membrane of wall of ventriculus stomach anatomical wall serosa stomach anatomical wall serous membrane stomach serosa stomach wall serosa stomach wall serous membrane tunica serosa (gaster) tunica serosa gastricae uberon ventriculus anatomical wall serosa ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane ventriculus wall serosa ventriculus wall serous membrane visceral peritoneum of stomach wall of stomach serosa wall of stomach serous membrane wall of ventriculus serosa wall of ventriculus serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gastric wall OBOL:automatic ventriculus anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of stomach OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of stomach wall OBOL:automatic serosa of stomach wall OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic gastric wall serous membrane A serous membrane that is part of a wall of stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gastric wall serosa OBOL:automatic stomach wall serosa OBOL:automatic wall of stomach serous membrane FMA:14914 FMA:TA tunica serosa gastricae OBOL:automatic ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic serosa of ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serosa of gastric wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of stomach OBOL:automatic wall of stomach serosa OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall serosa OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of stomach serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall serous membrane pyloric sphincter A strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion[WP]. AAO:0011093 EMAPA:19251 FMA:14916 MA:0002952 OpenCyc:Mx4rvly2ZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:268073008 UBERON:0001202 UBERON:FMA_14916-XAO_0000457 VHOG:0001466 XAO:0000457 ncithesaurus:Pyloric_Sphincter pyloric valve uberon Wikipedia:Pylorus pyloric valve A strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion[WP]. UBERON:cjm muscularis mucosae of stomach FMA:14924 MA:0002684 SCTID:64551004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001203 UBERON:FMA_14924-MA_0002684 lamina muscularis mucosae (tunica mucosa)(gaster) lamina muscularis of gastric mucosa muscular coat of stomach stomach muscularis mucosa tunica muscularis gastricae uberon FMA:14924 FMA:TA tunica muscularis gastricae mucosa of small intestine A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. BTO:0001259 FMA:14933 MA:0002686 SCTID:362144000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001204 UBERON:FMA_14933-MA_0002686 mucosa of organ of small bowel mucosa of organ of small intestine mucosa of small bowel mucous membrane of small bowel mucous membrane of small intestine ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Mucosa organ mucosa of small bowel organ mucosa of small intestine small bowel mucosa small bowel mucosa of organ small bowel mucous membrane small bowel organ mucosa small intestinal mucosa small intestine mucosa small intestine mucosa of organ small intestine mucous membrane small intestine organ mucosa tunica mucosa (intestinum tenue) tunica mucosa intestini tenuis uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of small bowel OBOL:automatic small intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of small intestine OBOL:automatic small intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic small bowel mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic small bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic small bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of small intestine OBOL:automatic mucosa of small bowel FMA:14933 FMA:TA tunica mucosa intestini tenuis submucosa of small intestine . FMA:14934 MA:0001562 SCTID:691000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001205 UBERON:FMA_14934-MA_0001562 ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Submucosa small bowel submucosa small intestinal submucosa small intestine submucosa submucosa of small bowel tela submucosa (intestinum tenue) uberon OBOL:automatic small bowel submucosa . Wikipedia:Small_intestinal_submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of small bowel serosa of small intestine A serous membrane that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. FMA:14938 MA:0001558 SCTID:8266009 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001206 UBERON:FMA_14938-MA_0001558 serosa of small bowel serous coat of small intestine serous membrane of small bowel serous membrane of small intestine small bowel serosa small bowel serous membrane small intestinal serosa small intestine serosa small intestine serous membrane tunica serosa (intestinum tenue) tunica serosa intestini tenuis uberon visceral peritoneum of small intestine OBOL:automatic small bowel serosa OBOL:automatic small intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic small bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of small bowel OBOL:automatic serosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic serous membrane of small intestine FMA:14938 FMA:TA tunica serosa intestini tenuis A serous membrane that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of large intestine A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. FMA:14969 MA:0002688 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001207 UBERON:FMA_14969-MA_0002688 large intestinal mucosa large intestine mucosa large intestine mucosa of organ large intestine mucous membrane large intestine organ mucosa mucosa of organ of large intestine mucous membrane of large intestine ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Mucosa organ mucosa of large intestine tunica mucosa intestini crassi uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic large intestine mucosa of organ FMA:14969 FMA:TA tunica mucosa intestini crassi A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine mucous membrane submucosa of large intestine A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. BTO:0002111 FMA:14970 MA:0002690 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001208 UBERON:FMA_14970-MA_0002690 large intestinal submucosa large intestine submucosa ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Submucosa uberon A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic serosa of large intestine A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. FMA:14975 MA:0001546 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001209 UBERON:FMA_14975-MA_0001546 large intestinal serosa large intestine serosa large intestine serous membrane serous coat of large intestine serous membrane of large intestine tunica serosa intestini crassi uberon visceral peritoneum of large intestine OBOL:automatic serous membrane of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine serous membrane A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14975 FMA:TA tunica serosa intestini crassi muscularis mucosae of small intestine FMA:15051 MA:0002687 SCTID:36401004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001210 UBERON:FMA_15051-MA_0002687 lamina muscularis mucosae (tunica mucosa)(intestinum tenue) lamina muscularis of small intestine mucous membrane ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Muscularis_Mucosa small intestine muscularis mucosa uberon Peyer's patch BTO:0001784 EFO:0001381 EMAPA:19028 FMA:76466 GAID:950 MA:0000137 MESH:A.10.549.598 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001211 UBERON:FMA_15054-MA_0000137 aggregated lymphoid nodules of small intestine aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine ileum in humans; as such, they differentiate the ileum from the duodenum and jejunum // nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine. noduli lymphoidei aggregati intestini tenuis peyer's patches uberon FMA:76466 FMA:TA noduli lymphoidei aggregati intestini tenuis FMA:76466 peyer's patches FMA:76466 aggregated lymphoid nodules of small intestine Wikipedia:Peyer's_patch aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine ileum in humans; as such, they differentiate the ileum from the duodenum and jejunum // nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine. duodenal gland BTO:0002376 Brunner's gland FMA:15060 GAID:314 MA:0001551 MESH:A.03.492.411.620.270.322 SCTID:41298001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001212 UBERON:FMA_15060-MA_0001551 compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)[WP]. gland of Brunner glandula duodenales glandula duodenales Brunneri ncithesaurus:Brunner_s_Gland uberon BTO:0002376 glandula duodenales Brunneri Wikipedia:Brunner's_glands compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)[WP]. Brunner's gland FMA:15060 BTO:0002376 glandula duodenales FMA:15060 gland of Brunner intestinal villus BTO:0003121 FMA:15072 SCTID:23230007 TAO:0005125 UBERON:0001213 UBERON:FMA_15072-ZFA_0005125 ZFA:0005125 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg/200px-Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg intestinal villi iny, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall[WP] ncithesaurus:Villus uberon villi intestinales villus villus intestinalis (intestinum tenue) intestinal villi Wikipedia:Intestinal_villus iny, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall[WP] villi intestinales FMA FMA BTO:0003121 villus FMA:15072 villus intestinalis (intestinum tenue) pancreatic tributary of splenic vein FMA:15388 MA:0002189 SCTID:264492008 The pancreatic veins consist of several small vessels which drain the body and tail of the pancreas, and open into the trunk of the great pancreatic vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001214 UBERON:FMA_15388-MA_0002189 ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Vein pancreatic vein uberon FMA/obol The pancreatic veins consist of several small vessels which drain the body and tail of the pancreas, and open into the trunk of the great pancreatic vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pancreatic_vein inferior mesenteric vein BTO:0002782 EHDAA2:0000819 EHDAA:8712 EMAPA:18642 FMA:15391 In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine. It usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). Anatomical variations include the IMV draining into the confluence of the SMV and splenic vein and the IMV draining in the SMV. The IMV lies to the right of the similarly name artery, the inferior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002178 OpenCyc:Mx4rvcV53ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281055007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001215 UBERON:FMA_15391-MA_0002178 VHOG:0001118 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png lower mesenteric vein ncithesaurus:Inferior_Mesenteric_Vein uberon In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine. It usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). Anatomical variations include the IMV draining into the confluence of the SMV and splenic vein and the IMV draining in the SMV. The IMV lies to the right of the similarly name artery, the inferior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_vein BTO:0002782 lower mesenteric vein FMA/obol jejunal vein FMA:15402 MA:0002153 The jejunal veins are tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001216 UBERON:FMA_15402-MA_0002153 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png uberon The jejunal veins are tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Jejunal_veins FMA/obol ileal vein FMA:15405 MA:0002140 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001217 UBERON:FMA_15405-MA_0002140 ncithesaurus:Ileal_Vein uberon FMA/obol middle colic vein FMA:15406 MA:0002181 OpenCyc:Mx4rvywYIpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:9018004 The middle colic vein drains the transverse colon. It is a tributary of the superior mesenteric vein, and follows the path of its corresponding artery, the middle colic artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001218 UBERON:FMA_15406-MA_0002181 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png uberon vena colica media (intermedia) The middle colic vein drains the transverse colon. It is a tributary of the superior mesenteric vein, and follows the path of its corresponding artery, the middle colic artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_colic_vein FMA/obol ileocolic vein FMA:15408 MA:0002141 SCTID:36208008 The ileocolic vein is a vein which drains the ileum, colon, and cecum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001219 UBERON:FMA_15408-MA_0002141 ncithesaurus:Ileocolic_Vein uberon FMA/obol The ileocolic vein is a vein which drains the ileum, colon, and cecum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ileocolic_vein quadratus lumborum EMAPA:18524 FMA:15569 MA:0002362 OpenCyc:Mx4rvj1wcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The Quadratus lumborum is irregular and quadrilateral in shape, and broader below than above. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001220 UBERON:FMA_15569-MA_0002362 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gray1124.png/200px-Gray1124.png muscle of posterior abdominal wall ncithesaurus:Quadratus_Lumborum uberon The Quadratus lumborum is irregular and quadrilateral in shape, and broader below than above. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Quadratus_lumborum transversus abdominis EHDAA2:0002078 EHDAA:8254 EMAPA:18165 FMA:15570 MA:0002396 The transversus abdominis muscle, also known as the transversalis muscle and transverse abdominal muscle, is a muscle layer of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall which is just deep to (layered below) the internal oblique muscle. It is thought to be a major muscle of the functional core of the human body; although some argue that due to its small cross-sectional area, it cannot generate the forces required to be a prime core stabilizer. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001221 UBERON:FMA_15570-MA_0002396 VHOG:0000845 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Illu_trunk_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_trunk_muscles.jpg musculus transversus abdominis ncithesaurus:Transversus_Abdominis transverse abdominal uberon The transversus abdominis muscle, also known as the transversalis muscle and transverse abdominal muscle, is a muscle layer of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall which is just deep to (layered below) the internal oblique muscle. It is thought to be a major muscle of the functional core of the human body; although some argue that due to its small cross-sectional area, it cannot generate the forces required to be a prime core stabilizer. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis FMA:15570 FMA:TA musculus transversus abdominis right ureter A ureter that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. FMA:15571 MA:0001685 SCTID:276251000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001222 UBERON:FMA_15571-MA_0001685 ncithesaurus:Right_Ureter uberon A ureter that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic left ureter A ureter that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. FMA:15572 MA:0001684 SCTID:276340002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001223 UBERON:FMA_15572-MA_0001684 ncithesaurus:Left_Ureter uberon A ureter that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic renal pelvis EMAPA:17948 FMA:15575 GAID:426 MA:0000374 MESH:A.05.810.453.537 SCTID:362221007 UBERON:0001224 UBERON:FMA_15575-MA_0000374 funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter in the kidney. galen:RenalPelvis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Illu_kidney2.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney2.jpg kidney pelvis ncithesaurus:Renal_Pelvis pelvis of ureter uberon Wikipedia:Renal_pelvis funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter in the kidney. cortex of kidney BTO:0001166 EMAPA:17952 FMA:15581 GAID:424 MA:0000372 MESH:A.05.810.453.324 Region of parenchyma of kidney representing the outer portion.[FMA] SCTID:362211004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001225 UBERON:FMA_15581-MA_0000372 cortex renalis galen:CortexOfKidney http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney.jpg kidney cortex ncithesaurus:Renal_Cortex renal cortex uberon FMA FMA:15581 FMA:TA cortex renalis FMA:FMA Region of parenchyma of kidney representing the outer portion.[FMA] Wikipedia:Kidney_cortex major calyx EMAPA:18677 FMA:15613 MA:0001644 SCTID:1106008 The major calyx, in the kidney, surrounds the apex of the malpighian pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a papilla at the apex into a minor calyx then into major calyx before passing through the renal pelvis into the ureter. Peristalsis of the smooth muscle originating in pace-maker cells originating in the walls of the calyces propels urine through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001226 UBERON:FMA_15613-MA_0001644 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png/200px-Kidney_PioM.png major calix uberon The major calyx, in the kidney, surrounds the apex of the malpighian pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a papilla at the apex into a minor calyx then into major calyx before passing through the renal pelvis into the ureter. Peristalsis of the smooth muscle originating in pace-maker cells originating in the walls of the calyces propels urine through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Major_calyx minor calyx EMAPA:18678 FMA:15614 MA:0001645 SCTID:26293004 The minor calyx, in the kidney, surrounds the apex of the malpighian pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a papilla at the apex into the minor calyx then into the major calyx. Peristalsis of the smooth muscle originating in pace-maker cells originating in the walls of the calyces propels urine through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001227 UBERON:FMA_15614-MA_0001645 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png/200px-Kidney_PioM.png minor calix uberon The minor calyx, in the kidney, surrounds the apex of the malpighian pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a papilla at the apex into the minor calyx then into the major calyx. Peristalsis of the smooth muscle originating in pace-maker cells originating in the walls of the calyces propels urine through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Minor_calyx renal papilla BTO:0003925 FMA:15622 In the kidney, the renal papilla is the location where the Medullary pyramids empty urine into the renal pelvis. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to channel the fluid. Transitional epithelium begins to be seen. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002730 MESH:A.05.810.453.466 SCTID:362214007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001228 UBERON:FMA_15622-MA_0002730 galen:RenalPapilla http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png/200px-Kidney_PioM.png kidney papilla ncithesaurus:Renal_Papilla uberon In the kidney, the renal papilla is the location where the Medullary pyramids empty urine into the renal pelvis. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to channel the fluid. Transitional epithelium begins to be seen. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_papilla MP:0011303 kidney papilla renal corpuscle BTO:0000333 EV:0100385 FMA:15625 In the kidney, a renal corpuscle is the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron. It consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries containing two cell types. Endothelial cells, which have large fenestrae, are not covered by diaphragms. Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells that lie between the capillaries and the glomerulus. They regulate blood flow by their contractile activity and secrete extracellular matrix, prostaglandins, and cytokines. Mesangial cells also have phagocytic activity, removing proteins and other molecules trapped in the glomerular basement membrane or filtration barrier. The Bowman's capsule has an outer parietal layer composed of simple squamous epithelium. The visceral layer, composed of modified simple squamous epithelium, is lined by podocytes. Podocytes have foot processes, pedicels, that wrap around glomerular capillaries. These pedicels interdigitate with pedicels of adjacent podocytes forming filtration slits. The renal corpuscle filtration barrier is composed of: the fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries, the fused basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes, and the filtration slits of the podocytes. This barrier permits passage of water, ions, and small molecules from the bloodstream into Bowman's space (the space between the visceral and parietal layers). Large and/or negatively charged proteins are prevented from passing into Bowman's space, thus retaining these proteins in the circulation. The basal lamina is composed of 3 layers: lamina rara externa, lamina densa, and lamina rara interna. The lamina rara externa is adjacent to the podocyte processes. The lamina densa is the central layer consisting of type IV collagen and laminin. This layer acts as a selective macromolecular filter, preventing the passage of large protein molecules into Bowman's space. The lamina rara intena is adjacent to endothelial cells. This layer contains heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan that contributes to the electrostatic barrier of the glomerular filter. There are two poles in the renal corpuscle, a vascular pole, and a urinary pole. The vascular pole is where the afferent and efferent arterioles communicate with the glomerulus. The urinary pole is where the corpuscle opens into the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule. Fluid from blood in the glomerulus is collected in the Bowman's capsule to form 'glomerular filtrate', which is then further processed along the nephron to form urine. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000376 Malpighian corpuscle SCTID:361329009 Together, the Bowmans capsule and the glomerulus comprise the definitive renal corpuscle. http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron UBERON:0001229 UBERON:FMA_15625-MA_0000376 VHOG:0001262 ZFA:0005281 corpusculum renale cortical renal corpuscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Renal_corpuscle.svg/200px-Renal_corpuscle.svg.png malphighian corpuscle malphigian corpuscle ncithesaurus:Renal_Corpuscle uberon Malpighian corpuscle ZFA:0005281 In the kidney, a renal corpuscle is the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron. It consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries containing two cell types. Endothelial cells, which have large fenestrae, are not covered by diaphragms. Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells that lie between the capillaries and the glomerulus. They regulate blood flow by their contractile activity and secrete extracellular matrix, prostaglandins, and cytokines. Mesangial cells also have phagocytic activity, removing proteins and other molecules trapped in the glomerular basement membrane or filtration barrier. The Bowman's capsule has an outer parietal layer composed of simple squamous epithelium. The visceral layer, composed of modified simple squamous epithelium, is lined by podocytes. Podocytes have foot processes, pedicels, that wrap around glomerular capillaries. These pedicels interdigitate with pedicels of adjacent podocytes forming filtration slits. The renal corpuscle filtration barrier is composed of: the fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries, the fused basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes, and the filtration slits of the podocytes. This barrier permits passage of water, ions, and small molecules from the bloodstream into Bowman's space (the space between the visceral and parietal layers). Large and/or negatively charged proteins are prevented from passing into Bowman's space, thus retaining these proteins in the circulation. The basal lamina is composed of 3 layers: lamina rara externa, lamina densa, and lamina rara interna. The lamina rara externa is adjacent to the podocyte processes. The lamina densa is the central layer consisting of type IV collagen and laminin. This layer acts as a selective macromolecular filter, preventing the passage of large protein molecules into Bowman's space. The lamina rara intena is adjacent to endothelial cells. This layer contains heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan that contributes to the electrostatic barrier of the glomerular filter. There are two poles in the renal corpuscle, a vascular pole, and a urinary pole. The vascular pole is where the afferent and efferent arterioles communicate with the glomerulus. The urinary pole is where the corpuscle opens into the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule. Fluid from blood in the glomerulus is collected in the Bowman's capsule to form 'glomerular filtrate', which is then further processed along the nephron to form urine. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_corpuscle glomerular capsule AAO:0010526 BTO:0002297 Bowman's capsule Bowmans capsule EMAPA:27973 EMAPA:28257 FMA:15626 KUPO:0001001 MA:0001660 One fold of the S-shaped body gives rise to Bowman’s capsule[GUDMAP] SCTID:361331000 The Bowman's capsule is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule and further processed along the nephron to form urine. This process is known as ultrafiltration. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001230 UBERON:FMA_15626-MA_0001660 ZFA:0005254 ZFA:0005310 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1130.svg/200px-Gray1130.svg.png ncithesaurus:Bowman_s_Capsule uberon Bowmans capsule KUPO:0001001 Bowman's capsule http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron The Bowman's capsule is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule and further processed along the nephron to form urine. This process is known as ultrafiltration. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Glomerular_capsule nephron tubule An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. BTO:0000343 EFO:0003666 EMAPA:27782 EV:0100387 FMA:15627 GAID:433 MA:0000377 MESH:A.05.810.453.736.560 SCTID:361332007 TAO:0001287 UBERON:0001231 UBERON:0004210 UBERON:FMA_15627-ZFA_0001287 ZFA:0001287 kidney tubule ncithesaurus:Renal_Tubule note that in ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong", the uriniferous tubule contains the nephron, so we have a separate class, rather than using a synonym, as in MA renal tubule tubulus renalis uberon uriniferous tubule checkme An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. GO:0072078 Wikipedia:Renal_tubule GAID:433 kidney tubule MA:0000377 uriniferous tubule GO collecting duct of renal tubule BTO:0000761 EMAPA:28407 EV:0100391 FMA:15628 GAID:434 MA:0000371 MESH:A.05.810.453.736.560.510 SCTID:28202009 The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient UBERON:0001232 UBERON:FMA_15628-MA_0000371 ZFA:0005294 collecting duct collecting duct system collecting tubule kidney collecting duct note that in ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong", the nephron is adjacent to the collecting tubule, consistent with FMA, but not GO renal collecting tubule tubulus renalis colligens uberon FMA GO checkme FMA:15628 renal collecting tubule BTO:0000761 collecting duct system GO:0072044 collecting duct GO:0072044 The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient right adrenal gland FMA:15629 MA:0000719 SCTID:281625001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001233 UBERON:FMA_15629-MA_0000719 ncithesaurus:Right_Adrenal_Gland right suprarenal gland uberon left adrenal gland FMA:15630 MA:0000718 SCTID:281626000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001234 UBERON:FMA_15630-MA_0000718 left suprarenal gland ncithesaurus:Left_Adrenal_Gland uberon adrenal cortex AAO:0011009 BTO:0000045 EFO:0000237 EMAPA:18427 EV:0100136 FMA:15632 GAID:447 MA:0000118 MAT:0000494 MESH:A.06.407.071.140 SCTID:362584002 Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. [WP,unvetted]. Taxon notes: Kardong states that mammals are the first to have distinct cortext and medulla, but this contradicts XAO UBERON:0001235 UBERON:FMA_15632-MA_0000118-XAO_0000165 VHOG:0001481 XAO:0000165 adrenal gland cortex cortex (glandula suprarenalis) cortex glandulae suprarenalis cortex of adrenal gland cortex of suprarenal gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Cortex suprarenal suprarenal cortex uberon BTO:0000045 cortex glandulae suprarenalis Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Adrenal_cortex Wikipedia adrenal medulla AAO:0011010 BTO:0000049 EFO:0000852 EMAPA:18428 EV:0100137 FMA:15633 GAID:451 MA:0000119 MAT:0000495 MESH:A.06.224.161 SCTID:362585001 The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001236 UBERON:FMA_15633-MA_0000119-XAO_0000166 VHOG:0001378 XAO:0000166 adrenal gland medulla chromaffin cells http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png medulla (glandula suprarenalis) medulla glandulae suprarenalis medulla of adrenal gland medulla of glandula suprarenalis medulla of suprarenal gland ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Medulla suprarenal medulla uberon FMA:15633 FMA:TA medulla glandulae suprarenalis OBOL:automatic medulla of adrenal gland The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Adrenal_medulla Kardong Wikipedia BTO:0000049 medulla of glandula suprarenalis paraaortic body . EMAPA:18223 FMA:15647 GAID:444 MA:0001137 MESH:A.06.224.636 SCTID:276159005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001237 UBERON:FMA_15647-MA_0001137 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png organ of zuckerkandl para-aortic body paraganglia of zuckerkandl paraganglion of Zuckerkandl uberon . Wikipedia:Organ_of_Zuckerkandl EMAPA:18223 paraganglion of Zuckerkandl FMA lamina propria of small intestine FMA:15651 Lamina propria that is part_of the small intestine. MA:0001554 SCTID:63588008 UBERON:0001238 UBERON:FMA_15651-MA_0001554 lamina propria mucosa of small bowel lamina propria mucosa of small intestine lamina propria mucosae of small bowel lamina propria mucosae of small intestine lamina propria of mucosa of small intestine lamina propria of small bowel ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Lamina_Propria small bowel lamina propria small bowel lamina propria mucosa small bowel lamina propria mucosae small intestine lamina propria small intestine lamina propria mucosa small intestine lamina propria mucosae uberon OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria of small bowel OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of small intestine OBOL:automatic small bowel lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic small intestine lamina propria mucosa GOC:Obol Lamina propria that is part_of the small intestine. OBOL:automatic small intestine lamina propria mucosae muscularis mucosae of large intestine FMA:15655 MA:0002689 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001239 UBERON:FMA_15655-MA_0002689 lamina muscularis of large intestine mucosa lamina muscularis of large intestine mucous membrane large intestine muscularis mucosa ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Muscularis_Mucosa uberon muscularis mucosae of intestine FMA:15691 MA:0002694 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001240 UBERON:FMA_15691-MA_0002694 intestine muscularis mucosa uberon crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine A crypt of lieberkuhn that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. FMA:15693 MA:0001552 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001241 UBERON:FMA_15693-MA_0001552 crypt of lieberkuhn of small bowel crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine intestinal gland of small bowel intestinal gland of small intestine lieberkuhn crypt of small bowel lieberkuhn crypt of small intestine ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Crypt_of_Lieberkuhn small bowel crypt of lieberkuhn small bowel intestinal gland small bowel lieberkuhn crypt small intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn small intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn small intestine crypt of lieberkuhn small intestine intestinal gland small intestine lieberkuhn crypt uberon OBOL:automatic small intestine crypt of lieberkuhn OBOL:automatic lieberkuhn crypt of small intestine OBOL:automatic crypt of lieberkuhn of small bowel OBOL:automatic intestinal gland of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel crypt of lieberkuhn A crypt of lieberkuhn that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine OBOL:automatic lieberkuhn crypt of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel intestinal gland OBOL:automatic intestinal gland of small intestine OBOL:automatic small intestine lieberkuhn crypt OBOL:automatic small bowel lieberkuhn crypt OBOL:automatic small intestine intestinal gland intestinal mucosa BTO:0000642 FMA:15695 GAID:296 MA:0001537 MESH:A.03.492.411.369 SCTID:362080002 The innermost membrane of the four coats of the intestinal wall, the other three being the submucosa, muscular layers, and serosa. (Berk et al., Gastroenterology, 4th ed, v.3, p1479) UBERON:0001242 UBERON:FMA_15695-MA_0001537 bowel mucosa bowel mucosa of organ bowel mucous membrane bowel organ mucosa intestine mucosa intestine mucosa of organ intestine mucous membrane intestine organ mucosa mucosa of bowel mucosa of intestine mucosa of organ of bowel mucosa of organ of intestine mucous membrane of bowel mucous membrane of intestine ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Mucosa organ mucosa of bowel organ mucosa of intestine uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bowel OBOL:automatic intestine mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bowel organ mucosa MESH:A.03.492.411.369 The innermost membrane of the four coats of the intestinal wall, the other three being the submucosa, muscular layers, and serosa. (Berk et al., Gastroenterology, 4th ed, v.3, p1479) OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intestine OBOL:automatic intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intestine OBOL:automatic bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bowel serosa of intestine A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Obol]. FMA:15701 MA:0001538 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001243 UBERON:FMA_15701-MA_0001538 anatomical wall of bowel serosa anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane anatomical wall of intestine serosa anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane bowel anatomical wall serosa bowel anatomical wall serous membrane bowel wall serosa bowel wall serous membrane intestinal serosa intestinal wall serosa intestinal wall serous membrane intestine anatomical wall serosa intestine anatomical wall serous membrane intestine serosa intestine wall serosa intestine wall serous membrane serosa of anatomical wall of bowel serosa of anatomical wall of intestine serosa of bowel anatomical wall serosa of bowel wall serosa of intestinal wall serosa of intestine anatomical wall serosa of intestine wall serosa of wall of bowel serosa of wall of intestine serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall serous membrane of bowel wall serous membrane of intestinal wall serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall serous membrane of intestine wall serous membrane of wall of bowel serous membrane of wall of intestine uberon visceral peritoneum of intestine wall of bowel serosa wall of bowel serous membrane wall of intestine serosa wall of intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic intestine wall serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of intestine OBOL:automatic wall of bowel serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of intestine OBOL:automatic serosa of bowel wall OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic intestinal wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bowel serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine serosa OBOL:automatic intestine wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic wall of intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic bowel wall serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of intestine OBOL:automatic serosa of bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serosa of intestine wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestinal wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic intestinal wall serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestine wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of bowel OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic bowel wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic wall of bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic wall of intestine serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of intestinal wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bowel wall OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of bowel internal anal sphincter EMAPA:18266 FMA:15710 MA:0001534 The Sphincter ani internus (or internal anal sphincter) is a muscular ring which surrounds about 2.5 cm of the anal canal; its inferior border is in contact with, but quite separate from, the Sphincter ani externus. It is about 5 mm thick, and is formed by an aggregation of the involuntary circular fibers of the intestine. Its lower border is about 6 mm from the orifice of the anus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001244 UBERON:FMA_15710-MA_0001534 circular layer of anal muscularis externa circular layer of muscularis externa of anal canal circular layer of muscularis propria of anal canal circular muscle layer of anal canal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray1079.png/200px-Gray1079.png ncithesaurus:Internal_Anal_Sphincter uberon The Sphincter ani internus (or internal anal sphincter) is a muscular ring which surrounds about 2.5 cm of the anal canal; its inferior border is in contact with, but quite separate from, the Sphincter ani externus. It is about 5 mm thick, and is formed by an aggregation of the involuntary circular fibers of the intestine. Its lower border is about 6 mm from the orifice of the anus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_anal_sphincter MA anus BTO:0001680 EV:0100082 FBbt:00001893 FBbt:00003148 FMA:15711 GAID:312 MA:0000331 MESH:A.03.492.411.495.767.288 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjaEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts. SCTID:181262009 TADS:0000066 TGMA:0001279 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001245 UBERON:FMA_15711-MA_0000331-ZFA_0000066 WBbt:0005364 anal orifice galen:Anus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anorectum.gif/200px-Anorectum.gif ncithesaurus:Anus proctodeum uberon Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts. Wikipedia:Anus ZFIN:curator interlobular bile duct FMA:15767 MA:0002668 SCTID:83488001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001246 UBERON:FMA_15767-MA_0002668 ncithesaurus:Interlobular_Bile_Duct the canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad. uberon MP:0009500 the canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad. FMA FMA falciform ligament EHDAA2:0000499 EHDAA:4856 EMAPA:18288 EMAPA:18908 FMA:15823 In FMA this is a subclass of mesentery. In MA it is a subclass of ligament, we infer and assert this is a nonskeletal ligament MA:0001622 SCTID:362705001 UBERON:0001247 UBERON:FMA_15823-MA_0001622 VHOG:0000355 a ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward. It is a remnant of the ventral mesentery of the fetus. It is situated in an antero-posterior plane but lies obliquely, so that one surface faces forward and is in contact with the peritoneum behind the right rectus and the diaphragm, while the other is directed backward and is in contact with the left lobe of the liver. It is attached by its left margin to the under surface of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the sheath of the right Rectus as low down as the umbilicus; by its right margin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin of the liver, as far back as the posterior surface. It is composed of two layers of peritoneum closely united together. Its base or free edge contains between its layers the round ligament and the paraumbilical veins[WP]. falciform ligament of liver ligamentum falciforme (hepatis) ligamentum falciforme hepatis ncithesaurus:Falciform_Ligament uberon FMA MA Wikipedia:Falciform_ligament a ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward. It is a remnant of the ventral mesentery of the fetus. It is situated in an antero-posterior plane but lies obliquely, so that one surface faces forward and is in contact with the peritoneum behind the right rectus and the diaphragm, while the other is directed backward and is in contact with the left lobe of the liver. It is attached by its left margin to the under surface of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the sheath of the right Rectus as low down as the umbilicus; by its right margin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin of the liver, as far back as the posterior surface. It is composed of two layers of peritoneum closely united together. Its base or free edge contains between its layers the round ligament and the paraumbilical veins[WP]. FMA:15823 FMA:TA ligamentum falciforme hepatis MA-propagated hilum of spleen EMAPA:19303 FMA:15841 MA:0002670 SCTID:245377005 The Splenic hilum is a location on the surface of the spleen. It is the point of attachment for the gastrosplenic ligament, and the point of insertion for the splenic artery and splenic vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001248 UBERON:FMA_15841-MA_0002670 hilum lienale hilum splenicum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gray1188.png/200px-Gray1188.png ncithesaurus:Splenic_Hilum spleen hilum splenic hilum uberon FMA:15841 FMA:TA hilum splenicum FMA:15841 FMA:TA hilum lienale The Splenic hilum is a location on the surface of the spleen. It is the point of attachment for the gastrosplenic ligament, and the point of insertion for the splenic artery and splenic vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Splenic_hilum lymphoid nodule of spleen A lymphoid nodule that is part_of a spleen FMA:15843 MA:0002672 SCTID:35845000 UBERON:0001249 UBERON:FMA_15843-MA_0002672 lymphatic follicle of spleen lymphoid follicle of spleen lymphoid nodule of spleen malpighian body ncithesaurus:Splenic_Lymphoid_Follicle spleen Lymphoid nodule spleen lymphoid follicle spleen lymphoid nodule splenic Lymphoid nodule splenic lymphatic follicle uberon OBOL:automatic lymphoid nodule of spleen OBOL:automatic spleen Lymphoid nodule A lymphoid nodule that is part_of a spleen GOC:Obol OBOL:automatic splenic Lymphoid nodule red pulp of spleen FMA:15844 MA:0000756 Red pulp of the spleen is composed of connective tissue known as the cords of Billroth and many splenic sinuses that are engorged with blood, giving it a red color. Its primary function is to filter the blood of antigens, microorganisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells. The spleen is made of red pulp and white pulp, separated by the marginal zone; 76-79% of a normal spleen is red pulp. Unlike white pulp, which mainly contains lymphocytes such as T cells, red pulp is made up of several different types of blood cells, including platelets, granulocytes, red blood cells, and plasma. SCTID:27579002 UBERON:0001250 UBERON:FMA_15844-MA_0000756 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gray1191.png/200px-Gray1191.png ncithesaurus:Splenic_Red_Pulp pulpa rubra red pulp spleen red pulp splenic red pulp uberon FMA:15844 FMA:TA pulpa rubra Red pulp of the spleen is composed of connective tissue known as the cords of Billroth and many splenic sinuses that are engorged with blood, giving it a red color. Its primary function is to filter the blood of antigens, microorganisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells. The spleen is made of red pulp and white pulp, separated by the marginal zone; 76-79% of a normal spleen is red pulp. Unlike white pulp, which mainly contains lymphocytes such as T cells, red pulp is made up of several different types of blood cells, including platelets, granulocytes, red blood cells, and plasma. Wikipedia:Red_pulp marginal zone of spleen AAO:0010448 FMA:15852 MA:0000755 UBERON:0001251 UBERON:FMA_15852-MA_0000755 WP says - (Some sources consider it to be the part of red pulp which borders on the white pulp, while other sources consider it to be neither red pulp nor white pulp.) - we use the adjacency relation here so it overlaps neither. FMA considers this an anatomical line http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gray1191.png/200px-Gray1191.png junctional zone of spleen marginal zone ncithesaurus:Marginal_Zone region at the interface between the non-lymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white-pulp of the spleen. spleen marginal zone uberon Wikipedia:Marginal_zone marginal zone Wikipedia:Marginal_zone region at the interface between the non-lymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white-pulp of the spleen. adventitia of ureter EMAPA:28114 FMA:15892 MA:0002652 SCTID:392273001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001252 UBERON:FMA_15892-MA_0002652 external adventitia of ureter uberon ureter adventitia ureteral adventitia lamina propria of ureter A lamina propria that is part of a ureter [Obol]. EMAPA:28841 FMA:15896 MA:0002653 SCTID:2771005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001253 UBERON:FMA_15896-MA_0002653 lamina propria mucosa of ureter lamina propria mucosae of ureter uberon ureter lamina propria ureter lamina propria mucosa ureter lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic ureter lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic ureter lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of ureter A lamina propria that is part of a ureter [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of ureter urothelium of ureter FMA:15897 MA:0002655 UBERON:0001254 UBERON:FMA_15897-MA_0002655 transitional epithelium of ureter uberon ureter transitional epithelium ureter urothelium urinary bladder AAO:0000623 BTO:0001418 EFO:0000290 EHDAA2:0000174 EHDAA:9328 EMAPA:18321 EV:0100098 FMA:15900 GAID:0000004 MA:0000380 MAT:0000122 MESH:A.05.810.161 MIAA:0000122 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjMmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the right and left ureters and distally with the urethra. SCTID:302512001 UBERON:0001255 UBERON:FMA_15900-FMA_7203-MA_0000368-MA_0000380-MIAA_0000118-MIAA_0000119-MIAA_0000122-WBbt_0005775-XAO_0000154-ZFA_0000529 VHOG:0000740 XAO:0000154 bladder editor note: consider adding a 'bladder' grouping class excretory canal galen:UrinaryBladder http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Urinary_system.svg/200px-Urinary_system.svg.png ncithesaurus:Bladder uberon FMA:15900 Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the right and left ureters and distally with the urethra. Wikipedia:Urinary_bladder wall of urinary bladder An anatomical wall that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. BTO:0001462 FMA:15902 MA:0002493 SCTID:362225003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001256 UBERON:FMA_15902-MA_0002493 anatomical wall of bladder anatomical wall of urinary bladder bladder anatomical wall bladder wall ncithesaurus:Bladder_Wall uberon urinary bladder anatomical wall urinary bladder wall wall of bladder OBOL:automatic bladder wall OBOL:automatic bladder anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of bladder OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bladder An anatomical wall that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic urinary bladder anatomical wall trigone of urinary bladder FMA:15910 Lieutaud's trigone MA:0002492 SCTID:272663002 The trigone is a smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice. The area is very sensitive to expansion and once stretched to a certain degree, the urinary bladder signals the brain of its need to empty. The signals become stronger as the bladder continues to fill. Embryologically, the trigone of the Bladder is derived from the caudal end of mesonephric ducts. In the Female the mesonephric ducts break down but, thus, the Trigone of the Bladder is less prominent but, still present. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001257 UBERON:FMA_15910-MA_0002492 deep trigone galen:TrigoneOfUrinaryBladder http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_bladder.jpg/200px-Illu_bladder.jpg musculus trigoni vesicae profundus ncithesaurus:Bladder_Trigone trigone of bladder trigonum vesicae uberon urinary bladder trigone vesical trigone The trigone is a smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice. The area is very sensitive to expansion and once stretched to a certain degree, the urinary bladder signals the brain of its need to empty. The signals become stronger as the bladder continues to fill. Embryologically, the trigone of the Bladder is derived from the caudal end of mesonephric ducts. In the Female the mesonephric ducts break down but, thus, the Trigone of the Bladder is less prominent but, still present. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Trigone_of_urinary_bladder FMA:15910 FMA:TA trigonum vesicae FMA:15910 FMA:TA musculus trigoni vesicae profundus neck of urinary bladder FMA:15912 MA:0002491 SCTID:362227006 The neck of the urinary bladder is the portion of the urinary bladder adjacent to the prostate gland in men. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001258 UBERON:FMA_15912-MA_0002491 bladder neck cervix vesicae collum vesicae galen:UrinaryBladderNeck http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray1156.png/200px-Gray1156.png ncithesaurus:Bladder_Neck neck of bladder uberon urinary bladder neck vesical neck FMA:15912 FMA:TA cervix vesicae FMA:15912 FMA:TA collum vesicae The neck of the urinary bladder is the portion of the urinary bladder adjacent to the prostate gland in men. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Neck_of_urinary_bladder mucosa of urinary bladder A mucosa that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. EFO:0000293 FMA:15928 MA:0001692 SCTID:362224004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001259 UBERON:FMA_15928-MA_0001692 bladder mucosa bladder mucosa of organ bladder mucous membrane bladder organ mucosa galen:MucousMembraneOfUrinaryBladder mucosa of bladder mucosa of organ of bladder mucosa of organ of urinary bladder mucous membrane of bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder ncithesaurus:Bladder_Mucosa organ mucosa of bladder organ mucosa of urinary bladder tunica mucosa (vesica urinaria) tunica mucosa vesicae uberon urinary bladder mucosa urinary bladder mucosa of organ urinary bladder mucous membrane urinary bladder organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bladder organ mucosa FMA:15928 FMA:TA tunica mucosa (vesica urinaria) OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic urinary bladder mucosa of organ FMA:15928 FMA:TA tunica mucosa vesicae OBOL:automatic bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of urinary bladder serosa of urinary bladder A serous membrane that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. EMAPA:28661 FMA:15932 MA:0001696 SCTID:5868002 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001260 UBERON:FMA_15932-MA_0001696 bladder serosa bladder serous membrane serosa of bladder serous coat of bladder serous coat of urinary bladder serous membrane of bladder serous membrane of urinary bladder tunica serosa (vesica urinaria) tunica serosa vesicae uberon urinary bladder serosa urinary bladder serous membrane visceral peritoneum of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bladder FMA:15932 FMA:TA tunica serosa (vesica urinaria) A serous membrane that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bladder serous membrane FMA:15932 FMA:TA tunica serosa vesicae OBOL:automatic serous membrane of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder serous membrane lamina propria of urinary bladder A lamina propria that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. EMAPA:30088 FMA:15935 MA:0001695 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001261 UBERON:FMA_15935-MA_0001695 bladder lamina propria bladder lamina propria mucosa bladder lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of bladder lamina propria mucosa of urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae of bladder lamina propria mucosae of urinary bladder lamina propria of bladder ncithesaurus:Bladder_Lamina_Propria uberon urinary bladder lamina propria urinary bladder lamina propria mucosa urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic bladder lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic urinary bladder lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic bladder lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria of bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of bladder A lamina propria that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bladder lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae wall of intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Obol]. BTO:0000647 FMA:15949 MA:0002693 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001262 UBERON:FMA_15949-MA_0002693 anatomical wall of bowel anatomical wall of intestine bowel anatomical wall bowel wall intestinal wall intestine anatomical wall intestine wall uberon wall of bowel OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic bowel wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic wall of bowel OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall pancreatic acinus BTO:0000028 FMA:16011 MA:0002417 SCTID:247604006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001263 UBERON:FMA_16011-MA_0002417 acinus pancreaticus ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Acinus pancreas acinus pancreatic acini the secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct. uberon MA MP:0009145 the secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct. pancreatic acini FMA FMA pancreas AAO:0010112 An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO]. The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1–2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans[PMID]. BTO:0000988 EFO:0000855 EHDAA2:0001367 EHDAA:6893 EMAPA:17503 EMAPA:18816 EV:0100092 FMA:7198 GAID:334 MA:0000120 MAT:0000075 MESH:A.03.734 MIAA:0000075 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVimZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181277001 TAO:0000140 UBERON:0001264 UBERON:FMA_16017-FMA_16018-FMA_7198-MA_0000120-MA_0001582-MA_0002415-MIAA_0000075-XAO_0000136-XAO_0000137-ZFA_0000140-ZFA_0001249-ZFA_0001260 VHOG:0000050 XAO:0000136 ZFA:0000140 galen:Pancreas http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Illu_pancrease.svg/200px-Illu_pancrease.svg.png ncithesaurus:Pancreas taxon notes: As a secretory organ serving exocrine and endocrine functions, the pancreas is specific to the vertebrates[PMID:16417468] uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO]. The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1–2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans[PMID]. GO:0031016 PMID:16417468 Wikipedia:Pancreas trabecula of spleen FMA:16027 MA:0000758 SCTID:61987002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001265 UBERON:FMA_16027-MA_0000758 ncithesaurus:Splenic_Trabecula spleen trabeculum splenic trabecula uberon splenic cord FMA:16031 MA:0002671 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001266 UBERON:FMA_16031-MA_0002671 cord of bilroth ncithesaurus:Splenic_Cord uberon femoral nerve EHDAA2:0000507 EHDAA:5655 FMA:16486 GAID:850 MA:0001167 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.450.250 OpenCyc:Mx4rwGC03JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181051004 The femoral nerve, the largest branch of the lumbar plexus, arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves. It descends through the fibers of the Psoas major, emerging from the muscle at the lower part of its lateral border, and passes down between it and the Iliacus, behind the iliac fascia; it then runs beneath the inguinal ligament, into the thigh, and splits into an anterior and a posterior division. Under the inguinal ligament, it is separated from the femoral artery by a portion of the Psoas major. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001267 UBERON:FMA_16486-MA_0001167 VHOG:0001411 anterior crural nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gray823.png/200px-Gray823.png ncithesaurus:Femoral_Nerve uberon The femoral nerve, the largest branch of the lumbar plexus, arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves. It descends through the fibers of the Psoas major, emerging from the muscle at the lower part of its lateral border, and passes down between it and the Iliacus, behind the iliac fascia; it then runs beneath the inguinal ligament, into the thigh, and splits into an anterior and a posterior division. Under the inguinal ligament, it is separated from the femoral artery by a portion of the Psoas major. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Femoral_nerve peritoneal fluid BTO:0001031 FMA:16515 MA:0002531 Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity.[FMA] UBERON:0001268 UBERON:FMA_16515-MA_0002531 ncithesaurus:Peritoneal_Fluid uberon FMA:FMA Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity.[FMA] Wikipedia:Peritoneal_fluid acetabular part of hip bone AAO:0000770 EHDAA:10661 FMA:16579 GAID:206 In reptiles and in birds, the acetabula are deep sockets.[WP] Note that whilst WP defines this as a surface, MA treats it as a bone. There are other FMA classes that may be better suited to representing the surface. MA:0001335 MESH:A.02.835.232.611.108 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJlP9ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001427 SCTID:182027007 The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum. The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum. The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline. It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, which is thick and strong above, and serves for the attachment of the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa.[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001269 UBERON:FMA_16579-MA_0001335 acetabulum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg/200px-Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg ncithesaurus:Acetabulum uberon FMA The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum. The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum. The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline. It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, which is thick and strong above, and serves for the attachment of the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Acetabulum FMA bony pelvis FMA:16580 In humans, the ring of bone formed by the sacrum and the first few coccygeal vertebrae as the roof, the pubis and ischia as the floor and the ilia and the acetabular part of the ischia as the walls. SCTID:46633002 UBERON:0001270 UBERON:FMA_16580-MA_0000532 in FMA, this is part of the axial skeletal system. todo: add taxon-specific part of relations connecting sub-structures to this. uberon In humans, the ring of bone formed by the sacrum and the first few coccygeal vertebrae as the roof, the pubis and ischia as the floor and the ilia and the acetabular part of the ischia as the walls. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bony+pelvis pelvic girdle FMA:16581 Note that this class describes the subdivision of the limb/fin, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831). See also comments on obo-anatomy mail list SCTID:360010001 Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. UBERON:0001271 UBERON:FMA_16581-MA_0000293-MIAA_0000182-XAO_0003064-ZFA_0000565 girdle - pelvic ncithesaurus:Pelvic_Girdle pelvic girdle region uberon FMA FMA:16581 Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dvdy.22617/full https://groups.google.com/d/topic/obo-anatomy/h4R4xKmINrw/discussion pelvic bone FMA:16585 GAID:205 MESH:A.02.835.232.611 SCTID:361776002 The hip bone first appears in fishes, where it consists of a simple, usually triangular bone, to which the pelvic fin articulates. The hip bones on each side usually connect with each other at the forward end, and are even solidly fused in lungfishes and sharks, but they never attach to the vertebral column[WP] The hip bone, innominate bone or coxal bone is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. It has one of the few ball and socket synovial joints in the body – the so called hip joint. It meets its fellow on the opposite side in the middle line in front, and together they form the sides and anterior wall of the pelvic cavity. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, it comprises the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001272 UBERON:FMA_16585-ZFA_0000623 basipterygium bone of pelvic girdle coxal bone hip bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray341.png/200px-Gray341.png innominate bone ncithesaurus:Pelvic_Bone os coxae uberon FMA:16585 FMA:TA os coxae FMA The hip bone, innominate bone or coxal bone is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. It has one of the few ball and socket synovial joints in the body – the so called hip joint. It meets its fellow on the opposite side in the middle line in front, and together they form the sides and anterior wall of the pelvic cavity. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, it comprises the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hip_bone ilium AAO:0000772 EFO:0003049 FMA:16589 GAID:207 MA:0001336 MESH:A.02.835.232.611.434 Note that this is_a hip bone in MA OpenCyc:Mx4rvhwFJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182029005 The ilium is the uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis, and appears in most vertebrates including mammals and birds, but not bony fish. All reptiles have an ilium except snakes, although some snake species have a tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium[WP]. UBERON:0001273 UBERON:FMA_16589-MA_0001336 galen:Ilium ncithesaurus:Ilium os iliacum os ilii uberon MA MA The ilium is the uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis, and appears in most vertebrates including mammals and birds, but not bony fish. All reptiles have an ilium except snakes, although some snake species have a tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium[WP]. Wikipedia:Ilium_(bone) FMA FMA ischium AAO:0000860 FMA:16592 GAID:208 MA:0001337 MESH:A.02.835.232.611.548 Note that this is_a hip bone in MA OpenCyc:Mx4rvlzMKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182025004 The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone (os coxae). Situated below the ilium and behind the pubis, it is one of these three bones whose fusion creates the coxa. It is divisible into three portions: Body of ischium - the portion that supports weight while sitting (especially noticeable on a hard surface). Superior ramus of the ischium Inferior ramus of the ischium It is the strongest of the coxal bones. Clinically, avulsion fracture of the ischial apophysis may occur. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001274 UBERON:FMA_16592-MA_0001337 galen:Ischium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg/200px-Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg ncithesaurus:Ischium uberon MA FMA The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone (os coxae). Situated below the ilium and behind the pubis, it is one of these three bones whose fusion creates the coxa. It is divisible into three portions: Body of ischium - the portion that supports weight while sitting (especially noticeable on a hard surface). Superior ramus of the ischium Inferior ramus of the ischium It is the strongest of the coxal bones. Clinically, avulsion fracture of the ischial apophysis may occur. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ischium MA pubis AAO:0000861 EMAPA:18728 FMA:16595 MA:0001338 MESH:A.02.835.232.611.781 Note that this is_a hip bone in MA SCTID:182035005 UBERON:0001275 UBERON:FMA_16595-MA_0001338 galen:Pubis ncithesaurus:Pubic_Bone os pubis pubic bone pubis bone the ventral and anterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis. it is covered by a layer of fat, which is covered by the mons pubis. It is divisible into a body, a superior ramus and an inferior ramus. The body forms one-fifth of the acetabulum, contributing by its external surface both to the lunate surface and the acetabular fossa. Its internal surface enters into the formation of the wall of the lesser pelvis and gives origin to a portion of the obturator internus. In the female, the pubic bone is anterior to the urethral sponge. The left and right hip bones join at the pubic symphysis. The pubis is the lower limit of the suprapubic region[WP]. uberon MA FMA Wikipedia:Pubis_%28bone%29 os pubis Wikipedia:Pubis_(bone) the ventral and anterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis. it is covered by a layer of fat, which is covered by the mons pubis. It is divisible into a body, a superior ramus and an inferior ramus. The body forms one-fifth of the acetabulum, contributing by its external surface both to the lunate surface and the acetabular fossa. Its internal surface enters into the formation of the wall of the lesser pelvis and gives origin to a portion of the obturator internus. In the female, the pubic bone is anterior to the urethral sponge. The left and right hip bones join at the pubic symphysis. The pubis is the lower limit of the suprapubic region[WP]. MA Wikipedia:Pubis_%28bone%29 pubic bone FMA Wikipedia:Pubis_%28bone%29 pubis bone EMAPA epithelium of stomach BTO:0000500 EHDAA2:0001918 FMA:17091 MA:0001610 SCTID:64977002 UBERON:0001276 UBERON:FMA_17091-MA_0001610 VHOG:0001433 epithelial tissue of stomach epithelial tissue of ventriculus epithelium of ventriculus gastric epithelium in FMA this is classified as simple columnar, MA divides this into squamous and glandular stomach epithelial tissue stomach epithelium the epithelial layer of the stomach . uberon ventriculus epithelial tissue ventriculus epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach epithelium BTO:0000500 gastric epithelium OBOL:automatic ventriculus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic ventriculus epithelium MP:0000471 the epithelial layer of the stomach . OBOL:automatic epithelium of ventriculus intestinal epithelium BTO:0000781 FMA:17229 MA:0001536 SCTID:266135004 Simple columnar epithelium that lines the intestine, sometimes pseudostratified, with absorptive brush-border cells and mucous goblet cells clearly visible. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050209-3'>Crosnier et al. 2005</a> TAO:0005124 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001277 UBERON:FMA_17229-ZFA_0005124 ZFA:0005124 bowel epithelial tissue bowel epithelium epithelial tissue of bowel epithelial tissue of intestine epithelium of bowel epithelium of intestine intestine epithelial tissue intestine epithelium ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Epithelium uberon villous epithelium OBOL:automatic bowel epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of bowel ZFA:0005124 villous epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of intestine OBOL:automatic intestine epithelial tissue Simple columnar epithelium that lines the intestine, sometimes pseudostratified, with absorptive brush-border cells and mucous goblet cells clearly visible. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050209-3'>Crosnier et al. 2005</a> Wikipedia:Intestinal_epithelium ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic bowel epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of intestine OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bowel epithelium of large intestine An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. EMAPA:19257 EMAPA:19262 FMA:17301 MA:0001545 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001278 UBERON:FMA_17301-MA_0001545 epithelial tissue of large intestine large intestinal epithelium large intestine epithelial tissue large intestine epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic large intestine epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of large intestine An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic portal triad FMA:17523 MA:0002499 SCTID:362192000 The misnomer "portal triad" traditionally has included only the first three structures, and was named before lymphatic vessels were discovered in the structure. It can refer both to the largest branch of each of these vessels running inside the hepatoduodenal ligament, and to the smaller branches of these vessels inside the liver. UBERON:0001279 UBERON:FMA_17523-MA_0002499 a component of the hepatic lobule, that consists of: hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct, lymphatic vessels, and the branch of the vagus nerve. ncithesaurus:Portal_Triad trias hepatica uberon Wikipedia:Portal_triad a component of the hepatic lobule, that consists of: hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct, lymphatic vessels, and the branch of the vagus nerve. liver parenchyma AAO:0010405 EHDAA2:0001004 EHDAA:2201 EMAPA:17203 FMA:17540 MA:0000366 SCTID:363535004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001280 UBERON:0003223 UBERON:FMA_17540-MA_0000366 VHOG:0000539 XAO:0000454 hepatic parenchyma hepatic parenchyme liver parenchyme parenchyma of liver the functional units of the liver including the lobules. uberon MP:0008986 the functional units of the liver including the lobules. XAO:0000454 liver parenchyme FMA:17540 parenchyma of liver VHOG:0000539 hepatic parenchyme XAO FMA:17540 hepatic parenchyma hepatic sinusoid EHDAA2:0000999 EHDAA:2199 EHDAA:3997 EHDAA:4003 EHDAA:6992 EHDAA:8084 EMAPA:17365 FMA:17543 MA:0000367 SCTID:67435004 TAO:0005091 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001281 UBERON:0003275 UBERON:FMA_17543-MA_0000367-ZFA_0005091 VHOG:0000708 Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers. ZFA:0005091 hepatic sinusoids liver sinusoid liver sinusoidal blood vessel ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Sinusoid sinusoid of liver sinusoidal blood vessel of liver uberon vas capillare sinusoideum Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers. Wikipedia:Hepatic_sinusoid ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic sinusoidal blood vessel of liver OBOL:automatic liver sinusoidal blood vessel OBOL:automatic sinusoid of liver intralobular bile duct BTO:0002840 Editor notes: Note that this is part of the intrahepatic bile duct in MA, as this class is more alike the tree in FMA. Note also that SCT has canal of Hering and Entire IBduct as the only sibling terms under 'Structure of intralobular bile duct' (i.e. the CoH is the only part of the entire IBduct) FMA:17545 MA:0002669 SCTID:227002 SCTID:269922006 The Canals of Hering, or intrahepatic bile ductules, are part of the outflow system of exocrine bile product from the liver. UBERON:0001282 UBERON:FMA_17545-MA_0002669 canal of Hering canal of Herring canals of Hering cholangiole duct of Herring intrahepatic bile ductule ncithesaurus:Canal_of_Hering uberon FMA FMA FMA:17545 canal of Herring Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering canals of Hering Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering intrahepatic bile ductule FMA The Canals of Hering, or intrahepatic bile ductules, are part of the outflow system of exocrine bile product from the liver. Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering FMA:17545 cholangiole Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering duct of Herring bile canaliculus BTO:0002841 FMA:17547 Fine tubular canals running between liver cells, throughout the parenchyma, usually occurring singly between each adjacent pair of cells, and forming a three-dimensional network of polyhedral meshes, with a single cell in each mesh[BTO]. A thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes. The bile canaliculi merge and form bile ductules, which eventually become common hepatic duct. Hepatocytes are polyhedral in shape, therefore having no set shape or design. They have surfaces facing the sinusoids, (called sinusoidal faces) and surfaces which contact other hepatocytes, (called lateral faces). Bile canaliculi are formed by grooves on some of the lateral faces of these hepatocytes. Microvilli are present in the canaliculi but are sparse. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002495 MESH:A.03.159.183.158.125 SCTID:270023005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001283 UBERON:FMA_17547-MA_0002495 ZFA:0005163 bile canaliculi bile capillary biliary canaliculus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gray1094.png/200px-Gray1094.png ncithesaurus:Bile_Canaliculus uberon BTO:0002841 bile capillary FMA BTO FMA Wikipedia:Bile_canaliculus bile canaliculi FMA BTO:0002841 Fine tubular canals running between liver cells, throughout the parenchyma, usually occurring singly between each adjacent pair of cells, and forming a three-dimensional network of polyhedral meshes, with a single cell in each mesh[BTO]. A thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes. The bile canaliculi merge and form bile ductules, which eventually become common hepatic duct. Hepatocytes are polyhedral in shape, therefore having no set shape or design. They have surfaces facing the sinusoids, (called sinusoidal faces) and surfaces which contact other hepatocytes, (called lateral faces). Bile canaliculi are formed by grooves on some of the lateral faces of these hepatocytes. Microvilli are present in the canaliculi but are sparse. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Bile_canaliculus BTO:0002841 biliary canaliculus renal column FMA:17633 MA:0001651 The renal column (or Bertin column, or column of Bertin) is a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids. It allows the cortex to be better anchored. Each column consists of lines of blood vessels and urinary tubes and a fibrous material. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001284 UBERON:FMA_17633-MA_0001651 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Illu_kidney2.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney2.jpg renal column of bertini uberon The renal column (or Bertin column, or column of Bertin) is a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids. It allows the cortex to be better anchored. Each column consists of lines of blood vessels and urinary tubes and a fibrous material. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_column nephron BTO:0000924 EMAPA:28491 EV:0100384 Editor note: kidney terms require review for cross-vertebrate compatibility and developmental relationships. Taxon notes: In the avian kidney, three types of nephron are identified: mammalian-type nephrons with long and short loops of Henle, and reptilian type nephrons (Gambaryan, 1992)[GO Kidney] FMA:17640 GAID:428 MA:0000375 MESH:A.05.810.453.736 SCTID:361337001 The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP] UBERON:0001285 UBERON:FMA_17640-MA_0000375-XAO_0000145 ZFA:0005282 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png mature nephron ncithesaurus:Nephron uberon FMA Wikipedia PMID:9268568 The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP] Wikipedia:Nephron definitional EMAPA:28491 mature nephron Bowman's space EMAPA:27985 EMAPA:28263 FMA:17676 MA:0001664 SCTID:244284006 TODO - fix ZFA UBERON:0001286 UBERON:FMA_17676-MA_0001664 ZFA:0005283 ZFA:0005312 a narrow chalice-shaped cavity between the glomerular and capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule of the kidney[TFD]. Between the visceral and parietal layers, into which the filtrate enters after passing through the podocytes' filtration slits[WP]. luminal region between the glomerular capsule visceral and parietal layers, into which filtrate enters after passing through the filtration barrier from the glomerular capillaries[MP] bowman's space capsular space glomerular capsule space glomerular urinary space inter-glomerular space ncithesaurus:Urinary_Space pronephric capsular space renal capsular space uberon urinary space urinary space of renal corpuscle capsular space http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bowman's+space ZFA:0005283 renal capsular space ZFA:0005312 inter-glomerular space EMAPA:28263 urinary space of renal corpuscle MP:0011499 glomerular urinary space MP:0011499 Wikipedia:Bowman's_space a narrow chalice-shaped cavity between the glomerular and capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule of the kidney[TFD]. Between the visceral and parietal layers, into which the filtrate enters after passing through the podocytes' filtration slits[WP]. luminal region between the glomerular capsule visceral and parietal layers, into which filtrate enters after passing through the filtration barrier from the glomerular capillaries[MP] http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bowman's+space MP:0011499 glomerular capsule space ZFA:0005312 pronephric capsular space ZFA:0005283 inter-glomerular space proximal convoluted tubule 1st convoluted tubule EMAPA:28287 EV:0100388 FMA:17693 MA:0001669 PCT SCTID:362220008 TODO - cleanly define difference between proximal tubule and proximal convoluted tubule. Make definition applicable across species. The proximal tubule is the portion of the duct system of the nephron of the kidney which leads from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle[WP] UBERON:0001287 UBERON:FMA_17693-MA_0001669-ZFA_0001620 ZFA:0005290 first convoluted tubule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png proximal convoluted renal tubule tubulus contortus proximalis uberon The proximal tubule is the portion of the duct system of the nephron of the kidney which leads from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle[WP] Wikipedia:Proximal_convoluted_tubule checkme Wikipedia loop of Henle BTO:0004608 EMAPA:29665 EMAPA:29679 EV:0100390 FMA:17698 GAID:437 Henle loop MA:0001675 MESH:A.05.810.453.736.560.610 Note that the definitions of some kidney parts refer to Henle's loop, even in species where this may not be present. Requires review. Portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla. The main function of this structure is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney. By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which utilizes sodium pumps, it creates an area of high sodium concentration deep in the medulla, near the collecting duct. Water present in the filtrate in the collecting duct flows through aquaporin channels out of the collecting duct, moving passively down its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion[WP]. SCTID:361335009 UBERON:0001288 UBERON:FMA_17698-MA_0001675 VHOG:0001270 henle's loop http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png ncithesaurus:Loop_of_Henle uberon Portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla. The main function of this structure is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney. By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which utilizes sodium pumps, it creates an area of high sodium concentration deep in the medulla, near the collecting duct. Water present in the filtrate in the collecting duct flows through aquaporin channels out of the collecting duct, moving passively down its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion[WP]. Wikipedia:Loop_of_henle descending limb of loop of Henle FMA:17705 MA:0001679 Portion of the renal tubule constituting the first part of the loop of Henle[WP]. SCTID:245350001 UBERON:0001289 UBERON:FMA_17705-MA_0001679 descending limb descending limb of Henle's loop http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png loop of Henle descending limb ncithesaurus:Descending_Limb_of_the_Henle_s_Loop uberon FMA FMA Portion of the renal tubule constituting the first part of the loop of Henle[WP]. Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_henle proximal straight tubule BTO:0000055 EMAPA:29661 FMA:17716 MA:0002614 S3 TODO - is S3 exactly coincident with PST? Check also relationship to DL. todo - ensure relationships work across species (loop of Henle) UBERON:0001290 UBERON:0005166 UBERON:FMA_17716-MA_0002614-ZFA_0001621 ZFA:0005291 pars recta pars recta tubuli renalis part of the descending limb of the renal tubule, extending from the proximal convoluted tubule to the thin tubule[BTO]. proximal tubule segment 3 thick descending limb of proximal tubule tubulus rectus proximalis uberon MA MA-isa BTO:0000055 pars recta tubuli renalis MA:0002614 proximal tubule segment 3 FMA GO:0072020 S3 BTO:0000055 Wikipedia:Proximal_straight_tubule part of the descending limb of the renal tubule, extending from the proximal convoluted tubule to the thin tubule[BTO]. MA thick ascending limb of loop of Henle EMAPA:28396 EMAPA:29671 FMA:17722 MA:0001677 SCTID:244953001 TODO: thick/thin check. Also - does the loop of Henle overlap the distal convoluted tubule? FMA divides DCT into straight and convoluted portions UBERON:0001291 UBERON:FMA_17717-MA_0001676 a segment of the nephron in the kidney. It can be divided into two parts: that in the renal medulla, and that in the renal cortex[Wikipedia:Thick_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle]. ascending thick limb distal straight tubule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment straight portion of distal convoluted renal tubule straight portion of distal convoluted tubule thick ascending limb thick ascending limb of Henle's loop thick ascending limb of distal tubule tubulus rectus distalis uberon MA:0001677 loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment FMA:17722 straight portion of distal convoluted tubule Wikipedia:Thick_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle a segment of the nephron in the kidney. It can be divided into two parts: that in the renal medulla, and that in the renal cortex[Wikipedia:Thick_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle]. FMA:17722 thick ascending limb of distal tubule FMA:17722 tubulus rectus distalis distal convoluted tubule EMAPA:28393 EV:0100389 FMA:17721 MA:0001666 SCTID:361336005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001292 UBERON:FMA_17721-MA_0001666 a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. distal convoluted renal tubule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kidney_nephron.png/200px-Kidney_nephron.png ncithesaurus:Distal_Convoluted_Tubule second convoluted tubule tubulus contortus distalis uberon Wikipedia:Distal_convoluted_tubule a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. outer medulla of kidney BTO:0001746 EMAPA:28310 FMA:17733 MA:0001653 The renal outer medulla is the region of the kidney that lies between the renal cortex and the renal inner medulla[GO]. UBERON:0001293 UBERON:FMA_17733-MA_0001653 kidney outer medulla outer renal medulla outer zone of medulla of kidney outer zone of renal medulla renal outer medulla uberon zona externa (medullaris renalis) BTO:0001746 renal outer medulla BTO:0001746 kidney outer medulla FMA:17733 FMA:TA zona externa (medullaris renalis) GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The renal outer medulla is the region of the kidney that lies between the renal cortex and the renal inner medulla[GO]. inner medulla of kidney BTO:0001745 EMAPA:28349 FMA:17734 Innermost region of the mammalian kidney. MA:0001652 Taxon notes: unique to mammals[GO:0072053] UBERON:0001294 UBERON:FMA_17734-MA_0001652 inner renal medulla inner zone of medulla of kidney inner zone of renal medulla kidney inner medulla renal inner medulla set of inner region of renal pyramids uberon zona interna (medullaris renalis) BTO:0001745 kidney inner medulla FMA:17734 FMA:TA zona interna (medullaris renalis) GO:0072053 Innermost region of the mammalian kidney. BTO:0001745 renal inner medulla endometrium AO notes: in FMA this is subdivided into basal and outer. In MA there is a single child term, endometrium epithelium BTO:0001422 EFO:0000980 EMAPA:29917 EV:0100115 FMA:17742 GAID:377 MA:0000390 MAT:0000319 MESH:A.05.360.319.679.490 MIAA:0000319 SCTID:278867007 UBERON:0001295 UBERON:FMA_17742-MA_0000390-MIAA_0000319 VHOG:0001285 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg/200px-Illu_cervix.jpg inner membrane of the mammalian uterus. ncithesaurus:Endometrium tunica mucosa (endometrium) uberon Wikipedia:Endometrium inner membrane of the mammalian uterus. myometrium BTO:0000907 EFO:0001970 EMAPA:29923 EV:0100116 FMA:17743 GAID:171 MA:0000391 MESH:A.02.633.570.500 MeSH:D009215 SCTID:279879004 The inner layer of the uterine wall is the endometrium or uterine lining, and the outer layer the serosa or perimetrium. The myometrium stretches (the smooth muscle cells expand in both size and number[1]) during pregnancy to allow for the harboring of the pregnancy, and contracts in a coordinated fashion during the process of labor. After delivery the myometrium contracts to expel the placenta and reduce blood loss. UBERON:0001296 UBERON:FMA_17743-MA_0000391 VHOG:0001281 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg/200px-Illu_cervix.jpg middle layer of the uterine wall consisting of smooth muscle cells and supporting stromal and vascular tissue. ncithesaurus:Myometrium tunica muscularis (myometrium) uberon uterine smooth muscle Wikipedia:Myometrium http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myometrium middle layer of the uterine wall consisting of smooth muscle cells and supporting stromal and vascular tissue. serosa of uterus FMA:17744 MA:0001729 Outer serosa layer of the uterus. SCTID:253705006 TODO - check for parallel structure with peritoneum UBERON:0001297 UBERON:FMA_17744-MA_0001729 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg/200px-Illu_cervix.jpg ncithesaurus:Perimetrium perimetrium serous coat of uterus serous membrane of uterus tunica serosa (perimetrium) tunica serosa uteri uberon uterine serosa uterus serosa uterus serous membrane visceral peritoneum of uterus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimetrium perimetrium OBOL:automatic uterus serous membrane FMA:17744 FMA:TA tunica serosa uteri OBOL:automatic serous membrane of uterus Outer serosa layer of the uterus. Wikipedia:Perimetrium psoas major BTO:0001877 EMAPA:18169 FMA:18060 MA:0002358 OpenCyc:Mx4rwU5ZfZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244952006 The psoas major is a long fusiform muscle placed on the side of the lumbar region of the vertebral column and brim of the lesser pelvis. It joins the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas. In less than 50 per cent of subjects the psoas major is accompanied by the psoas minor. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001298 UBERON:FMA_18060-MA_0002358 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG ncithesaurus:Psoas_Major psoas major muscle uberon MA The psoas major is a long fusiform muscle placed on the side of the lumbar region of the vertebral column and brim of the lesser pelvis. It joins the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas. In less than 50 per cent of subjects the psoas major is accompanied by the psoas minor. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Psoas_major glans penis BTO:0003118 EMAPA:18988 EMAPA:29288 EV:0100108 FMA:18247 GAID:0000012 MA:0002726 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdCpE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:263378009 The glans penis (or simply glans) is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the penis. It is also commonly referred to as the 'head' of the penis. Slang terms include 'helmet', 'nob' (or 'knob'), and 'bell end', and all refer to its distinctive shape. The glans penis is anatomically homologous to the clitoral glans of the female. When the penis is flaccid it is wholly or partially covered by the foreskin, except in men who have been fully circumcised. The foreskin serves to protect this delicate mucous membrane covered structure. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001299 UBERON:FMA_18247-MA_0002726 VHOG:0001475 balanus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Male_anatomy.png/200px-Male_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Glans_Penis uberon BTO:0003118 balanus The glans penis (or simply glans) is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the penis. It is also commonly referred to as the 'head' of the penis. Slang terms include 'helmet', 'nob' (or 'knob'), and 'bell end', and all refer to its distinctive shape. The glans penis is anatomically homologous to the clitoral glans of the female. When the penis is flaccid it is wholly or partially covered by the foreskin, except in men who have been fully circumcised. The foreskin serves to protect this delicate mucous membrane covered structure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Glans_penis scrotum BTO:0003098 EMAPA:19296 FMA:18252 GAID:393 In some male mammals the scrotum (also referred to as the cod) is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. It is an extension of the abdomen, and is located between the penis and anus. In humans and some other mammals, the base of the scrotum becomes covered with pubic hair at puberty. In common speech, the scrotum is often improperly referred to as the testicles, which actually refer to organs encased inside the scrotum. The scrotum is homologous to the labia majora in females. It becomes tight when sexually aroused. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000409 MESH:A.05.360.444.661 OpenCyc:Mx4rwUC_upwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:265794003 UBERON:0001300 UBERON:FMA_18252-MA_0000409 galen:Scrotum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/HairedHumanScrotum.png/200px-HairedHumanScrotum.png ncithesaurus:Scrotum uberon In some male mammals the scrotum (also referred to as the cod) is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. It is an extension of the abdomen, and is located between the penis and anus. In humans and some other mammals, the base of the scrotum becomes covered with pubic hair at puberty. In common speech, the scrotum is often improperly referred to as the testicles, which actually refer to organs encased inside the scrotum. The scrotum is homologous to the labia majora in females. It becomes tight when sexually aroused. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scrotum epididymis A narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens. BTO:0000408 EFO:0000982 EMAPA:19290 EV:0100103 FMA:18255 GAID:397 MA:0000397 MAT:0000130 MESH:A.05.360.444.849.286 MIAA:0000130 SCTID:181432000 Taxon notes: A similar, but probably non-homologous, structure is found in cartilaginous fishes[WP]. Kardong has epididymis in elasmobranch.Structures notes: Typically divided into three main regions. In reptiles, there is an additional canal between the testis and the head of the epididymis, which receives the various efferent ducts. This is, however, absent in all birds and mammals. The epididymis is covered by a two layered pseudostratified epithelium. The epithelium is separated by a basement membrane from the connective tissue wall which has smooth muscle cells. UBERON:0001301 UBERON:FMA_18255-MA_0000397-MIAA_0000130 VHOG:0001265 epididymus galen:Epididymis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_testis_surface.jpg/200px-Illu_testis_surface.jpg ncithesaurus:Epididymis uberon FMA A narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens. Wikipedia:Epididymis Wikipedia right uterine tube A fallopian tube that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. FMA:18483 MA:0001717 SCTID:280106006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001302 UBERON:FMA_18483-MA_0001717 ncithesaurus:Right_Fallopian_Tube right fallopian tube right oviduct uberon A fallopian tube that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic left uterine tube A fallopian tube that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. FMA:18484 MA:0001716 SCTID:280107002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001303 UBERON:FMA_18484-MA_0001716 left fallopian tube left oviduct ncithesaurus:Left_Fallopian_Tube uberon A fallopian tube that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic germinal epithelium of ovary BTO:0004483 Controversial - see article. Requires expert input. Also check BTO placement EHDAA:8126 EMAPA:27564 FMA:18629 MA:0001711 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001361 SCTID:258308007 UBERON:0001304 UBERON:FMA_18629-MA_0001711 VHOG:0000630 epithelium superficiale (ovarium) female coelomic epithelium germinal epithelium (female) layer of simple cuboidal cells covering surface of ovary[WP]. ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Surface_Epithelium ovarian surface epithelium ovary germinal epithelium uberon PMID:16923182 Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(female) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Germinal_epithelium_%28female%29 layer of simple cuboidal cells covering surface of ovary[WP]. BTO:0004483 ovarian surface epithelium EMAPA:17384 female coelomic epithelium Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(female) germinal epithelium (female) ovarian follicle BTO:0000475 FMA:18640 GAID:371 MA:0001707 MAT:0000449 MESH:A.05.360.319.114.630.535 Ovarian follicles are the basic units of female reproductive biology, each of which is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte (aka ovum or egg). These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte in humans. These eggs/ova are only developed once every menstrual cycle (e.g. once a month in humans)[WP]. SCTID:361111009 TAO:0001110 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001305 UBERON:FMA_18640-MA_0001707-ZFA_0001110 VHOG:0001536 ZFA:0001110 egg follicle follicle of ovary follicle of ovary viewed macroscopically http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Primary_follicle-4.JPG/200px-Primary_follicle-4.JPG ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Follicle ovary follicle uberon FMA:18640 follicle of ovary viewed macroscopically Ovarian follicles are the basic units of female reproductive biology, each of which is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte (aka ovum or egg). These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte in humans. These eggs/ova are only developed once every menstrual cycle (e.g. once a month in humans)[WP]. Wikipedia:Ovarian_follicle cumulus oophorus At one part of the mature follicle, the cells of the membrana granulosa are collected into a mass which projects into the cavity of the follicle. This cluster of cells is termed the cumulus oophorus (Latin cumulus=heap, Greek oo=egg + phorus=carrying) discus proligerus, and it is released with the embedded oocyte during ovulation. In order for fertilization to occur this layer must be penetrated by the spermatocyte. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:18659 MA:0002414 SCTID:258586009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001306 UBERON:FMA_18659-MA_0002414 cumulus ovaricus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gray1164.png/200px-Gray1164.png uberon At one part of the mature follicle, the cells of the membrana granulosa are collected into a mass which projects into the cavity of the follicle. This cluster of cells is termed the cumulus oophorus (Latin cumulus=heap, Greek oo=egg + phorus=carrying) discus proligerus, and it is released with the embedded oocyte during ovulation. In order for fertilization to occur this layer must be penetrated by the spermatocyte. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cumulus_oophorus capsule of ovary FMA:18662 MA:0001706 SCTID:258491008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001307 UBERON:FMA_18662-MA_0001706 ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Capsule ovarian capsule ovary capsule uberon external iliac artery BTO:0004666 EHDAA2:0000463 EHDAA:4337 EMAPA:17614 FMA:18805 MA:0001973 OpenCyc:Mx4rvkh47pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181352000 The external iliac artery is a large artery in the pelvic region that carries blood to the lower limb. The external iliac artery is a paired artery, meaning there is one on each side of the body: a right external iliac artery and left external iliac artery. The external iliac artery is accompanied by the external iliac vein, which is located posterior to the artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001308 UBERON:FMA_18805-MA_0001973 galen:ExternalIliacArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray539.png/200px-Gray539.png ncithesaurus:External_Iliac_Artery uberon The external iliac artery is a large artery in the pelvic region that carries blood to the lower limb. The external iliac artery is a paired artery, meaning there is one on each side of the body: a right external iliac artery and left external iliac artery. The external iliac artery is accompanied by the external iliac vein, which is located posterior to the artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_iliac_artery internal iliac artery BTO:0004667 EMAPA:17860 FMA:18808 MA:0001974 SCTID:181346001 The internal iliac artery (formerly known as the hypogastric artery) is the main artery of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001309 UBERON:FMA_18808-MA_0001974 galen:InternalIliacArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Iliac_artery_bifurcation.PNG/200px-Iliac_artery_bifurcation.PNG ncithesaurus:Internal_Iliac_Artery uberon The internal iliac artery (formerly known as the hypogastric artery) is the main artery of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_artery umbilical artery BTO:0000841 EHDAA:1026 EHDAA:410 EMAPA:16331 EMAPA:16372 FMA:18820 GAID:516 MA:0002072 MESH:A.07.231.114.929 OpenCyc:Mx4rCWdhMGWbEd2AAABQjYGu0g RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002106 SCTID:261404000 The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001310 UBERON:FMA_18820-MA_0002072 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gray502.png/200px-Gray502.png ncithesaurus:Umbilical_Artery uberon The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Umbilical_artery inferior vesical artery FMA:18823 MA:0002079 SCTID:43210002 The INF vesical artery is an artery in the pelvis that supplies the lower part of the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001311 UBERON:FMA_18823-MA_0002079 arteria vesicali inferior ncithesaurus:Inferior_Vesical_Artery uberon The INF vesical artery is an artery in the pelvis that supplies the lower part of the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_vesical_artery superior vesical artery FMA:18839 MA:0002080 SCTID:113268007 The superior vesical artery supplies numerous branches to the upper part of the bladder. From one of these a slender vessel, the artery to the ductus deferens, takes origin and accompanies the duct in its course to the testis, where it anastomoses with the internal spermatic artery. Other branches supply the ureter. The first part of the superior vesical artery represents the terminal section of the previous portion of the umbilical artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001312 UBERON:FMA_18839-MA_0002080 arteria vesicalis superior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Internal_iliac_branches.PNG/200px-Internal_iliac_branches.PNG ncithesaurus:Superior_Vesical_Artery uberon The superior vesical artery supplies numerous branches to the upper part of the bladder. From one of these a slender vessel, the artery to the ductus deferens, takes origin and accompanies the duct in its course to the testis, where it anastomoses with the internal spermatic artery. Other branches supply the ureter. The first part of the superior vesical artery represents the terminal section of the previous portion of the umbilical artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_vesical_artery iliolumbar artery FMA:18845 MA:0001976 SCTID:113267002 The iliolumbar artery is a branch of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001313 UBERON:FMA_18845-MA_0001976 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png ilio-lumbar artery ncithesaurus:Iliolumbar_Artery uberon The iliolumbar artery is a branch of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iliolumbar_artery obturator artery FMA:18865 MA:0002008 SCTID:244302006 The obturator artery passes antero-inferiorly (forwards and downwards) on the lateral wall of the pelvis, to the upper part of the obturator foramen, and, escaping from the pelvic cavity through the obturator canal, it divides into both an anterior and a posterior branch. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001314 UBERON:FMA_18865-MA_0002008 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gray547.png/200px-Gray547.png ncithesaurus:Obturator_Artery uberon The obturator artery passes antero-inferiorly (forwards and downwards) on the lateral wall of the pelvis, to the upper part of the obturator foramen, and, escaping from the pelvic cavity through the obturator canal, it divides into both an anterior and a posterior branch. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Obturator_artery superior gluteal artery FMA:18868 MA:0002054 SCTID:181354004 The superior gluteal artery (gluteal artery) is the largest branch of the internal iliac artery, and appears to be the continuation of the posterior division of that vessel. It is a short artery which runs backward between the lumbosacral trunk and the first sacral nerve, and, passing out of the pelvis above the upper border of the Piriformis, immediately divides into a superficial and a deep branch. Within the pelvis it gives off a few branches to the Iliacus, Piriformis, and Obturator internus, and just previous to quitting that cavity, a nutrient artery which enters the ilium. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001315 UBERON:FMA_18868-MA_0002054 arteria glutealis superior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gray1244.png/200px-Gray1244.png ncithesaurus:Gluteal_Artery uberon The superior gluteal artery (gluteal artery) is the largest branch of the internal iliac artery, and appears to be the continuation of the posterior division of that vessel. It is a short artery which runs backward between the lumbosacral trunk and the first sacral nerve, and, passing out of the pelvis above the upper border of the Piriformis, immediately divides into a superficial and a deep branch. Within the pelvis it gives off a few branches to the Iliacus, Piriformis, and Obturator internus, and just previous to quitting that cavity, a nutrient artery which enters the ilium. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_gluteal_artery external iliac vein EHDAA2:0000464 FMA:18883 MA:0002144 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQUYtZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181400000 The external iliac veins are large veins that connect the femoral veins to the common iliac veins. Their origin is at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when they join the internal iliac veins (to form the common iliac veins). Both external iliac veins are accompanied along their course by external iliac arteries. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001316 UBERON:FMA_18883-MA_0002144 galen:ExternalIliacVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Iliac_veins.gif/200px-Iliac_veins.gif ncithesaurus:External_Iliac_Vein uberon The external iliac veins are large veins that connect the femoral veins to the common iliac veins. Their origin is at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when they join the internal iliac veins (to form the common iliac veins). Both external iliac veins are accompanied along their course by external iliac arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_iliac_vein internal iliac vein EHDAA2:0000874 FMA:18884 MA:0002145 SCTID:181399007 The internal iliac vein (hypogastric vein) begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the hypogastric artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac to form the common iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001317 UBERON:FMA_18884-MA_0002145 VHOG:0000749 galen:InternalIliacVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Internaliliacv.png/200px-Internaliliacv.png ncithesaurus:Internal_Iliac_Vein uberon The internal iliac vein (hypogastric vein) begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the hypogastric artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac to form the common iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_vein inferior vesical vein FMA:18890 MA:0002264 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001318 UBERON:FMA_18890-MA_0002264 uberon FMA/obol vaginal vein FMA:18899 MA:0002251 SCTID:424336009 The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001319 UBERON:FMA_18899-MA_0002251 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gray589.png/200px-Gray589.png uberon vagina vein vein of vagina OBOL:automatic vagina vein OBOL:automatic vein of vagina FMA/obol The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vaginal_vein iliolumbar vein FMA:18902 MA:0002146 SCTID:286793006 The iliolumbar vein is the vena comitans of the iliolumbar artery. The obturator nerve crosses superficial to it. A single vein is found more commonly than a double vein. It drains vertebral segments four and five. It is closely related to the ascending lumbar vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001320 UBERON:FMA_18902-MA_0002146 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png ilio-lumbar vein ncithesaurus:Iliolumbar_Vein uberon The iliolumbar vein is the vena comitans of the iliolumbar artery. The obturator nerve crosses superficial to it. A single vein is found more commonly than a double vein. It drains vertebral segments four and five. It is closely related to the ascending lumbar vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iliolumbar_vein FMA/obol obturator vein FMA:18914 MA:0002183 SCTID:20146009 The obturator vein begins in the upper portion of the adductor region of the thigh and enters the pelvis through the upper part of the obturator foramen, in the obturator canal. It runs backward and upward on the lateral wall of the pelvis below the obturator artery, and then passes between the ureter and the hypogastric artery, to end in the hypogastric vein. It has an anterior and posterior branch (similar to obturator artery). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001321 UBERON:FMA_18914-MA_0002183 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png ncithesaurus:Obturator_Vein uberon The obturator vein begins in the upper portion of the adductor region of the thigh and enters the pelvis through the upper part of the obturator foramen, in the obturator canal. It runs backward and upward on the lateral wall of the pelvis below the obturator artery, and then passes between the ureter and the hypogastric artery, to end in the hypogastric vein. It has an anterior and posterior branch (similar to obturator artery). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Obturator_vein FMA/obol sciatic nerve BTO:0001221 EFO:0001417 EHDAA2:0001779 EHDAA:5659 EMAPA:18577 FMA:19034 GAID:852 MA:0001172 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.450.760 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1133 OpenCyc:Mx4rv7MlDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181050003 The sciatic nerve (also known as the ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve in humans and other animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb. It is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body. The sciatic supplies nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. It is derived from spinal nerves L4 through S3. It contains fibres from both the anterior and posterior divisions of the lumbosacral plexus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001322 UBERON:FMA_19034-MA_0001172 VHOG:0000894 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gray1244.png/200px-Gray1244.png ncithesaurus:Sciatic_Nerve nervus ischiadicus nervus sciaticus uberon BTO:0001221 nervus ischiadicus The sciatic nerve (also known as the ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve in humans and other animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb. It is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body. The sciatic supplies nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. It is derived from spinal nerves L4 through S3. It contains fibres from both the anterior and posterior divisions of the lumbosacral plexus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sciatic_nerve BTO:0001221 nervus sciaticus tibial nerve FMA:19035 GAID:854 MA:0001173 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.450.760.820 OpenCyc:Mx4rwNya8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181078002 The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus. In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a cutaneous branch that will become the sural nerve. The sural nerve is joined by fibres from the common peroneal nerve and runs down the calf to supply the lateral side of the foot. Below the soleus muscle the nerve lies close to the tibia and supplies the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. The nerve passes into the foot running posterior to the medial malleolus. Here it is bound down by the flexor retinaculum in company with the posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001323 UBERON:FMA_19035-MA_0001173 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gray828.png/200px-Gray828.png medial popliteal nerve ncithesaurus:Tibial_Nerve uberon The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus. In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a cutaneous branch that will become the sural nerve. The sural nerve is joined by fibres from the common peroneal nerve and runs down the calf to supply the lateral side of the foot. Below the soleus muscle the nerve lies close to the tibia and supplies the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. The nerve passes into the foot running posterior to the medial malleolus. Here it is bound down by the flexor retinaculum in company with the posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tibial_nerve common fibular nerve EFO:0003062 FMA:19039 GAID:853 MA:0001169 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.450.760.640 OpenCyc:Mx4rvwKexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181077007 UBERON:0001324 UBERON:FMA_19039-MA_0001169 a nerve arising at the terminal division of the sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa and extending to the neck of the fibula, ultimately innervating the Peroneus muscle[MP]. The common peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve; external popliteal nerve; peroneal nerve), about one-half the size of the tibial nerve, is derived from the dorsal branches of the fourth and fifth lumbar and the first and second sacral nerves. It descends obliquely along the lateral side of the popliteal fossa to the head of the fibula, close to the medial margin of the biceps femoris muscle. It lies between the tendon of the biceps femoris and lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, winds around the neck of the fibula, between the peronæus longus and the bone, and divides beneath the muscle into the superficial peroneal nerve (superficial fibular nerve) and deep peroneal nerve (deep fibular nerve). [WP,unvetted]. common peroneal nerve extrernal peroneal nerve lateral popliteal nerve ncithesaurus:Peroneal_Nerve nervus peroneus communis peroneal nerve uberon MP:0011211 extrernal peroneal nerve MP:0011211 lateral popliteal nerve FMA:19039 FMA:TA nervus peroneus communis MP:0011211 Wikipedia:Common_fibular_nerve a nerve arising at the terminal division of the sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa and extending to the neck of the fibula, ultimately innervating the Peroneus muscle[MP]. The common peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve; external popliteal nerve; peroneal nerve), about one-half the size of the tibial nerve, is derived from the dorsal branches of the fourth and fifth lumbar and the first and second sacral nerves. It descends obliquely along the lateral side of the popliteal fossa to the head of the fibula, close to the medial margin of the biceps femoris muscle. It lies between the tendon of the biceps femoris and lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, winds around the neck of the fibula, between the peronæus longus and the bone, and divides beneath the muscle into the superficial peroneal nerve (superficial fibular nerve) and deep peroneal nerve (deep fibular nerve). [WP,unvetted]. muscle of pelvis FMA:19086 MA:0000534 Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani, UBERON:0001325 UBERON:FMA_19086-MA_0000534 muscle organ of pelvis pelvic muscle pelvis muscle pelvis muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pelvis MA FMA:19086 Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani, OBOL:automatic pelvis muscle organ FMA:19086 pelvic muscle levator ani EMAPA:19165 FMA:19087 MA:0002332 The Levator ani is a broad, thin muscle, situated on the side of the pelvis. It is attached to the inner surface of the side of the lesser pelvis, and unites with its fellow of the opposite side to form the greater part of the floor of the pelvic cavity. It supports the viscera in pelvic cavity, and surrounds the various structures which pass through it. In combination with the Coccygeus muscle, it forms the pelvic diaphragm. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001326 UBERON:FMA_19087-MA_0002332 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray404.png/200px-Gray404.png ncithesaurus:Levator_Ani uberon The Levator ani is a broad, thin muscle, situated on the side of the pelvis. It is attached to the inner surface of the side of the lesser pelvis, and unites with its fellow of the opposite side to form the greater part of the floor of the pelvic cavity. It supports the viscera in pelvic cavity, and surrounds the various structures which pass through it. In combination with the Coccygeus muscle, it forms the pelvic diaphragm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Levator_ani coccygeus FMA:19088 MA:0002277 The Coccygeus is a muscle of the pelvic wall (i.e. peripheral to the pelvic floor), situated behind the levator ani and in front of the sacrospinous ligament. It is a triangular plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, arising by its apex from the spine of the ischium and sacrospinous ligament, and inserted by its base into the margin of the coccyx and into the side of the lowest piece of the sacrum. It assists the Levator ani and Piriformis in closing in the back part of the outlet of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001327 UBERON:FMA_19088-MA_0002277 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray404.png/200px-Gray404.png ischiococcygeus musculus ischiococcygeus uberon The Coccygeus is a muscle of the pelvic wall (i.e. peripheral to the pelvic floor), situated behind the levator ani and in front of the sacrospinous ligament. It is a triangular plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, arising by its apex from the spine of the ischium and sacrospinous ligament, and inserted by its base into the margin of the coccyx and into the side of the lowest piece of the sacrum. It assists the Levator ani and Piriformis in closing in the back part of the outlet of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Coccygeus FMA:19088 FMA:TA musculus ischiococcygeus lobe of prostate Anatomically, the human prostate gland is located between the base of the bladder and the rectum, and it completely surrounds the proximal urethra (Fig. 1A). It is a single alobular structure with central (CZ), peripheral (PZ) and transitional (TZ) zones. In contrast, the mouse prostate is not merged into one compact anatomical structure. It comprises four paired lobes situated circumferentially around the urethra, immediately caudal to the urinary bladder—namely, anterior (AP), dorsal (DP), lateral (LP), and ventral (VP) prostate (Fig. 1B). Often, the dorsal and the lateral lobes are thought of in combination and referred to as the dorsolateral (DLP) lobe as they share a ductal system. The mouse AP is considered analogous to the human CZ, which is rarely a site of neoplastic transformation in humans. The mouse DLP is considered most similar to the human PZ, which is the zone in which most carcinomas arise (Xue et al. 1997). These analogies, however, are limited as they are based solely on descriptive data and need to be re-evaluated using molecular techniques before the relationship between specific mouse prostate lobes and the human prostate zones is definitively asserted (Abate-Shen & Shen 2000). The mouse VP does not have a human homologue, and the human TZ does not have a murine homologue [PMID:15163300] BTO:0000548 FMA:19570 MA:0001738 SCTID:279692004 UBERON:0001328 UBERON:FMA_19570-MA_0001738 lobe of prostate gland ncithesaurus:Prostate_Gland_Lobe prostate gland lobe prostatic lobe uberon prostate gland anterior lobe BTO:0003158 FMA:19574 MA:0002422 SCTID:279693009 UBERON:0001329 UBERON:FMA_19574-MA_0002422 anterior lobe of prostate anterior lobe of prostate gland comment: todo - check - see comments from PMID:15163300 commissura prostatae commissure of prostate isthmus of prostate isthmus of prostate gland isthmus prostatae prostate gland anterior lobe prostatic isthmus the prostate lobe that appears as a thin tubular structure, attached to the lesser curvature of the paired seminal vesicles. uberon FMA:19574 FMA:TA commissura prostatae MP:0001163 the prostate lobe that appears as a thin tubular structure, attached to the lesser curvature of the paired seminal vesicles. FMA:19574 FMA:TA isthmus prostatae FMA:19574 anterior lobe of prostate pampiniform plexus FMA:19607 MA:0001866 SCTID:279661001 The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis. The veins of the plexus ascend along the cord in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins. These again unite to form a single vein, the testicular vein, which opens on the right side into the inferior vena cava, at an acute angle, and on the left side into the left renal vein, at a right angle. The pampinoform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord. In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes. It acts as a heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries. An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is a medical condition called varicocele. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001330 UBERON:FMA_19607-MA_0001866 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray1147.png/200px-Gray1147.png pampiniform venous plexus plexus of veins of fascia of prostate plexus venosus pampiniformis uberon venous plexus of fascia of prostate venous plexus of fascia of prostate gland The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis. The veins of the plexus ascend along the cord in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins. These again unite to form a single vein, the testicular vein, which opens on the right side into the inferior vena cava, at an acute angle, and on the left side into the left renal vein, at a right angle. The pampinoform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord. In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes. It acts as a heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries. An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is a medical condition called varicocele. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pampiniform_plexus FMA:19607 FMA:TA plexus venosus pampiniformis skin of penis A zone of skin that is part of a penis [Obol]. FMA:19638 MA:0002727 SCTID:35900000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001331 UBERON:FMA_19638-MA_0002727 penile skin penis skin penis zone of skin uberon zone of skin of penis OBOL:automatic penis zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a penis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of penis prepuce of penis BTO:0001113 EFO:0001664 EMAPA:18989 EV:0100109 FMA:19639 In male human anatomy, the foreskin is a retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus when the penis is not erect. It is also described as the prepuce, a technically broader term that also includes the clitoral hood in women, to which the foreskin is embryonically homologous. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000407 MA:0001744 Note FMA also has FMA:27648 skin of prepuce of penis - how is this different? MA uses the term prepuce for the male prepuce. MA also has penis foreskin OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001332 UBERON:FMA_19639-MA_0000407 foreskin http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Foreskin2.jpg/200px-Foreskin2.jpg ncithesaurus:Prepuce penile prepuce prepuce prepuce of male preputial skin preputium skin of prepuce of penis uberon FMA:27648 skin of prepuce of penis FMA:19639 foreskin Wikipedia In male human anatomy, the foreskin is a retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus when the penis is not erect. It is also described as the prepuce, a technically broader term that also includes the clitoral hood in women, to which the foreskin is embryonically homologous. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Foreskin EMAPA:18989 prepuce of male FMA:19639 penile prepuce HP:0100587 preputium MA:0000407 Wikipedia:Foreskin prepuce FMA:27648 preputial skin male urethra BTO:0004089 EMAPA:18692 FMA:19668 In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002640 SCTID:264085007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001333 UBERON:FMA_19668-MA_0002640 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Male_Urethra uberon In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Male_urethra female urethra BTO:0004088 EMAPA:28747 FMA:19669 In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002637 SCTID:264469008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001334 UBERON:FMA_19669-MA_0002637 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Female_Urethra uberon In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Female_urethra prostatic urethra BTO:0003163 EMAPA:30942 FMA:19673 MA:0002646 SCTID:279434009 The prostatic urethra, the widest and most dilatable part of the urethra canal, is about 3 cm. long. It runs almost vertically through the prostate from its base to its apex, lying nearer its anterior than its posterior surface; the form of the canal is spindle-shaped, being wider in the middle than at either extremity, and narrowest below, where it joins the membranous portion. A transverse section of the canal as it lies in the prostate is horse-shoe-shaped, with the convexity directed forward. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001335 UBERON:FMA_19673-MA_0002646 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/200px-Gray1142.png ncithesaurus:Prostatic_Portion_of_the_Male_Urethra pars prostatica urethrae prostatic part of urethra uberon BTO:0003163 pars prostatica urethrae The prostatic urethra, the widest and most dilatable part of the urethra canal, is about 3 cm. long. It runs almost vertically through the prostate from its base to its apex, lying nearer its anterior than its posterior surface; the form of the canal is spindle-shaped, being wider in the middle than at either extremity, and narrowest below, where it joins the membranous portion. A transverse section of the canal as it lies in the prostate is horse-shoe-shaped, with the convexity directed forward. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Prostatic_urethra membranous urethra FMA:19674 MA:0002647 SCTID:263343009 The intermediate part of male urethra (membranous portion) is the shortest, least dilatable, and, with the exception of the external orifice, the narrowest part of the canal. It extends downward and forward, with a slight anterior concavity, between the apex of the prostate and the bulb of the urethra, perforating the urogenital diaphragm about 2.5 cm. below and behind the pubic symphysis. The hinder part of the urethral bulb lies in apposition with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, but its upper portion diverges somewhat from this fascia: the anterior wall of the membranous urethra is thus prolonged for a short distance in front of the urogenital diaphragm; it measures about 2 cm. in length, while the posterior wall which is between the two fasciæ of the diaphragm is only 1.25 cm. long. The membranous portion of the urethra is completely surrounded by the fibers of the Sphincter urethrae membranaceae. In front of it the deep dorsal vein of the penis enters the pelvis between the transverse ligament of the pelvis and the arcuate pubic ligament; on either side near its termination are the bulbourethral glands. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001336 UBERON:FMA_19674-MA_0002647 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/200px-Gray1142.png intermediate part of urethra intermediate urethra membranous part of urethra ncithesaurus:Membranous_Urethra pars intermedia urethrae pars membranacea (urethrae) uberon The intermediate part of male urethra (membranous portion) is the shortest, least dilatable, and, with the exception of the external orifice, the narrowest part of the canal. It extends downward and forward, with a slight anterior concavity, between the apex of the prostate and the bulb of the urethra, perforating the urogenital diaphragm about 2.5 cm. below and behind the pubic symphysis. The hinder part of the urethral bulb lies in apposition with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, but its upper portion diverges somewhat from this fascia: the anterior wall of the membranous urethra is thus prolonged for a short distance in front of the urogenital diaphragm; it measures about 2 cm. in length, while the posterior wall which is between the two fasciæ of the diaphragm is only 1.25 cm. long. The membranous portion of the urethra is completely surrounded by the fibers of the Sphincter urethrae membranaceae. In front of it the deep dorsal vein of the penis enters the pelvis between the transverse ligament of the pelvis and the arcuate pubic ligament; on either side near its termination are the bulbourethral glands. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Membranous_urethra FMA:19674 FMA:TA pars intermedia urethrae spongiose part of urethra BTO:0004089 EMAPA:30944 FMA:19675 MA:0002643 The spongy urethra (cavernous portion of urethra, penile urethra) is the longest part of the male urethra, and is contained in the corpus spongiosum urethraeæ. It is about 15 cm long, and extends from the termination of the membranous portion to the external urethral orifice. Commencing below the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm it passes forward and upward to the front of the symphysis pubis; and then, in the flaccid condition of the penis, it bends downward and forward. It is narrow, and of uniform size in the body of the penis, measuring about 6 mm in diameter; it is dilated behind, within the bulb, and again anteriorly within the glans penis, where it forms the fossa navicularis urethrae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001337 UBERON:FMA_19675-MA_0002643 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/200px-Gray1142.png pars spongiosa penile urethra spongiose urethra spongy urethra (male) uberon FMA:19675 FMA:TA pars spongiosa The spongy urethra (cavernous portion of urethra, penile urethra) is the longest part of the male urethra, and is contained in the corpus spongiosum urethraeæ. It is about 15 cm long, and extends from the termination of the membranous portion to the external urethral orifice. Commencing below the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm it passes forward and upward to the front of the symphysis pubis; and then, in the flaccid condition of the penis, it bends downward and forward. It is narrow, and of uniform size in the body of the penis, measuring about 6 mm in diameter; it is dilated behind, within the bulb, and again anteriorly within the glans penis, where it forms the fossa navicularis urethrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Penile_urethra urethral gland FMA:19683 MA:0001688 SCTID:279477005 The term urethral or periurethral gland (also Littre gland after Alexis Littré, or preputial glands) is used to refer to any of the many glands that branch off the wall of the urethra of male mammals. The glands secrete mucus, which is incorporated into the semen, and are most numerous in the section of the urethra that runs through the penis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001338 UBERON:FMA_19683-MA_0001688 gland of urethra uberon urethra gland OBOL:automatic gland of urethra The term urethral or periurethral gland (also Littre gland after Alexis Littré, or preputial glands) is used to refer to any of the many glands that branch off the wall of the urethra of male mammals. The glands secrete mucus, which is incorporated into the semen, and are most numerous in the section of the urethra that runs through the penis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Urethral_gland ischiocavernosus FMA:19730 MA:0002330 The ischiocavernosus muscle is a muscle just below the surface of the perineum, present in both men and women. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001339 UBERON:FMA_19730-MA_0002330 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ischiocavernosus-female.png/200px-Ischiocavernosus-female.png ncithesaurus:Ischiocavernosus todo - add part_of relationships uberon The ischiocavernosus muscle is a muscle just below the surface of the perineum, present in both men and women. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ischiocavernosus dorsal artery of penis BTO:0005088 FMA:19795 MA:0001946 SCTID:244294001 The Dorsal Artery of the Penis ascends between the crus penis and the pubic symphysis, and, piercing the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, passes between the two layers of the suspensory ligament of the penis, and runs forward on the dorsum of the penis to the glans, where it divides into two branches, which supply the glans and prepuce. On the penis, it lies between the dorsal nerve and deep dorsal vein, the former being on its lateral side. It supplies the integument and fibrous sheath of the corpus cavernosum penis, sending branches through the sheath to anastomose with the deep artery of the penis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001340 UBERON:FMA_19795-MA_0001946 arteria dorsalis penis dorsal artery of the penis dorsal penile artery dorsal penis artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gray1155.png/200px-Gray1155.png uberon BTO MA FMA FMA:19795 dorsal penile artery MA:0001946 dorsal penis artery BTO:0005088 dorsal artery of the penis FMA BTO:0005088 arteria dorsalis penis The Dorsal Artery of the Penis ascends between the crus penis and the pubic symphysis, and, piercing the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, passes between the two layers of the suspensory ligament of the penis, and runs forward on the dorsum of the penis to the glans, where it divides into two branches, which supply the glans and prepuce. On the penis, it lies between the dorsal nerve and deep dorsal vein, the former being on its lateral side. It supplies the integument and fibrous sheath of the corpus cavernosum penis, sending branches through the sheath to anastomose with the deep artery of the penis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_artery_of_penis lesser sac EHDAA2:0001296 EHDAA2:0004554 EHDAA:2335 EMAPA:16889 EMAPA:18458 FMA:19800 MA:0000445 Note - check EHDAA2 The lesser sac, also known as the omental bursa, is the cavity in the abdomen that is formed by the lesser and greater omentum. Usually found in mammals, it is connected with the greater sac via the epiploic foramen (also known as the Foramen of Winslow). In mammals, it is not uncommon for the lesser sac to contain considerable amounts of fat. In human anatomy, the wall of the stomach, pancreas and splenic artery are a part of the wall of the lesser sac. If these structures rupture they may leak into the lesser sac. For the stomach, which lies anterior to the omental bursa, the rupture must be on the posterior side; if it were anteriorly located, the leak would collect in the greater sac. The lesser sac is embryologically formed from an infolding of the greater omentum. The open end of the infolding, known as the epiploic foramen, is usually proximal to the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001341 UBERON:FMA_19800-MA_0000445 VHOG:0000458 bursa omentalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Peritoneum.svg/200px-Peritoneum.svg.png ncithesaurus:Omental_Bursa omental bursa uberon The lesser sac, also known as the omental bursa, is the cavity in the abdomen that is formed by the lesser and greater omentum. Usually found in mammals, it is connected with the greater sac via the epiploic foramen (also known as the Foramen of Winslow). In mammals, it is not uncommon for the lesser sac to contain considerable amounts of fat. In human anatomy, the wall of the stomach, pancreas and splenic artery are a part of the wall of the lesser sac. If these structures rupture they may leak into the lesser sac. For the stomach, which lies anterior to the omental bursa, the rupture must be on the posterior side; if it were anteriorly located, the leak would collect in the greater sac. The lesser sac is embryologically formed from an infolding of the greater omentum. The open end of the infolding, known as the epiploic foramen, is usually proximal to the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lesser_sac FMA:19800 FMA:TA bursa omentalis mesovarium AAO:0010531 EMAPA:17961 FMA:19815 SCTID:279914000 TAO:0000333 The mesovarium is the portion of the broad ligament of the uterus that covers the ovaries. At first the mesonephros and genital ridge are suspended by a common mesentery, but as the embryo grows the genital ridge gradually becomes pinched off from the mesonephros, with which it is at first continuous, though it still remains connected to the remnant of this body by a fold of peritoneum. In the male this is the mesorchium, and in the female, this is the mesovarium. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001342 UBERON:FMA_19815-ZFA_0000333 ZFA:0000333 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gray1111.png/200px-Gray1111.png uberon The mesovarium is the portion of the broad ligament of the uterus that covers the ovaries. At first the mesonephros and genital ridge are suspended by a common mesentery, but as the embryo grows the genital ridge gradually becomes pinched off from the mesonephros, with which it is at first continuous, though it still remains connected to the remnant of this body by a fold of peritoneum. In the male this is the mesorchium, and in the female, this is the mesovarium. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Mesovarium seminiferous tubule of testis AAO:0010399 BTO:0001235 EFO:0001404 EMAPA:18685 EMAPA:31476 EV:0100380 FMA:19825 GAID:400 MA:0000412 MAT:0000503 MESH:A.05.360.444.849.700 SCTID:279614002 Seminiferous tubules are located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa. The epithelium of the tubule consists of sustentacular or Sertoli cells, which are tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule. In between the Sertoli cells are spermatogenic cells, which differentiate through meiosis to sperm cells. There are two types: convoluted and straight. convuluted towards the lateral side and straight as the tubule comes medially to form ducts which will exit the testis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001343 UBERON:FMA_19825-XAO_0003088 VHOG:0001363 XAO:0003088 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gray1145.png/200px-Gray1145.png ncithesaurus:Seminiferous_Cord ncithesaurus:Seminiferous_Tubule seminiferous cord seminiferous tubule testis - seminiferous tubule tubuli seminiferi uberon Seminiferous tubules are located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa. The epithelium of the tubule consists of sustentacular or Sertoli cells, which are tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule. In between the Sertoli cells are spermatogenic cells, which differentiate through meiosis to sperm cells. There are two types: convoluted and straight. convuluted towards the lateral side and straight as the tubule comes medially to form ducts which will exit the testis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Seminiferous_tubule EMAPA:18685 seminiferous cord epithelium of vagina BTO:0000422 EMAPA:30991 FMA: nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium; BTO: Vaginal epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium having a thickness of 15-200 microns; MA has single subclass (squamous) FMA:19978 MA:0001730 UBERON:0001344 UBERON:FMA_19978-MA_0001730 epithelial tissue of vagina epithelium, vaginal ncithesaurus:Vaginal_Epithelium the epithelial layer of the vagina. uberon vagina epithelial tissue vagina epithelium vaginal epithelium BTO:0000422 epithelium, vaginal OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of vagina OBOL:automatic vagina epithelial tissue MP:0001140 the epithelial layer of the vagina. fornix This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies This class was obsoleted. UBERON:0000051 UBERON:0000052 UBERON:0001345 UBERON:FMA_19985-MA_0002747 true uberon This class was obsoleted. Wikipedia:Fornix hymen of vagina FMA:20005 MA:0002465 MESH:A.05.360.319.779.479 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001346 UBERON:FMA_20005-MA_0002465 hymen vaginae uberon vaginal hymen white adipose tissue Adipose tissue, cells of which contain a single large lipid droplet.[FMA] BTO:0001456 EFO:0000813 FMA:20117 MA:0000058 MAT:0000199 MIAA:0000199 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001347 UBERON:FMA_20117-MA_0000058-MIAA_0000199 adipocytus unigutturalis ncithesaurus:White_Adipose_Tissue textus adiposus albus uberon unilocular adipose tissue white fat Adipose tissue, cells of which contain a single large lipid droplet.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:White_adipose_tissue brown adipose tissue Adipose tissue, cells of which contain multiple small lipid droplets.[FMA] BTO:0000156 EFO:0000812 EMAPA:19209 FMA:20118 GAID:921 MA:0000057 MAT:0000198 MESH:A.10.165.114.322 MIAA:0000198 SCTID:15965003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001348 UBERON:FMA_20118-MA_0000057-MIAA_0000198 adipocytus multigutturalis brown fat multilocular adipose tissue ncithesaurus:Brown_Adipose_Tissue textus adiposus fuscus uberon Adipose tissue, cells of which contain multiple small lipid droplets.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Brown_adipose_tissue vestibule AAO:0000984 Anatomical cavity that connects an organ cavity, organ cavity subdivision or cavity of body part subdivision to the exterior, completely or partially surrounded by organs or organ parts that are lined by epithelium. Examples: preputial cavity, vestibule of vagina.[FMA] EV:0100366 FMA:20192 UBERON:0001349 UBERON:FMA_20192-XAO_0000199 uberon Anatomical cavity that connects an organ cavity, organ cavity subdivision or cavity of body part subdivision to the exterior, completely or partially surrounded by organs or organ parts that are lined by epithelium. Examples: preputial cavity, vestibule of vagina.[FMA] FMA:20192 FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Vestibule_(disambiguation)#Anatomy coccyx AAO:0000731 FMA:20229 GAID:239 In MA the subclass hierarchy is cocc V is_a caud V is_a tail bone In humans: The coccyx, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the human vertebral column. Comprising three to five separate or fused vertebrae (the coccygeal vertebrae) below the sacrum, it is attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between the sacrum and the coccyx. The term coccyx comes originally from the Greek language and means 'cuckoo', referring to the curved shape of a cuckoo's beak when viewed from the side. [WP,unvetted]. MESH:A.02.835.232.834.229 OpenCyc:Mx4rv1XqHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182028002 UBERON:0001350 UBERON:FMA_20229-MA_0000696 coccygeal vertebrae I-IV coccyx [coccygeal vertebrae i-iv] coccyx [vertebrae coccygeae i-iv] galen:Coccyx http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gray100.png/200px-Gray100.png ncithesaurus:Coccyx os coccygis tailbone uberon In humans: The coccyx, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the human vertebral column. Comprising three to five separate or fused vertebrae (the coccygeal vertebrae) below the sacrum, it is attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between the sacrum and the coccyx. The term coccyx comes originally from the Greek language and means 'cuckoo', referring to the curved shape of a cuckoo's beak when viewed from the side. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Coccyx FMA:20229 coccygeal vertebrae I-IV FMA FMA:20229 FMA:TA coccyx [vertebrae coccygeae i-iv] FMA:20229 FMA:TA os coccygis FMA:20229 coccyx [coccygeal vertebrae i-iv] FMA:20229 tailbone lacrimal sac FMA:20289 MA:0001298 SCTID:362534009 The lacrimal sac is the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla. It connects the lacrimal canaliculi, which drain tears from the eye's surface, and the nasolacrimal duct, which conveys this fluid into the nasal cavity. This is mainly for high amounts of tears, in which the lacrimal sac pumps inward and outward driven by the orbicularis muscle during blinking. It is oval in form and measures from 12 to 15 mm. in length; its upper end is closed and rounded; its lower is continued into the nasolacrimal duct. Its superficial surface is covered by a fibrous expansion derived from the medial palpebral ligament, and its deep surface is crossed by the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi, which is attached to the crest on the lacrimal bone. Like the nasolacrimal duct, the sac is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells, with surrounding connective tissue. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001351 UBERON:FMA_20289-MA_0001298 ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Sac uberon The lacrimal sac is the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla. It connects the lacrimal canaliculi, which drain tears from the eye's surface, and the nasolacrimal duct, which conveys this fluid into the nasal cavity. This is mainly for high amounts of tears, in which the lacrimal sac pumps inward and outward driven by the orbicularis muscle during blinking. It is oval in form and measures from 12 to 15 mm. in length; its upper end is closed and rounded; its lower is continued into the nasolacrimal duct. Its superficial surface is covered by a fibrous expansion derived from the medial palpebral ligament, and its deep surface is crossed by the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi, which is attached to the crest on the lacrimal bone. Like the nasolacrimal duct, the sac is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells, with surrounding connective tissue. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_sac external acoustic meatus A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter. AO notes: subdivision of head in FMA. Editor note: consider revisiting superclass after refinement of CARO/EAO, conduit may not be quite correct. Development notes: tympanic ring, which serves as support for the tympanic membrane, directs invagination of the first pharingeal cleft ectoderm to form the external acoustic meatus (EAM), which provides the outer layer of the membrane[PMID 11237469] EHDAA2:0000460 EHDAA:8975 EMAPA:17588 EV:0100356 FMA:61734 GAID:864 MA:0000260 MESH:A.09.246.272.396 OpenCyc:Mx4rvli-nZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181178004 UBERON:0001352 UBERON:FMA_20290-MA_0000260 VHOG:0000977 auditory canal auditory meatus ear canal external acoustic tube external auditory canal external auditory meatus external auditory tube galen:ExternalAuditoryMeatus ncithesaurus:External_Acoustic_Meatus uberon FMA:61734 external acoustic tube EHDAA2:0000460 auditory meatus A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter. Wikipedia:External_acoustic_meatus Wikipedia:Ear_canal ear canal PMID:11237469 FMA EHDAA2 FMA:61734 external auditory tube anal region EFO:0000847 EHDAA2:0000122 EHDAA:2931 EMAPA:16831 MA:0000329 MAT:0000042 MIAA:0000042 SCTID:362680001 UBERON:0001353 UBERON:FMA_20347-MA_0000329 VHOG:0000395 WBbt:0006919 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray408.png/200px-Gray408.png ncithesaurus:Anal_Region uberon definitional inferior epigastric artery EMAPA:18751 FMA:20686 In human anatomy, inferior epigastric artery refers to the artery that arises from the external iliac artery and anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein, the inferior epigastric vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001978 OpenCyc:Mx4rdBvQc6gOEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:244288009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001354 UBERON:FMA_20686-MA_0001978 ncithesaurus:Inferior_Epigastric_Artery uberon In human anatomy, inferior epigastric artery refers to the artery that arises from the external iliac artery and anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein, the inferior epigastric vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_epigastric_artery deep femoral artery FMA:20741 MA:0002027 SCTID:181348000 The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the femoral artery that, as its name suggests, travels more deeply (posteriorly) than the rest of the femoral artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001355 UBERON:FMA_20741-MA_0002027 arteria profunda femoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray548.png/200px-Gray548.png ncithesaurus:Deep_Femoral_Artery profunda femoris artery uberon The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the femoral artery that, as its name suggests, travels more deeply (posteriorly) than the rest of the femoral artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Deep_femoral_artery medial circumflex femoral artery FMA:20799 MA:0001996 SCTID:244326008 The medial circumflex femoral artery (internal circumflex artery, medial femoral circumflex artery) is an artery in the upper thigh that helps supply blood to the neck of the femur. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001356 UBERON:FMA_20799-MA_0001996 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Circumflex_femoral_arteries.png/200px-Circumflex_femoral_arteries.png medial femoral circumflex artery uberon The medial circumflex femoral artery (internal circumflex artery, medial femoral circumflex artery) is an artery in the upper thigh that helps supply blood to the neck of the femur. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_circumflex_femoral_artery inferior rectal artery FMA:20824 MA:0001979 SCTID:244304007 The inferior rectal artery (inferior hemorrhoidal artery) is an artery that supplies blood to the lower half of the anal canal. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001357 UBERON:FMA_20824-MA_0001979 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray542.png/200px-Gray542.png inferior hemorrhoidal artery ncithesaurus:Inferior_Rectal_Artery uberon The inferior rectal artery (inferior hemorrhoidal artery) is an artery that supplies blood to the lower half of the anal canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_rectal_artery perineal artery FMA:20836 MA:0002017 SCTID:244303001 The perineal artery (superficial perineal artery) arises from the internal pudendal artery, and turns upward, crossing either over or under the Transversus perinæi superficialis, and runs forward, parallel to the pubic arch, in the interspace between the Bulbocavernosus and Ischiocavernosus, both of which it supplies, and finally divides into several posterior scrotal branches which are distributed to the skin and dartos tunic of the scrotum. As it crosses the Transversus perinæi superficialis it gives off the transverse perineal artery which runs transversely on the cutaneous surface of the muscle, and anastomoses with the corresponding vessel of the opposite side and with the perineal and inferior hemorrhoidal arteries. It supplies the Transversus perinæi superficialis and the structures between the anus and the urethral bulb. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001358 UBERON:FMA_20836-MA_0002017 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray542.png/200px-Gray542.png ncithesaurus:Perineal_Artery uberon The perineal artery (superficial perineal artery) arises from the internal pudendal artery, and turns upward, crossing either over or under the Transversus perinæi superficialis, and runs forward, parallel to the pubic arch, in the interspace between the Bulbocavernosus and Ischiocavernosus, both of which it supplies, and finally divides into several posterior scrotal branches which are distributed to the skin and dartos tunic of the scrotum. As it crosses the Transversus perinæi superficialis it gives off the transverse perineal artery which runs transversely on the cutaneous surface of the muscle, and anastomoses with the corresponding vessel of the opposite side and with the perineal and inferior hemorrhoidal arteries. It supplies the Transversus perinæi superficialis and the structures between the anus and the urethral bulb. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Perineal_artery cerebrospinal fluid BTO:0000237 BTO:0001280 CSF EFO:0000329 ENVO:02000029 EV:0100311 FMA:20935 GAID:1181 MA:0002503 MAT:0000499 MESH:A.12.207.268 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1798 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Transudate contained in the subarachnoid space.[FMA] UBERON:0001359 UBERON:FMA_20935-MA_0002503 VHOG:0001278 ZFA:0001626 cerebral spinal fluid ncithesaurus:Cerebrospinal_Fluid spinal fluid uberon BTO:0000237 spinal fluid ZFA:0001626 cerebral spinal fluid FMA:FMA Transudate contained in the subarachnoid space.[FMA] Wikipedia:Cerebrospinal_fluid deep circumflex iliac vein FMA:21182 MA:0002099 SCTID:11653007 The deep circumflex iliac vein is formed by the union of the venæ comitantes of the deep iliac circumflex artery, and joins the external iliac vein about 2 cm. above the inguinal ligament. It also receives small tributary branches from the thoracoepigastric vein [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001360 UBERON:FMA_21182-MA_0002099 deep iliac circumflex vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png uberon vena circumflexa iliaca profunda The deep circumflex iliac vein is formed by the union of the venæ comitantes of the deep iliac circumflex artery, and joins the external iliac vein about 2 cm. above the inguinal ligament. It also receives small tributary branches from the thoracoepigastric vein [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Deep_circumflex_iliac_vein femoral vein AAO:0010237 EMAPA:17876 FMA:21185 GAID:533 In the human body, the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath. It begins at the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal) and is a continuation of the popliteal vein. It ends at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament, where it becomes the external iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002118 MESH:A.07.231.908.314 OpenCyc:Mx4rwFXTLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362071002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001361 UBERON:FMA_21185-MA_0002118 galen:FemoralVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Femoral_triangle.gif/200px-Femoral_triangle.gif ncithesaurus:Femoral_Vein uberon In the human body, the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath. It begins at the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal) and is a continuation of the popliteal vein. It ends at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament, where it becomes the external iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Femoral_vein perineal vein FMA:21246 MA:0002193 SCTID:312507009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001362 UBERON:FMA_21246-MA_0002193 uberon FMA/obol great saphenous vein BTO:0003271 FMA:21376 MA:0002216 SCTID:181402008 The great saphenous vein (GSV), also greater saphenous vein, is the large (subcutaneous) superficial vein of the leg and thigh. The terms 'safaina' (Greek) and 'el safin' (Arabic) have both been claimed as the origin for the word 'saphenous'. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001363 UBERON:FMA_21376-MA_0002216 galen:GreatSaphenousVein galen:GreaterSaphenousVein greater saphenous vein large saphenous vein long saphenous vein ncithesaurus:Long_Saphenous_Vein uberon The great saphenous vein (GSV), also greater saphenous vein, is the large (subcutaneous) superficial vein of the leg and thigh. The terms 'safaina' (Greek) and 'el safin' (Arabic) have both been claimed as the origin for the word 'saphenous'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Great_saphenous_vein FMA/obol BTO:0003271 large saphenous vein circumpennate FMA:21431 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjBSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000271 UBERON:0001364 UBERON:FMA_21431-ZFA_0000271 ZFA:0000271 radial radialis radials true uberon FMA:21431 FMA:TA radialis sacro-iliac joint . EMAPA:19300 FMA:21440 GAID:268 MA:0001506 MESH:A.02.835.583.707 SCTID:182199004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001365 UBERON:FMA_21440-MA_0001506 articulatio sacro-iliaca ncithesaurus:Sacroiliac_Joint sacroiliac joint uberon . Wikipedia:Sacro-iliac_joint parietal peritoneum AAO:0010816 FMA:21451 MA:0000449 SCTID:362700006 TAO:0005131 The peritoneum that lines the walls of the peritoneal cavity. UBERON:0001366 UBERON:0004459 UBERON:FMA_21451-ZFA_0005131 VHOG:0001527 ZFA:0005131 fix coordinated with ZFA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1040.png/200px-Gray1040.png peritoneal cavity lining uberon MA:0000449 peritoneal cavity lining The peritoneum that lines the walls of the peritoneal cavity. Wikipedia:Parietal_peritoneum ZFIN:curator external anal sphincter EMAPA:18265 FMA:21930 MA:0001531 The Sphincter ani externus (external anal sphincter) is a flat plane of muscular fibers, elliptical in shape and intimately adherent to the integument surrounding the margin of the anus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001367 UBERON:FMA_21930-MA_0001531 external sphincter ani http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anorectum.gif/200px-Anorectum.gif ncithesaurus:External_Anal_Sphincter sphincter ani externus uberon The Sphincter ani externus (external anal sphincter) is a flat plane of muscular fibers, elliptical in shape and intimately adherent to the integument surrounding the margin of the anus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_anal_sphincter obturator externus FMA:22299 MA:0002347 SCTID:245026009 The obturator externus muscle is a flat, triangular muscle, which covers the outer surface of the anterior wall of the pelvis. It is sometimes considered part of the medial compartment of thigh, and sometimes considered part of the gluteal region. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001368 UBERON:FMA_22299-MA_0002347 external obturator http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG/200px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG uberon The obturator externus muscle is a flat, triangular muscle, which covers the outer surface of the anterior wall of the pelvis. It is sometimes considered part of the medial compartment of thigh, and sometimes considered part of the gluteal region. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Obturator_externus iliacus EMAPA:19164 FMA:22310 MA:0002318 The iliacus is a flat, triangular muscle, which fills the iliac fossa. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001369 UBERON:FMA_22310-MA_0002318 anterior muscle of pelvic girdle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG iliacus muscle ncithesaurus:Iliacus uberon FMA Wikipedia:Iliacus_muscle iliacus muscle The iliacus is a flat, triangular muscle, which fills the iliac fossa. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iliacus_muscle gluteus maximus EMAPA:18527 FMA:22314 MA:0002309 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjdMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The gluteus maximus (or glutæus maximus) is the largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles. It makes up a large portion of the shape and appearance of the buttocks. It is a broad and thick fleshy mass of a quadrilateral shape, and forms the prominence of the nates. Its large size is one of the most characteristic features of the muscular system in humans, connected as it is with the power of maintaining the trunk in the erect posture. The muscle is remarkably coarse in structure, being made up of fasciculi lying parallel with one another and collected together into large bundles separated by fibrous septa. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001370 UBERON:FMA_22314-MA_0002309 glutaeus maximus muscle gluteus maximus muscle gluteus superficialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG/200px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG m.gluteus maximus ncithesaurus:Gluteus_Maximus uberon Wikipedia:Gluteus_maximus_muscle gluteus maximus muscle Wikipedia:Gluteus_maximus_muscle glutaeus maximus muscle FMA The gluteus maximus (or glutæus maximus) is the largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles. It makes up a large portion of the shape and appearance of the buttocks. It is a broad and thick fleshy mass of a quadrilateral shape, and forms the prominence of the nates. Its large size is one of the most characteristic features of the muscular system in humans, connected as it is with the power of maintaining the trunk in the erect posture. The muscle is remarkably coarse in structure, being made up of fasciculi lying parallel with one another and collected together into large bundles separated by fibrous septa. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gluteus_maximus_muscle gluteus medius EMAPA:19163 FMA:22315 MA:0002310 The gluteus medius (or glutæus medius), one of the three gluteal muscles, is a broad, thick, radiating muscle, situated on the outer surface of the pelvis. Its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, its anterior two-thirds by the gluteal aponeurosis, which separates it from the superficial fascia and integument. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001371 UBERON:FMA_22315-MA_0002310 galen:GluteusMedius gluteus medius muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG/200px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG musculus gluteus medius ncithesaurus:Gluteus_Medius uberon Wikipedia:Gluteus_medius_muscle musculus gluteus medius FMA Wikipedia:Gluteus_medius_muscle gluteus medius muscle The gluteus medius (or glutæus medius), one of the three gluteal muscles, is a broad, thick, radiating muscle, situated on the outer surface of the pelvis. Its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, its anterior two-thirds by the gluteal aponeurosis, which separates it from the superficial fascia and integument. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gluteus_medius FMA psoas minor BTO:0001878 EMAPA:18170 FMA:22350 MA:0002359 SCTID:244954007 The psoas minor is a long, slender skeletal muscle that, when present, is placed in front of the psoas major muscle. It is absent in 40% of individuals. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001372 UBERON:FMA_22350-MA_0002359 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gray430.png/200px-Gray430.png ncithesaurus:Psoas_Minor psoas minor muscle uberon MA The psoas minor is a long, slender skeletal muscle that, when present, is placed in front of the psoas major muscle. It is absent in 40% of individuals. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Psoas_minor sartorius . BTO:0001215 EHDAA2:0001776 EHDAA:10583 FMA:22353 MA:0002368 Taxon notes (via VHOG): "The ambiens of reptiles and the iliotibialis of amphibians are likely homologues of the sartorius." Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, Fourth Edition (2006) McGraw-Hill, p.391 [VHOG:0001192] UBERON:0001373 UBERON:FMA_22353-MA_0002368 VHOG:0001192 galen:Sartorius ncithesaurus:Sartorius_Muscle sartorius muscle uberon . Wikipedia:Sartorius biceps femoris BTO:0003418 EFO:0001418 FMA:22356 MA:0002270 SCTID:181672002 The biceps femoris is a muscle of the posterior (the back) thigh. As its name implies, it has two parts, one of which (the long head) forms part of the hamstrings muscle group. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001374 UBERON:FMA_22356-MA_0002270 biceps femoris muscle galen:BicepsFemoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG/200px-Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG ncithesaurus:Biceps_Femoris uberon MA The biceps femoris is a muscle of the posterior (the back) thigh. As its name implies, it has two parts, one of which (the long head) forms part of the hamstrings muscle group. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Biceps_femoris_muscle BTO:0003418 biceps femoris muscle semitendinosus BTO:0001236 FMA:22357 MA:0002375 SCTID:181685004 The semitendinosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh; it is one of the hamstrings. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001375 UBERON:FMA_22357-MA_0002375 galen:Semitendinosus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Semitendinosus_muscle.PNG/200px-Semitendinosus_muscle.PNG musculus semitendinosus ncithesaurus:Semitendinosus semitendinosus muscle uberon The semitendinosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh; it is one of the hamstrings. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semitendinosus BTO:0001236 musculus semitendinosus tensor fasciae latae FMA:22423 MA:0002391 SCTID:181671009 The tensor fasciae latae or tensor fasciæ latæ is a muscle of the thigh. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001376 UBERON:FMA_22423-MA_0002391 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG musculus tensor fasciae latae ncithesaurus:Tensor_Fasciae_Lata tensor fasciae lata tensor of fascia lata uberon The tensor fasciae latae or tensor fasciæ latæ is a muscle of the thigh. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tensor_fasciae_latae FMA:22423 FMA:TA musculus tensor fasciae latae quadriceps femoris BTO:0001149 EFO:0001938 EHDAA2:0001583 EHDAA:8299 EMAPA:19073 EMAPA:19146 FMA:22428 MA:0002363 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjd-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The quadriceps femoris, also called simply the quadriceps, quadriceps extensor, quads, is a large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the great extensor muscle of the knee, forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur. It is the strongest and leanest muscle in the human body. It is subdivided into four separate portions or 'heads', which have received distinctive names: Rectus femoris occupies the middle of the thigh, covering most of the other three quadriceps muscles. It originates on the ilium. It is named from its straight course. The other three lie deep to rectus femoris and originate from the body of the femur, which they cover from the trochanters to the condyles: Vastus lateralis is on the lateral side of the femur (i.e. on the outer side of the thigh). Vastus medialis is on the medial side of the femur (i.e. on the inner part thigh). Vastus intermedius lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on the front of the femur (i.e. on the top or front of the thigh). All four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the patella (knee cap) via the quadriceps tendon. The quadriceps is also involved in Lombard's Paradox. The proper plural form of the adjective quadriceps is quadricipes, a form not in general use; instead, quadriceps is used in both singular and plural (i.e. , when referring to both legs). The form quadricep &#91;sic&#93;, though common even in professional contexts, is incorrect. The error may derive from a mistaken belief that quadriceps is a plural noun (rather than an adjective in the singular), since English typically forms its plurals with the addition of the letter s to the end of a word stem. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001377 UBERON:FMA_22428-MA_0002363 VHOG:0000828 galen:QuadricepsFemoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg musculus quadriceps femoris ncithesaurus:Quadriceps_Muscle_of_the_Thigh quadricep muscle quadriceps quadriceps muscle quadriceps muscle of the thigh quadriceps muscle of thigh uberon BTO:0001149 musculus quadriceps femoris BTO:0001149 quadriceps muscle of the thigh BTO:0001149 quadriceps muscle BTO:0001149 quadriceps muscle of thigh The quadriceps femoris, also called simply the quadriceps, quadriceps extensor, quads, is a large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the great extensor muscle of the knee, forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur. It is the strongest and leanest muscle in the human body. It is subdivided into four separate portions or 'heads', which have received distinctive names: Rectus femoris occupies the middle of the thigh, covering most of the other three quadriceps muscles. It originates on the ilium. It is named from its straight course. The other three lie deep to rectus femoris and originate from the body of the femur, which they cover from the trochanters to the condyles: Vastus lateralis is on the lateral side of the femur (i.e. on the outer side of the thigh). Vastus medialis is on the medial side of the femur (i.e. on the inner part thigh). Vastus intermedius lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on the front of the femur (i.e. on the top or front of the thigh). All four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the patella (knee cap) via the quadriceps tendon. The quadriceps is also involved in Lombard's Paradox. The proper plural form of the adjective quadriceps is quadricipes, a form not in general use; instead, quadriceps is used in both singular and plural (i.e. , when referring to both legs). The form quadricep &#91;sic&#93;, though common even in professional contexts, is incorrect. The error may derive from a mistaken belief that quadriceps is a plural noun (rather than an adjective in the singular), since English typically forms its plurals with the addition of the letter s to the end of a word stem. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Quadriceps_femoris BTO:0001149 quadricep muscle rectus femoris BTO:0001564 FMA:22430 MA:0002365 SCTID:181679006 The Rectus femoris muscle is one of the four quadriceps muscles of the human body. (The others are the vastus medialis, the vastus intermedius, and the vastus lateralis. All four combine to form the quadriceps tendon, which inserts into the patella and continues as the patellar ligament. ) The Rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh; it is fusiform in shape, and its superficial fibers are arranged in a bipenniform manner, the deep fibers running straight down to the deep aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001378 UBERON:FMA_22430-MA_0002365 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rectus_femoris.png/200px-Rectus_femoris.png musculus rectos femoris ncithesaurus:Rectus_Femoris uberon The Rectus femoris muscle is one of the four quadriceps muscles of the human body. (The others are the vastus medialis, the vastus intermedius, and the vastus lateralis. All four combine to form the quadriceps tendon, which inserts into the patella and continues as the patellar ligament. ) The Rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh; it is fusiform in shape, and its superficial fibers are arranged in a bipenniform manner, the deep fibers running straight down to the deep aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Rectus_femoris vastus lateralis BTO:0001563 EFO:0001937 FMA:22431 MA:0002402 The Vastus lateralis (Vastus externus) is the largest part of the Quadriceps femoris. It arises by a broad aponeurosis, which is attached to the upper part of the intertrochanteric line, to the anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, to the lateral lip of the gluteal tuberosity, and to the upper half of the lateral lip of the linea aspera; this aponeurosis covers the upper three-fourths of the muscle, and from its deep surface many fibers take origin. A few additional fibers arise from the tendon of the Glutæus maximus, and from the lateral intermuscular septum between the Vastus lateralis and short head of the Biceps femoris. The fibers form a large fleshy mass, which is attached to a strong aponeurosis, placed on the deep surface of the lower part of the muscle: this aponeurosis becomes contracted and thickened into a flat tendon inserted into the lateral border of the patella, blending with the Quadriceps femoris tendon, and giving an expansion to the capsule of the knee-joint. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001379 UBERON:FMA_22431-MA_0002402 galen:VastusLateralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg lateralis ncithesaurus:Vastus_Lateralis uberon vastus externus BTO:0001563 vastus externus The Vastus lateralis (Vastus externus) is the largest part of the Quadriceps femoris. It arises by a broad aponeurosis, which is attached to the upper part of the intertrochanteric line, to the anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, to the lateral lip of the gluteal tuberosity, and to the upper half of the lateral lip of the linea aspera; this aponeurosis covers the upper three-fourths of the muscle, and from its deep surface many fibers take origin. A few additional fibers arise from the tendon of the Glutæus maximus, and from the lateral intermuscular septum between the Vastus lateralis and short head of the Biceps femoris. The fibers form a large fleshy mass, which is attached to a strong aponeurosis, placed on the deep surface of the lower part of the muscle: this aponeurosis becomes contracted and thickened into a flat tendon inserted into the lateral border of the patella, blending with the Quadriceps femoris tendon, and giving an expansion to the capsule of the knee-joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vastus_lateralis vastus medialis BTO:0004913 FMA:22432 MA:0002403 The vastus medialis, often called the 'teardrop' muscle, is a medially located muscle of the quadriceps. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001380 UBERON:FMA_22432-MA_0002403 galen:VastusMedialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Vastus_medialis.png/200px-Vastus_medialis.png medialis uberon The vastus medialis, often called the 'teardrop' muscle, is a medially located muscle of the quadriceps. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vastus_medialis semimembranosus BTO:0003177 FMA:22438 MA:0002371 The semimembranosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh. It is the most medial of the three hamstring muscles. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001381 UBERON:FMA_22438-MA_0002371 galen:Semimembranosus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Semimembranosus_muscle.PNG/200px-Semimembranosus_muscle.PNG musculus semimembranosus ncithesaurus:Semimembranosus uberon The semimembranosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh. It is the most medial of the three hamstring muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semimembranosus BTO:0003177 musculus semimembranosus pectineus FMA:22440 MA:0002353 The pectineus muscle is a flat, quadrangular muscle, situated at the anterior part of the upper and medial aspect of the thigh. It can be classified in the medial compartment of thigh (when the function is emphasized) or the anterior compartment of thigh (when the nerve is emphasized). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001382 UBERON:FMA_22440-MA_0002353 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG ncithesaurus:Pectineus uberon The pectineus muscle is a flat, quadrangular muscle, situated at the anterior part of the upper and medial aspect of the thigh. It can be classified in the medial compartment of thigh (when the function is emphasized) or the anterior compartment of thigh (when the nerve is emphasized). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pectineus muscle of leg . BTO:0000722 MA:0000672 UBERON:0001383 UBERON:FMA_22471-MA_0000672 leg muscle leg muscle organ muscle of upper/lower leg muscle organ of leg see notes on UBERON:0000978 for possible confusion over the term 'leg' uberon . Wikipedia:Leg_muscle OBOL:automatic muscle organ of leg OBOL:automatic leg muscle organ primary motor cortex BM:Tel-Cx-M1 BTO:0004348 EFO:0002472 FMA:224854 MA:0000907 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.270.548 SCTID:11931008 TODO: in MA this is asserted to be part_of BOTH frontal and parietal cortex. in ABA these are disjoint. FMA makes no commitment beyond cerebral cortex. Wikipedia says frontal lobe. Check if species difference or difference in definition. Removed relationship: part_of UBERON:0001872 UBERON:0001384 UBERON:FMA_224854-MA_0000907 a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements. M1 contains large neurons known as Betz cells which send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto alpha motor neurons which connect to the muscles. Pre-motor areas are involved in planning actions (in concert with the basal ganglia) and refining movements based upon sensory input (this requires the cerebellum). The human primary motor cortex is located in the dorsal part of the precentral gyrus and the anterior bank of the central sulcus. The precentral gyrus is in front of the postcentral gyrus from which it is separated by the central sulcus. Its anterior border is the precentral sulcus, while inferiorly it borders to the lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure). Medially, it is contiguous with the paracentral lobule. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ba4.png/200px-Ba4.png motor cortex prefrontal gyrus uberon Wikipedia:Primary_motor_cortex a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements. M1 contains large neurons known as Betz cells which send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto alpha motor neurons which connect to the muscles. Pre-motor areas are involved in planning actions (in concert with the basal ganglia) and refining movements based upon sensory input (this requires the cerebellum). The human primary motor cortex is located in the dorsal part of the precentral gyrus and the anterior bank of the central sulcus. The precentral gyrus is in front of the postcentral gyrus from which it is separated by the central sulcus. Its anterior border is the precentral sulcus, while inferiorly it borders to the lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure). Medially, it is contiguous with the paracentral lobule. FMA:224854 motor cortex Wikipedia:Primary_motor_cortex prefrontal gyrus MA-modified TODO: in MA this is asserted to be part_of BOTH frontal and parietal cortex. in ABA these are disjoint. FMA makes no commitment beyond cerebral cortex. Wikipedia says frontal lobe. Check if species difference or difference in definition. Removed relationship: part_of UBERON:0001872 MA Wikipedia tibialis anterior BTO:0001382 EFO:0001385 FMA:22532 In human anatomy, the tibialis anterior is a muscle that originates in the upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia and inserts into the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot. Its acts to invert the foot. It is situated on the lateral side of the tibia; it is thick and fleshy above, tendinous below. This muscle overlaps the anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. The M. tibialis cranialis is a muscle that flexes the tarsometatarsus. It originates on the craniodistal aspect of the femur and proximal tibiotarsus and inserts on the cranial surface of the tarsometarsus[EvoWiki]. MA:0002395 SCTID:181696007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001385 UBERON:FMA_22532-MA_0002395 anterior tibialis galen:TibialisAnterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray1240.png/200px-Gray1240.png ibialis anticus ncithesaurus:Tibialis_Cranialis tibialis anterior muscle tibialis cranialis tibilais cranialis uberon BTO:0001382 ibialis anticus BTO:0001382 tibialis anterior muscle BTO:0001382 anterior tibialis MA:0002395 tibialis cranialis In human anatomy, the tibialis anterior is a muscle that originates in the upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia and inserts into the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot. Its acts to invert the foot. It is situated on the lateral side of the tibia; it is thick and fleshy above, tendinous below. This muscle overlaps the anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. The M. tibialis cranialis is a muscle that flexes the tarsometatarsus. It originates on the craniodistal aspect of the femur and proximal tibiotarsus and inserts on the cranial surface of the tarsometarsus[EvoWiki]. Wikipedia:Tibialis_anterior http://evolutionwiki.org/wiki/M._tibialis_cranialis extensor digitorum longus BTO:0000436 FMA:22534 MA:0002295 The Extensor digitorum longus is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the front of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001386 UBERON:FMA_22534-MA_0002295 extensor digitorum longus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1241.png/200px-Gray1241.png ncithesaurus:Extensor_Digitorum_Longus uberon BTO:0000436 extensor digitorum longus muscle BTO The Extensor digitorum longus is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the front of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Extensor_digitorum_longus fibularis longus FMA:22539 In human anatomy, the peroneus longus (also known as fibularis longus) is a superficial muscle in the lateral compartment of the leg, and acts to evert and plantar flex the ankle. It is situated at the upper part of the lateral side of the leg, and is the most superficial of the three peroneus muscles. It is innervated by the superficial fibular nerve (superficial peroneal nerve). [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002356 SCTID:361825008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001387 UBERON:FMA_22539-MA_0002356 galen:PeroneusLongus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray1240.png/200px-Gray1240.png musculus peroneus longus ncithesaurus:Peroneus_Longus peroneus longus peroneus longus muscle uberon FMA:22539 FMA:TA musculus peroneus longus In human anatomy, the peroneus longus (also known as fibularis longus) is a superficial muscle in the lateral compartment of the leg, and acts to evert and plantar flex the ankle. It is situated at the upper part of the lateral side of the leg, and is the most superficial of the three peroneus muscles. It is innervated by the superficial fibular nerve (superficial peroneal nerve). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fibularis_longus gastrocnemius BTO:0000506 EFO:0001413 EHDAA2:0000701 EHDAA:8293 FMA:22541 In humans, the gastrocnemius muscle is a very powerful superficial muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg and also called the calf. It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing, walking, running and jumping. Along with the soleus muscle it forms the calf muscle. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002306 SCTID:181700004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001388 UBERON:FMA_22541-MA_0002306 VHOG:0001193 galen:Gastrocnemius gastrocnemius muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gastrocnemius.png/200px-Gastrocnemius.png m.gastrocnemius musculus gastrocnemius ncithesaurus:Gastrocnemius_Muscle uberon Wikipedia:Gastrocnemius_muscle musculus gastrocnemius BTO:0000506 gastrocnemius muscle FMA In humans, the gastrocnemius muscle is a very powerful superficial muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg and also called the calf. It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing, walking, running and jumping. Along with the soleus muscle it forms the calf muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gastrocnemius soleus BTO:0001265 EFO:0001946 FMA:22542 MA:0002424 SCTID:181702007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001389 UBERON:FMA_22542-MA_0002424 a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider them to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. Its name is derived from the solefish whose shape it resembles. The soleus is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg. Not all mammals have a soleus muscle; one familiar species that lacks the soleus is the dog. galen:Soleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg ncithesaurus:Soleus soleus muscle uberon Wikipedia:Soleus a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider them to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. Its name is derived from the solefish whose shape it resembles. The soleus is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg. Not all mammals have a soleus muscle; one familiar species that lacks the soleus is the dog. BTO:0001265 soleus muscle sural artery FMA:22570 MA:0002058 SCTID:302693002 The sural arteries (inferior muscular arteries) are two large branches, which are distributed to the Gastrocnemius, Soleus, and Plantaris. The term applies to any of four or five arteries arising from the popliteal artery, with distribution to the muscles and integument of the calf, and with anastomoses to the posterior tibial, medial and lateral inferior genicular arteries. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001390 UBERON:FMA_22570-MA_0002058 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gray551.png/200px-Gray551.png ncithesaurus:External_Sural_Artery uberon The sural arteries (inferior muscular arteries) are two large branches, which are distributed to the Gastrocnemius, Soleus, and Plantaris. The term applies to any of four or five arteries arising from the popliteal artery, with distribution to the muscles and integument of the calf, and with anastomoses to the posterior tibial, medial and lateral inferior genicular arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sural_artery popliteus FMA:22590 MA:0002554 The popliteus muscle in the leg is used to unlock the knee by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia during a closed chain movement (such as one with the foot in contact with the ground). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001391 UBERON:FMA_22590-MA_0002554 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray439.png/200px-Gray439.png m.popliteus popliteal muscle uberon The popliteus muscle in the leg is used to unlock the knee by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia during a closed chain movement (such as one with the foot in contact with the ground). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Popliteus flexor hallucis longus FMA:22593 MA:0002301 The Flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) is a muscle of the leg. It is one of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg. The other deep muscles of the leg are flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior. FHL is the largest and most powerful of these deep muscles. The Flexor hallucis longus is situated on the fibular side of the leg. It arises from the inferior two-thirds of the posterior surface of the body of the fibula, with the exception of 2.5 cm. at its lowest part; from the lower part of the interosseous membrane; from an intermuscular septum between it and the Peronæi, laterally, and from the fascia covering the Tibialis posterior, medially. The fibers pass obliquely downward and backward, and end in a tendon which occupies nearly the whole length of the posterior surface of the muscle. This tendon lies in a groove which crosses the posterior surface of the lower end of the tibia, the posterior surface of the talus, and the under surface of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus; in the sole of the foot it runs forward between the two heads of the Flexor hallucis brevis, and is inserted into the base of the last phalanx of the great toe. The grooves on the talus and calcaneus, which contain the tendon of the muscle, are converted by tendinous fibers into distinct canals, lined by a mucous sheath. As the tendon passes forward in the sole of the foot, it is situated above, and crosses from the lateral to the medial side of the tendon of the Flexor digitorum longus, to which it is connected by a fibrous slip. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001392 UBERON:FMA_22593-MA_0002301 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray442.png/200px-Gray442.png ncithesaurus:Flexor_Hallucis_Longus uberon The Flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) is a muscle of the leg. It is one of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg. The other deep muscles of the leg are flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior. FHL is the largest and most powerful of these deep muscles. The Flexor hallucis longus is situated on the fibular side of the leg. It arises from the inferior two-thirds of the posterior surface of the body of the fibula, with the exception of 2.5 cm. at its lowest part; from the lower part of the interosseous membrane; from an intermuscular septum between it and the Peronæi, laterally, and from the fascia covering the Tibialis posterior, medially. The fibers pass obliquely downward and backward, and end in a tendon which occupies nearly the whole length of the posterior surface of the muscle. This tendon lies in a groove which crosses the posterior surface of the lower end of the tibia, the posterior surface of the talus, and the under surface of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus; in the sole of the foot it runs forward between the two heads of the Flexor hallucis brevis, and is inserted into the base of the last phalanx of the great toe. The grooves on the talus and calcaneus, which contain the tendon of the muscle, are converted by tendinous fibers into distinct canals, lined by a mucous sheath. As the tendon passes forward in the sole of the foot, it is situated above, and crosses from the lateral to the medial side of the tendon of the Flexor digitorum longus, to which it is connected by a fibrous slip. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_hallucis_longus auditory cortex A1 (primary auditory cortex) BTO:0004343 FMA:226221 GAID:682 MA:0000942 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.863.297 The primary auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing of auditory information. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001393 UBERON:FMA_226221-MA_0000942 anterior transverse temporal area 41 auditory cortex brodmann area 41 brodmann area 41 & 42 brodmann area 42 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Brodmann_41_42.png/200px-Brodmann_41_42.png ncithesaurus:Auditory_Cortex posterior transverse temporal area 42 primary auditory cortex temporal auditory neocortex uberon Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex brodmann area 41 Wikipedia:Auditory_cortex primary auditory cortex GEO:GSE13344 temporal auditory neocortex FMA Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex brodmann area 42 Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex posterior transverse temporal area 42 Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex brodmann area 41 & 42 Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex anterior transverse temporal area 41 A1 (primary auditory cortex) Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex MA Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex auditory cortex The primary auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing of auditory information. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Auditory_cortex axillary artery EMAPA:18749 FMA:22654 GAID:473 In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb. Its origin is at the lateral margin of the first rib, before which it is called the subclavian artery. After passing the lower margin of teres major it becomes the brachial artery. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002573 MESH:A.07.231.114.085 OpenCyc:Mx4rwRh-vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181321001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001394 UBERON:FMA_22654-MA_0002573 axillary part of subclavian artery axillary part of trunk of subclavian artery galen:AxillaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Axillary_limits.PNG/200px-Axillary_limits.PNG ncithesaurus:Axillary_Artery uberon FMA:22654 axillary part of subclavian artery In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb. Its origin is at the lateral margin of the first rib, before which it is called the subclavian artery. After passing the lower margin of teres major it becomes the brachial artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Axillary_artery thoraco-acromial artery FMA:22671 MA:0002064 SCTID:244315002 The thoracoacromial artery (acromiothoracic artery; thoracic axis) is a short trunk, which arises from the forepart of the axillary artery, its origin being generally overlapped by the upper edge of the Pectoralis minor. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001395 UBERON:FMA_22671-MA_0002064 acromiothoracic artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Axillary_branches.PNG/200px-Axillary_branches.PNG ncithesaurus:Acromial_Thoracic_Artery thoracoacromial artery uberon The thoracoacromial artery (acromiothoracic artery; thoracic axis) is a short trunk, which arises from the forepart of the axillary artery, its origin being generally overlapped by the upper edge of the Pectoralis minor. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoraco-acromial_artery lateral thoracic artery FMA:22674 In human anatomy, the lateral thoracic artery (or external mammary artery) is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lateral structures of the thorax and breast. It originates from the axillary artery and follows the lower border of the Pectoralis minor muscle to the side of the chest, supplies the Serratus anterior muscle and the Pectoralis major muscle, and sends branches across the axilla to the axillary lymph nodes and Subscapularis muscle. It anastomoses with the internal thoracic artery, subscapular, and intercostal arteries, and with the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery. In the female it supplies an external mammary branch which turns round the free edge of the Pectoralis major and supplies the breasts. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001989 SCTID:206135006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001396 UBERON:FMA_22674-MA_0001989 external mammary artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Axillary_branches.PNG/200px-Axillary_branches.PNG ncithesaurus:Lateral_Thoracic_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the lateral thoracic artery (or external mammary artery) is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lateral structures of the thorax and breast. It originates from the axillary artery and follows the lower border of the Pectoralis minor muscle to the side of the chest, supplies the Serratus anterior muscle and the Pectoralis major muscle, and sends branches across the axilla to the axillary lymph nodes and Subscapularis muscle. It anastomoses with the internal thoracic artery, subscapular, and intercostal arteries, and with the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery. In the female it supplies an external mammary branch which turns round the free edge of the Pectoralis major and supplies the breasts. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_thoracic_artery subscapular artery FMA:22677 MA:0002050 SCTID:244311006 The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises at the lower border of the Subscapularis, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries and with the descending branch of the transverse cervical, and ends in the neighboring muscles. About 4 cm. from its origin it gives off two branches, first the scapular circumflex artery and then the thoracodorsal artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001397 UBERON:FMA_22677-MA_0002050 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Axillary_branches.PNG/200px-Axillary_branches.PNG ncithesaurus:Subscapular_Artery uberon The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises at the lower border of the Subscapularis, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries and with the descending branch of the transverse cervical, and ends in the neighboring muscles. About 4 cm. from its origin it gives off two branches, first the scapular circumflex artery and then the thoracodorsal artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subscapular_artery brachial artery AAO:0010504 FMA:22689 GAID:475 MA:0001921 MESH:A.07.231.114.139 OpenCyc:Mx4rwM-i5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181322008 The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the (upper) arm. It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. It continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. It then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries which run down the forearm. In some individuals, the bifurcation occurs much earlier and the ulnar and radial arteries extend through the upper arm. The pulse of the brachial artery is palpable on the anterior aspect of the elbow, medial to the tendon of the biceps, and, with the use of a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) often used to measure the blood pressure. The brachial artery is closely related to the median nerve; in proximal regions, the median nerve is immediately lateral to the brachial artery. Distally, the median nerve crosses the medial side of the brachial artery and lies anterior to the elbow joint. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001398 UBERON:FMA_22689-MA_0001921 brachial part of trunk of subclavian artery galen:BrachialArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray525.png/200px-Gray525.png ncithesaurus:Brachial_Artery uberon The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the (upper) arm. It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. It continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. It then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries which run down the forearm. In some individuals, the bifurcation occurs much earlier and the ulnar and radial arteries extend through the upper arm. The pulse of the brachial artery is palpable on the anterior aspect of the elbow, medial to the tendon of the biceps, and, with the use of a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) often used to measure the blood pressure. The brachial artery is closely related to the median nerve; in proximal regions, the median nerve is immediately lateral to the brachial artery. Distally, the median nerve crosses the medial side of the brachial artery and lies anterior to the elbow joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachial_artery deep brachial artery FMA:22695 MA:0002026 SCTID:41065002 The arteria profunda brachii (also known as deep artery of the arm and the deep brachial artery) is a large vessel which arises from the medial and back part of the brachial, just below the lower border of the Teres major. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001399 UBERON:FMA_22695-MA_0002026 arteria profunda brachii http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray526.png/200px-Gray526.png profunda brachii artery uberon The arteria profunda brachii (also known as deep artery of the arm and the deep brachial artery) is a large vessel which arises from the medial and back part of the brachial, just below the lower border of the Teres major. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Deep_brachial_artery FMA:22695 FMA:TA arteria profunda brachii iliocostalis thoracis FMA:22703 MA:0002320 The iliocostalis is the muscle immediately lateral to the longissimus that is the nearest to the furrow that separates the epaxial muscles from the hypaxial. It lies very deep to the fleshy portion of the serratus ventralis (serratus anterior). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001400 UBERON:FMA_22703-MA_0002320 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Iliostalis.png/200px-Iliostalis.png uberon The iliocostalis is the muscle immediately lateral to the longissimus that is the nearest to the furrow that separates the epaxial muscles from the hypaxial. It lies very deep to the fleshy portion of the serratus ventralis (serratus anterior). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iliocostalis_thoracis longissimus thoracis BTO:0001651 FMA:22709 MA:0002339 The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001401 UBERON:FMA_22709-MA_0002339 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Longissimus.png/200px-Longissimus.png longissimus dorsi musculus longissimus thoracis ncithesaurus:Longissimus_Thoracis uberon BTO:0001651 longissimus dorsi The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longissimus_thoracis BTO:0001651 musculus longissimus thoracis longissimus cervicis BTO:0001650 FMA:22711 MA:0002337 The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001402 UBERON:FMA_22711-MA_0002337 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Longissimus.png/200px-Longissimus.png musculus longissimus cervicis ncithesaurus:Longissimus_Cervicis uberon The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longissimus_cervicis BTO:0001650 musculus longissimus cervicis longissimus capitis BTO:0001649 FMA:22714 MA:0002336 The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001403 UBERON:FMA_22714-MA_0002336 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Longissimus.png/200px-Longissimus.png musculus longissimus capitis ncithesaurus:Longissimus_Capitis trachelomastoid muscle uberon The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longissimus_capitis BTO:0001649 trachelomastoid muscle BTO:0001649 musculus longissimus capitis radial artery FMA:22730 GAID:506 In human anatomy, the radial artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the lateral aspect of the forearm. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002034 MESH:A.07.231.114.740 OpenCyc:Mx4rvxzeR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181332001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001404 UBERON:FMA_22730-MA_0002034 galen:RadialArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray1237.svg/200px-Gray1237.svg.png ncithesaurus:Radial_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the radial artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the lateral aspect of the forearm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Radial_artery spinalis thoracis FMA:22765 MA:0002381 The spinalis is the portion of the erector spinae, a bundle of muscles and tendons, located nearest to the spine. It is divided into three parts. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001405 UBERON:FMA_22765-MA_0002381 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spinalis.png/200px-Spinalis.png ncithesaurus:Spinalis_Thoracis uberon The spinalis is the portion of the erector spinae, a bundle of muscles and tendons, located nearest to the spine. It is divided into three parts. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Spinalis_thoracis ulnar artery FMA:22796 GAID:515 MA:0002069 MESH:A.07.231.114.920 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAF2PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181333006 The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery. It is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the wrist. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein or veins, the ulnar vein or ulnar veins. The ulnar artery, the larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial, begins a little below the bend of the elbow in the cubital fossa, and, passing obliquely downward, reaches the ulnar side of the forearm at a point about midway between the elbow and the wrist. It then runs along the ulnar border to the wrist, crosses the transverse carpal ligament on the radial side of the pisiform bone, and immediately beyond this bone divides into two branches, which enter into the formation of the superficial and deep volar arches. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001406 UBERON:FMA_22796-MA_0002069 galen:UlnarArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray1237.svg/200px-Gray1237.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ulnar_Artery uberon The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery. It is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the wrist. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein or veins, the ulnar vein or ulnar veins. The ulnar artery, the larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial, begins a little below the bend of the elbow in the cubital fossa, and, passing obliquely downward, reaches the ulnar side of the forearm at a point about midway between the elbow and the wrist. It then runs along the ulnar border to the wrist, crosses the transverse carpal ligament on the radial side of the pisiform bone, and immediately beyond this bone divides into two branches, which enter into the formation of the superficial and deep volar arches. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ulnar_artery semispinalis thoracis FMA:22828 MA:0002374 The Semispinalis dorsi (or semispinalis thoracis) consists of thin, narrow, fleshy fasciculi, interposed between tendons of considerable length. It arises by a series of small tendons from the transverse processes of the sixth to the tenth thoracic vertebræ, and is inserted, by tendons, into the spinous processes of the upper four thoracic and lower two cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001407 UBERON:FMA_22828-MA_0002374 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Semispinalis.png/200px-Semispinalis.png ncithesaurus:Semispinalis_Thoracis uberon The Semispinalis dorsi (or semispinalis thoracis) consists of thin, narrow, fleshy fasciculi, interposed between tendons of considerable length. It arises by a series of small tendons from the transverse processes of the sixth to the tenth thoracic vertebræ, and is inserted, by tendons, into the spinous processes of the upper four thoracic and lower two cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semispinalis_thoracis semispinalis cervicis FMA:22829 MA:0002373 The semispinalis cervicis (semispinalis colli), thicker than the semispinalis dorsi, arises by a series of tendinous and fleshy fibers from the transverse processes of the upper five or six thoracic vertebræ, and is inserted into the cervical spinous processes, from the axis to the fifth inclusive. The fasciculus connected with the axis is the largest, and is chiefly muscular in structure. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001408 UBERON:FMA_22829-MA_0002373 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gray384.png/200px-Gray384.png ncithesaurus:Semispinalis_Cervicis uberon The semispinalis cervicis (semispinalis colli), thicker than the semispinalis dorsi, arises by a series of tendinous and fleshy fibers from the transverse processes of the upper five or six thoracic vertebræ, and is inserted into the cervical spinous processes, from the axis to the fifth inclusive. The fasciculus connected with the axis is the largest, and is chiefly muscular in structure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semispinalis_cervicis semispinalis capitis FMA:22830 MA:0002372 The Semispinalis capitis (Complexus) is situated at the upper and back part of the neck, deep to the Splenius, and medial to the Longissimus cervicis and capitis. It arises by a series of tendons from the tips of the transverse processes of the upper six or seven thoracic and the seventh cervical vertebræ, and from the articular processes of the three cervical above this. The tendons, uniting, form a broad muscle, which passes upward, and is inserted between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone. The medial part, usually more or less distinct from the remainder of the muscle, is frequently termed the Spinalis capitis; it is also named the Biventer cervicis since it is traversed by an imperfect tendinous inscription. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001409 UBERON:FMA_22830-MA_0002372 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gray384.png/200px-Gray384.png ncithesaurus:Semispinalis_Capitis uberon The Semispinalis capitis (Complexus) is situated at the upper and back part of the neck, deep to the Splenius, and medial to the Longissimus cervicis and capitis. It arises by a series of tendons from the tips of the transverse processes of the upper six or seven thoracic and the seventh cervical vertebræ, and from the articular processes of the three cervical above this. The tendons, uniting, form a broad muscle, which passes upward, and is inserted between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone. The medial part, usually more or less distinct from the remainder of the muscle, is frequently termed the Spinalis capitis; it is also named the Biventer cervicis since it is traversed by an imperfect tendinous inscription. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semispinalis_capitis common palmar digital artery FMA:22852 MA:0001957 SCTID:38396009 Three common palmar digital arteries arise from the convexity of the superficial palmar arch and proceed distally on the second, third, and fourth lumbricales muscles. UBERON:0001410 UBERON:FMA_22852-MA_0001957 common palmar digital arteries ncithesaurus:Common_Palmar_Digital_Artery the MA term, even though plural, represents the singular, as it is an isa child of artery uberon Three common palmar digital arteries arise from the convexity of the superficial palmar arch and proceed distally on the second, third, and fourth lumbricales muscles. Wikipedia:Common_palmar_digital_artery basilic vein FMA:22908 In human anatomy, the basilic vein is a large superficial vein of the upper limb that helps drain parts of hand and forearm. It originates on the medial (ulnar) side of the dorsal venous network of the hand, and it travels up the base of the forearm and arm. Most of its course is superficial; it generally travels in the subcutaneous fat and other fasciae that lie superficial to the muscles of the upper extremity. Because of this, it is usually visible through the skin. Near the region anterior to the cubital fossa, in the bend of the elbow joint, the basilic vein usually connects with the other large superficial vein of the upper extremity, the cephalic vein, via the median cubital vein. The layout of superficial veins in the forearm is highly variable from person to person, and there are generally a variety of other unnamed superficial veins that the basilic vein communicates with. About halfway up the arm proper (the part between the shoulder and elbow), the basilic vein goes deep, travelling under the muscles. There, around the lower border of the teres major muscle, the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral veins feed into it, just before it joins the brachial veins to form the axillary vein. Along with other superficial veins in the forearm, the basilic vein is a possible site for venipuncture. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002086 OpenCyc:Mx4rvwrxEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181393008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001411 UBERON:FMA_22908-MA_0002086 basilic vein of forearm galen:BasilicVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png ncithesaurus:Basilic_Vein uberon vena basilica antebrachii In human anatomy, the basilic vein is a large superficial vein of the upper limb that helps drain parts of hand and forearm. It originates on the medial (ulnar) side of the dorsal venous network of the hand, and it travels up the base of the forearm and arm. Most of its course is superficial; it generally travels in the subcutaneous fat and other fasciae that lie superficial to the muscles of the upper extremity. Because of this, it is usually visible through the skin. Near the region anterior to the cubital fossa, in the bend of the elbow joint, the basilic vein usually connects with the other large superficial vein of the upper extremity, the cephalic vein, via the median cubital vein. The layout of superficial veins in the forearm is highly variable from person to person, and there are generally a variety of other unnamed superficial veins that the basilic vein communicates with. About halfway up the arm proper (the part between the shoulder and elbow), the basilic vein goes deep, travelling under the muscles. There, around the lower border of the teres major muscle, the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral veins feed into it, just before it joins the brachial veins to form the axillary vein. Along with other superficial veins in the forearm, the basilic vein is a possible site for venipuncture. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Basilic_vein FMA:22908 FMA:TA vena basilica antebrachii FMA/obol FMA/obol common palmar digital vein FMA:22923 MA:0002121 Some sources distinguish between the "proper palmar digital veins", which are more distal, and the "common palmar digital veins", which are more proximal. UBERON:0001412 UBERON:FMA_22923-MA_0002121 proximal palmar digital vein uberon Wikipedia:Palmar_digital_veins proximal palmar digital vein brachial vein AAO:0010512 FMA:22934 In human anatomy, the brachial veins are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper. Because they are deep to muscle, they are considered deep veins. Their course is that of the brachial artery (in reverse): they begin where radial veins and ulnar veins join (corresponding to the bifurcation of the brachial artery). They end at the inferior border of the teres major muscle. At this point, the brachial veins join the basilic vein to form the axillary vein. The brachial veins also have small tributaries that drain the muscles of the upper arm, such as biceps brachii muscle and triceps brachii muscle. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002087 OpenCyc:Mx4rwS3In5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181390006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001413 UBERON:FMA_22934-MA_0002087 galen:BrachialVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png ncithesaurus:Brachial_Vein uberon FMA/obol In human anatomy, the brachial veins are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper. Because they are deep to muscle, they are considered deep veins. Their course is that of the brachial artery (in reverse): they begin where radial veins and ulnar veins join (corresponding to the bifurcation of the brachial artery). They end at the inferior border of the teres major muscle. At this point, the brachial veins join the basilic vein to form the axillary vein. The brachial veins also have small tributaries that drain the muscles of the upper arm, such as biceps brachii muscle and triceps brachii muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachial_vein FMA/obol median cubital vein FMA:22963 In human anatomy, the median cubital vein (or median basilic vein) a superficial vein of the upper limb. It connects the basilic and cephalic vein and is often used for venipuncture (taking blood). It lies in the cubital fossa superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis. There exists a fair amount of variation of the median cubital vein. More commonly the vein forms an H-pattern with the cephalic and basilic veins making up the sides. Other forms include an M-pattern, where the vein branches to the cephalic and basilic veins. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002176 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzQSYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181392003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001414 UBERON:FMA_22963-MA_0002176 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gray574.png/200px-Gray574.png uberon FMA/obol FMA/obol In human anatomy, the median cubital vein (or median basilic vein) a superficial vein of the upper limb. It connects the basilic and cephalic vein and is often used for venipuncture (taking blood). It lies in the cubital fossa superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis. There exists a fair amount of variation of the median cubital vein. More commonly the vein forms an H-pattern with the cephalic and basilic veins making up the sides. Other forms include an M-pattern, where the vein branches to the cephalic and basilic veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Median_cubital_vein FMA/obol skin of pelvis A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Obol]. FMA:22984 MA:0000546 SCTID:181517009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001415 UBERON:FMA_22984-MA_0000546 pelvic skin pelvis skin pelvis zone of skin uberon zone of skin of pelvis A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pelvis zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of pelvis skin of abdomen A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. EFO:0000214 FMA:22988 FMA:23000 MA:0000523 SCTID:361707007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001416 UBERON:FMA_22988-MA_0000523 abdomen skin abdomen zone of skin abdominal skin ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Skin skin of abdomen proper uberon zone of skin of abdomen MA OBOL:automatic zone of skin of abdomen A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:22988 skin of abdomen proper OBOL:automatic abdomen zone of skin skin of neck A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Obol]. FMA:23021 FMA:23022 MA:0000590 SCTID:361705004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001417 UBERON:FMA_23021-MA_0000590 ncithesaurus:Neck_Skin neck (volume) zone of skin neck skin neck zone of skin uberon zone of skin of neck zone of skin of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic neck (volume) zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of neck OBOL:automatic zone of skin of neck (volume) skin of thorax A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Obol]. FMA:23028 FMA:23029 MA:0000564 SCTID:281723000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001418 UBERON:FMA_23028-MA_0000564 thoracic skin thorax skin thorax zone of skin uberon upper body skin zone of skin of thorax OBOL:automatic zone of skin of thorax A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic thorax zone of skin skin of limb A zone of skin that is part of a limb [Obol]. FMA:23100 MA:0000694 SCTID:314403009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001419 UBERON:FMA_23100-MA_0000694 limb skin limb zone of skin uberon zone of skin of limb OBOL:automatic zone of skin of limb A zone of skin that is part of a limb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic limb zone of skin subscapular vein FMA:23113 MA:0002224 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001420 UBERON:FMA_23113-MA_0002224 uberon FMA/obol FMA/obol pectoral girdle FMA:23217 Note that this class describes the subdivision of the limb/fin, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831). TODO - distinguish free limb and limb Subdivision of limb or fin consisting of bones which connects the upper limb or fin to the axial skeleton on each side. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans and, in those species with three bones in the pectoral girdle, the coracoid. Some mammalian species (e.g. the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. In humans, the only joints between the shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular[WP]. Subdivision of free upper limb, which is the proximal segment of an upper limb and links the free upper limb to the trunk; it is demarcated by the plane of the surface of the glenoid fossa from the free upper limb; together with the free upper limb, it constitutes the upper limb. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pectoral girdles[FMA]. UBERON:0001421 UBERON:FMA_23217-MA_0000292-MIAA_0000181-XAO_0003063-ZFA_0000407 cingulum membri superioris girdle - pectoral pectoral girdle region uberon FMA FMA:23217 Subdivision of limb or fin consisting of bones which connects the upper limb or fin to the axial skeleton on each side. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans and, in those species with three bones in the pectoral girdle, the coracoid. Some mammalian species (e.g. the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. In humans, the only joints between the shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular[WP]. Subdivision of free upper limb, which is the proximal segment of an upper limb and links the free upper limb to the trunk; it is demarcated by the plane of the surface of the glenoid fossa from the free upper limb; together with the free upper limb, it constitutes the upper limb. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pectoral girdles[FMA]. Wikipedia:Pectoral_girdle FMA:23217 FMA:TA cingulum membri superioris facial lymphatic vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a face [Obol]. FL FMA:233946 TAO:0005108 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001422 UBERON:FMA_233946-ZFA_0005108 ZFA:0005108 buccal lymphatic vessel face lymph vessel face lymphatic vessel lymph vessel of face lymphatic vessel of face uberon A lymphatic vessel that is part of a face [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lymph vessel of face OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel of face OBOL:automatic face lymph vessel OBOL:automatic face lymphatic vessel radius bone AAO:0000788 EMAPA:18466 EMAPA:19103 FMA:23463 GAID:185 In four-legged animals, the radius is the main load-bearing bone of the lower forelimb. Its structure is similar in most terrestrial tetrapods, but it may be fused with the ulna in some mammals (such as horses) and reduced or modified in animals with flippers or vestigial forelimbs [ISBN:0-03-910284-X] MA:0001357 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.702 OpenCyc:Mx4rwUsDcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181940002 The radius is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size. It is a long bone, prism-shaped and slightly curved longitudinally. The radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus, the radial notch and the head of the ulna. The corresponding bone in the lower leg is the tibia.. UBERON:0001423 UBERON:FMA_23463-MA_0001357 galen:Radius ncithesaurus:Radius_Bone radius uberon MA:0001357 radius definitional The radius is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size. It is a long bone, prism-shaped and slightly curved longitudinally. The radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus, the radial notch and the head of the ulna. The corresponding bone in the lower leg is the tibia.. Wikipedia:Radius_(bone) ulna AAO:0000789 EMAPA:18467 EMAPA:19104 FMA:23466 GAID:188 MA:0001358 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.911 OpenCyc:Mx4rwPtIM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181948009 The ulna is a long bone, prismatic in form. In anatomical position the ulna is placed at the medial side of the forearm closest to the body, parallel with the radius on both arms. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001424 UBERON:FMA_23466-MA_0001358 galen:Ulna http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Illu_upper_extremity.jpg/200px-Illu_upper_extremity.jpg ncithesaurus:Ulna uberon The ulna is a long bone, prismatic in form. In anatomical position the ulna is placed at the medial side of the forearm closest to the body, parallel with the radius on both arms. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ulna definitional pectoral lymphatic vessel FMA:234865 PL TAO:0005107 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001425 UBERON:FMA_234865-ZFA_0005107 ZFA:0005107 uberon jugular lymphatic vessel FMA:234908 JL TAO:0005109 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001426 UBERON:FMA_234908-ZFA_0005109 ZFA:0005109 uberon scaphoid AAO:0000790 FMA:23709 GAID:180 MA:0002555 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.144.650 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAwWe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181958008 The scaphoid Bone is situated at the radial (radius bone) side of the carpus, or laterally between the hand and the forearm in standard medical posture (thumbs pointing outwards). The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward. It is approximately the size and shape of a medium sized cashew. The bone takes a semi-similar form of a boat. In reptiles, birds, and amphibians, this bone is instead commonly referred to as the radiale, because of its articulation with the radius. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001427 UBERON:FMA_23709-MA_0002555 galen:Scaphoid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png navicular bone of hand navicular of hand ncithesaurus:Scaphoid_Bone os carpi radiale os naviculare manus os scaphoideum radial carpal bone radiale scaphoid bone todo - check AAO placement; in rodents this is fused with the lunate to make the scapholunate uberon Wikipedia:Scaphoid_bone os scaphoideum The scaphoid Bone is situated at the radial (radius bone) side of the carpus, or laterally between the hand and the forearm in standard medical posture (thumbs pointing outwards). The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward. It is approximately the size and shape of a medium sized cashew. The bone takes a semi-similar form of a boat. In reptiles, birds, and amphibians, this bone is instead commonly referred to as the radiale, because of its articulation with the radius. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scaphoid Wikipedia:Scaphoid_bone os naviculare manus AAO:0000790 Wikipedia:Scaphoid radiale lunate FMA:23712 GAID:181 MA:0002556 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.144.663 SCTID:181959000 The lunate bone (semilunar bone) is a carpal bone (wrist bone) in the human hand that may be distinguished by its deep concavity and crescentic outline. It is situated in the center of the proximal row of the carpus (wrist) region between the fore arm and hand (manus). In standard medical posture, the lunate carpal bone is situated between the lateral Scaphoid bone and medial Triquetral bone. The lunate carpal bone straddles distally the bordering ulna and radius bones and proximally to distal carpus (wrist) Trapezium bone and Trapezoid bone[WP]. UBERON:0001428 UBERON:FMA_23712-MA_0002556 galen:Lunate intermediate carpal bone lunate bone ncithesaurus:Lunate_Bone os carpi intermedium semilunar semilunar bone uberon The lunate bone (semilunar bone) is a carpal bone (wrist bone) in the human hand that may be distinguished by its deep concavity and crescentic outline. It is situated in the center of the proximal row of the carpus (wrist) region between the fore arm and hand (manus). In standard medical posture, the lunate carpal bone is situated between the lateral Scaphoid bone and medial Triquetral bone. The lunate carpal bone straddles distally the bordering ulna and radius bones and proximally to distal carpus (wrist) Trapezium bone and Trapezoid bone[WP]. Wikipedia:Lunate_bone FMA MA FMA pisiform FMA:23718 MA:0001339 OpenCyc:Mx4rvtByTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:9181003 The pisiform bone (also called pisiform or lentiform bone) is a small knobbly, pea-shaped wrist bone. The pisiform bone is found in the proximal row of the carpus. It is located where the ulna (inner bone of the forearm when in anatomical position) joins the carpus (wrist). It articulates only with the triquetral. It is a sesamoid bone. The pisiform bone may be known by its small size, and by its presenting a single articular facet. It is situated on a plane anterior to the other carpal bones and is spheroidal in form. The etymology derives from the Latin pīsum which means 'pea.' [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001429 UBERON:FMA_23718-MA_0001339 accessory carpal bone galen:Pisiform http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png ncithesaurus:Pisiform_Bone pisiform bone todo - classify as sesamoid? uberon The pisiform bone (also called pisiform or lentiform bone) is a small knobbly, pea-shaped wrist bone. The pisiform bone is found in the proximal row of the carpus. It is located where the ulna (inner bone of the forearm when in anatomical position) joins the carpus (wrist). It articulates only with the triquetral. It is a sesamoid bone. The pisiform bone may be known by its small size, and by its presenting a single articular facet. It is situated on a plane anterior to the other carpal bones and is spheroidal in form. The etymology derives from the Latin pīsum which means 'pea.' [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pisiform_bone trapezium . FMA:23721 MA:0001340 OpenCyc:Mx4rv3CbrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361780007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001430 UBERON:FMA_23721-MA_0001340 galen:Trapezium greater multangular bone greater multiangular hand distal carpal bone 1 ncithesaurus:Trapezial_Bone trapezial bone trapezium bone uberon . Wikipedia:Trapezium trapezoid . FMA:23724 MA:0001341 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVvsjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvxNWBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361781006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001431 UBERON:FMA_23724-MA_0001341 galen:Trapezoid hand distal carpal bone 2 lesser multangular bone lesser multiangular ncithesaurus:Trapezoid_Bone trapezoid bone uberon . Wikipedia:Trapezoid capitate AAO xref sourced from WP - todo - decide whether to split class AAO:0000920 FMA:23727 MA:0001342 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZFPrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181964001 The capitate bone is a bone in the human hand. The capitate bone is the largest of the carpal bones, and occupies the center of the wrist. It presents, above, a rounded portion or head, which is received into the concavity formed by the scaphoid and lunate bones; a constricted portion or neck; and below this, the body. The bone is also found in many other mammals, and is homologous with the 'third distal carpal' of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Latin capitātus, 'having a head,' from capit-, meaning 'head.' [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001432 UBERON:FMA_23727-MA_0001342 capitate bone galen:Capitate hand distal carpal bone 3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png ncithesaurus:Capitate_Bone os magnum (carpus) uberon The capitate bone is a bone in the human hand. The capitate bone is the largest of the carpal bones, and occupies the center of the wrist. It presents, above, a rounded portion or head, which is received into the concavity formed by the scaphoid and lunate bones; a constricted portion or neck; and below this, the body. The bone is also found in many other mammals, and is homologous with the 'third distal carpal' of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Latin capitātus, 'having a head,' from capit-, meaning 'head.' [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Capitate Wikipedia:Capitate_bone hamate AAO xref sourced from WP - todo - decide whether to split class AAO:0000932 FMA:23730 MA:0001343 OpenCyc:Mx4rwFTmuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181967008 The hamate bone (unciform bone) is a bone in the human hand that may be readily distinguished by its wedge-shaped form, and the hook-like process which projects from its volar surface. It is situated at the medial and lower angle of the carpus, with its base downward, resting on the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, and its apex directed upward and lateralward. The bone is also found in many other mammals, and is homologous with the 'fourth distal carpal' of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Latin hamatus 'hooked,' from hamus which means 'hook.' [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001433 UBERON:FMA_23730-MA_0001343 galen:Hamate hamate bone hand distal carpal bone 4 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png ncithesaurus:Hamate_Bone uberon unciform unciform bone uncinate The hamate bone (unciform bone) is a bone in the human hand that may be readily distinguished by its wedge-shaped form, and the hook-like process which projects from its volar surface. It is situated at the medial and lower angle of the carpus, with its base downward, resting on the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, and its apex directed upward and lateralward. The bone is also found in many other mammals, and is homologous with the 'fourth distal carpal' of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Latin hamatus 'hooked,' from hamus which means 'hook.' [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hamate Wikipedia:Hamate_bone skeletal system AAO:0000566 BTO:0001486 EFO:0000806 EHDAA2:0003168 EV:0100139 FMA:23881 MA:0000018 MESH:A.02 Note that GO defines skeletal system very generically: The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) GO:0001501; however, all annotations are to vertebrates OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi1rpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ system subdivision which consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[FMA] Skelettsystem TAO:0000434 UBERON:0001434 UBERON:FMA_23875-FMA_23881-MA_0000018-MIAA_0000032-XAO_0003060-ZFA_0000434 VAO:0000027 VHOG:0001254 XAO:0003060 ZFA:0000434 ncithesaurus:Skeletal_System set of all bones and joints skeleton system uberon AAO:0000566 FMA:FMA Organ system subdivision which consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[FMA] Wikipedia:Skeleton BTO:0001486 Skelettsystem set of all bones and joints carpal bone EMAPA:25056 FMA:23889 GAID:179 In tetrapods, the carpals is the sole cluster of the bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally. In human anatomy, the main role of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000296 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.144 SCTID:83936004 UBERON:0001435 UBERON:FMA_23889-MA_0000296 bone of carpus galen:CarpalBone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Carpus.svg/200px-Carpus.svg.png ncithesaurus:Carpal_Bone uberon In tetrapods, the carpals is the sole cluster of the bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally. In human anatomy, the main role of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Carpal_bone phalanx of finger A phalanx that is part of a forelimb[Obol]. AAO:0000947 FMA:23914 MA:0000306 SCTID:181976001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001436 UBERON:FMA_23914-MA_0000306 digitus manus phalanx finger phalanx hand digit phalanx hand phalanx ncithesaurus:Hand_Phalanx phalanges of fore digit phalanx of digit of hand phalanx of digitus manus phalanx of fore digit phalanx of hand phalanx of hand digit uberon MA:0000306 hand phalanx OBOL:automatic finger phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit OBOL:automatic digitus manus phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of digitus manus OBOL:automatic phalanx of digit of hand AAO:0000947 phalanges of fore digit A phalanx that is part of a forelimb[Obol]. Obol:obol OBOL:automatic hand digit phalanx epiphysis AAO:0000742 BTO:0000413 FMA:24012 MA:0001362 MESH:A.02.835.232.251 SCTID:244701002 Subdivision of long bone which forms its expanded proximal or distal articular end; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: proximal epiphysis of humerus, distal epiphysis of femur.[FMA] UBERON:0001437 UBERON:FMA_24012-ZFA_0000019 end of long bone epiphyses http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Illu_long_bone.jpg/200px-Illu_long_bone.jpg long bone epiphysis ncithesaurus:Long_Bone_Epiphysis see also: annular epiphysis uberon FMA:FMA Subdivision of long bone which forms its expanded proximal or distal articular end; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: proximal epiphysis of humerus, distal epiphysis of femur.[FMA] Wikipedia:Epiphysis epiphyses metaphysis FMA:24014 MA:0001363 SCTID:304581004 Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA] UBERON:0001438 UBERON:FMA_24014-MA_0001363 adjacent to or containing epiphyseal plate? Note in FMA the metaphysis is part of the diaphysis, but not in MA. In the diagram in WP, it appears to be adjacent, not part_of. diaphyseal end of long bone long bone metaphysis metaphyses ncithesaurus:Metaphysis uberon FMA:FMA Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA] Wikipedia:Metaphysis metaphyses compact bone FMA:24018 MA:0001461 MP distinguishes compact/cortical bone. in other AOs they are syns SCTID:361728003 UBERON:0001439 UBERON:FMA_24018-MA_0001461 bony cortex compact bone tissue cortical bone cortical bone tissue cortical region of bone galen:CorticalBone ncithesaurus:Cortical_Bone one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compact/Cortical bone facilitates bone's main functions: to support the body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones. Again, as its name implies, compact bone is much denser than cancellous bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon.. substantia compacta (pars ossea) substantia corticalis uberon FMA:24018 FMA:TA substantia corticalis Wikipedia:Compact_bone one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compact/Cortical bone facilitates bone's main functions: to support the body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones. Again, as its name implies, compact bone is much denser than cancellous bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon.. HP:0002753 bony cortex forelimb skeleton A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. AAO:0000202 EHDAA2:0002222 FMA:24139 TODO - split skeleton from single bone UBERON:0001440 UBERON:FMA_24139-MA_0000612 VHOG:0001256 XAO:0003061 bones of upper limb fore limb skeleton forelimb skeleton ossa membri superioris set of bones of upper limb skeleton of upper limb uberon upper limb skeleton A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0001256 forelimb skeleton FMA FMA:24139 FMA:TA ossa membri superioris FMA:24139 skeleton of upper limb hindlimb skeleton AAO:0000217 EHDAA2:0002226 FMA:24140 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZcKkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001441 UBERON:FMA_24140-MA_0000670 VHOG:0001255 XAO:0003062 bones of lower limb editor note: consider adding subclasses for stylopod and zeugopod hind limb skeleton hind limb subdivision of skeleton hindlimb skeleton hindlimb subdivision of skeleton inferior member subdivision of skeleton lower extremity subdivision of skeleton lower limb skeleton ossa membri inferioris set of bones of lower limb skeleton of lower limb subdivision of skeleton of hind limb subdivision of skeleton of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton of inferior member subdivision of skeleton of lower extremity uberon FMA:24140 skeleton of lower limb OBOL:automatic inferior member subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hindlimb FMA:24140 FMA:TA ossa membri inferioris OBOL:automatic hind limb subdivision of skeleton FMA OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of lower extremity OBOL:automatic lower extremity subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic hindlimb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hind limb XAO:0003062 hind limb skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of inferior member VHOG:0001255 hindlimb skeleton skeleton of hand A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a hand [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002227 FMA:24159 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdHPJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TODO: check skeleton vs part of skeleton UBERON:0001442 UBERON:FMA_24159-MA_0000619 arm autopod subdivision of skeleton arm distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton autopod of arm subdivision of skeleton autopod of brachial region subdivision of skeleton autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton bones of hand brachial region autopod subdivision of skeleton brachial region distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of arm subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of brachial region subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton hand skeleton hand subdivision of skeleton ossa manus proximal segment of free upper limb autopod subdivision of skeleton proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton set of bones of hand subdivision of skeleton of arm autopod subdivision of skeleton of arm distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of autopod of arm subdivision of skeleton of autopod of brachial region subdivision of skeleton of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton of brachial region autopod subdivision of skeleton of brachial region distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of arm subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of brachial region subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton of hand subdivision of skeleton of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod subdivision of skeleton of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of terminal segment of free upper limb terminal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton uberon OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of arm autopod OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hand OBOL:automatic autopod of arm subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic arm autopod subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hand subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of brachial region distal free limb segment A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a hand [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton FMA:24159 FMA:TA ossa manus chest BTO:0001368 EFO:0000965 EV:0100010 FMA:9576 GAID:91 MA:0000031 MAT:0000295 MESH:A.01.911 MIAA:0000295 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVikFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the neck by the plane of the superior thoracic aperture and from the abdomen internally by the inferior surface of the diaphragm and externally by the costal margin and associated with the thoracic vertebral column and ribcage and from the back of the thorax by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines; together with the abdomen and the perineum, it constitutes the trunk proper[FMA]. UBERON:0001443 UBERON:FMA_24216-MA_0000031 anterior chest anterior thoracic region anterolateral part of thorax editor note - FMA:24216 present in FMA1, but gone in subsequent versions front of chest front of thorax galen:Chest galen:Thorax http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chest.jpg/200px-Chest.jpg ncithesaurus:Chest ncithesaurus:Thorax pectus thorax uberon FMA:24816 FMA:TA pectus FMA FMA:24816 anterior chest FMA:24816 front of chest FMA:9576 Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the neck by the plane of the superior thoracic aperture and from the abdomen internally by the inferior surface of the diaphragm and externally by the costal margin and associated with the thoracic vertebral column and ribcage and from the back of the thorax by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines; together with the abdomen and the perineum, it constitutes the trunk proper[FMA]. Wikipedia:Chest FMA:9576 thorax FMA MA subdivision of head FMA:24218 SCTID:123852005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001444 UBERON:FMA_24218-XAO_0000040 XAO:0000040 head region head subdivision region of head uberon skeleton of foot A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a foot [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002228 FMA:24222 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5ridZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001445 UBERON:FMA_24222-MA_0000643 autopod of hind limb subdivision of skeleton autopod of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton autopod of inferior member subdivision of skeleton autopod of lower extremity subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of hind limb subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of inferior member subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of lower extremity subdivision of skeleton foot skeleton foot subdivision of skeleton hind limb autopod subdivision of skeleton hind limb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton hindlimb autopod subdivision of skeleton hindlimb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton inferior member autopod subdivision of skeleton inferior member distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton lower extremity autopod subdivision of skeleton lower extremity distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton ncithesaurus:Foot_Bone set of bones of foot subdivision of skeleton of autopod of hind limb subdivision of skeleton of autopod of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton of autopod of inferior member subdivision of skeleton of autopod of lower extremity subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of hind limb subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of inferior member subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of lower extremity subdivision of skeleton of foot subdivision of skeleton of hind limb autopod subdivision of skeleton of hind limb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of hindlimb autopod subdivision of skeleton of hindlimb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of inferior member autopod subdivision of skeleton of inferior member distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of lower extremity autopod subdivision of skeleton of lower extremity distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of terminal segment of free lower limb terminal segment of free lower limb subdivision of skeleton uberon OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of foot OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic foot subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a foot [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member subdivision of skeleton fibula AAO:0000891 BTO:0002346 EFO:0003052 EMAPA:18512 EMAPA:19141 FMA:24479 GAID:202 MA:0001360 MESH:A.02.835.232.500.321 SCTID:302529003 The fibula or calf bone is a bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the level of the knee-joint, and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia, and forms the lateral part of the ankle-joint. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001446 UBERON:FMA_24479-MA_0001360 galen:Fibula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Illu_lower_extremity.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity.jpg ncithesaurus:Fibula uberon The fibula or calf bone is a bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the level of the knee-joint, and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia, and forms the lateral part of the ankle-joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fibula tarsal bone AAO:0000220 BTO:0002343 EMAPA:25072 FMA:24491 GAID:194 In humans, cluster of bones in the foot between the tibia and fibula and the metatarsus. The bones of the tarsus do not belong to individual toes, whereas those of the metatarsus do. The joint between the tibia and fibula and the tarsus is referred to as the ankle joint[WP]. In primitive tetrapods, such as Trematops, the tarsus consists of three rows of bones. There are three proximal tarsals, the tibiale, intermedium, and fibulare, named for their points of articulation with the bones of the lower limb. These are followed by a second row of four bones, referred to as the centralia (singular: centrale), and then a row of five distal tarsals, each articulating with a single metatarsal. In the great majority of tetrapods, including all of those alive today, this simple pattern is modified by the loss and fusion of various of the bones.[3] In reptiles and mammals, there are normally just two proximal tarsals, the calcaneus (equivalent to the amphibian fibulare) and the talus (probably derived from a fusion of multiple bones). In mammals, including humans, the talus forms a hinge joint with the tibia, a feature especially well developed in the artiodactyls. The calcaneus is also modified, forming a heel for the attachment of the Achilles tendon. Neither of these adaptations is found in reptiles, which have a relatively simple structure to both bones.[3] The fifth distal tarsal disappears relatively early in evolution, with the remainder becoming the cuneiform and cuboid bones. Reptiles usually retain two centralia, while mammals typically have only one (the navicular).[3] In birds, the tarsus has disappeared, with the proximal tarsals having fused with the tibia, the centralia having disappeared, and the distal bones having fused with the metatarsals to form a single tarsometatarsus bone, effectively giving the leg a third segment[Wikipedia:Tarsus_(skeleton)] MA:0000297 MESH:A.02.835.232.300.710 SCTID:108372004 UBERON:0001447 UBERON:FMA_24491-MA_0000297 ankle bone bone of ankle bone of tarsus bony tarsus galen:TarsalBone hind mesopodium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg/200px-Ankle_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Tarsal_Bone ossa tarsalia ossa tarsi tarsal tarsus osseus uberon BTO:0002343 bony tarsus BTO:0002343 tarsal FMA:71339 FMA:TA ossa tarsalia In humans, cluster of bones in the foot between the tibia and fibula and the metatarsus. The bones of the tarsus do not belong to individual toes, whereas those of the metatarsus do. The joint between the tibia and fibula and the tarsus is referred to as the ankle joint[WP]. Wikipedia:Ankle_bone AAO:0000220 hind mesopodium BTO:0002343 tarsus osseus FMA:71339 FMA:TA ossa tarsi metatarsal bone BTO:0002347 FMA:24492 GAID:193 MA:0000303 MESH:A.02.835.232.300.492 SCTID:302532000 The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the foot located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes. Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (side of big toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001448 UBERON:FMA_24492-MA_0000303 galen:Metatarsal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png metatarsal ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone ossa metatarsalia ossa metatarsi uberon BTO:0002347 ossa metatarsalia BTO:0002347 ossa metatarsi The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the foot located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes. Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (side of big toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Metatarsal_bone phalanx of toe A phalanx that is part of a hindlimb[Obol]. AAO:0000930 FMA:24493 MA:0000305 SCTID:302533005 UBERON:0001449 UBERON:0004272 UBERON:FMA_24493-MA_0000305 digitus pedis phalanx foot digit phalanx foot phalanx ncithesaurus:Foot_Phalanx ncithesaurus:Phalanx_of_the_Foot phalanges of hind digit phalanx of digit of foot phalanx of digitus pedis phalanx of foot digit phalanx of hind digit toe phalanx uberon OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit MA:0000305 foot phalanx OBOL:automatic digitus pedis phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic foot digit phalanx OBOL:automatic toe phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hindlimb[Obol]. OBOL:automatic AAO:0000930 phalanges of hind digit OBOL:automatic phalanx of digit of foot calcaneus AAO: One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the tibiale.[AAO:0000913] AAO:0000913 BTO:0002355 EMAPA:18501 EMAPA:19134 FMA:24496 In humans, the calcaneus or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitute the heel. In some other animals, it is the point of the hock. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001348 MESH:A.02.835.232.300.710.300 SCTID:182099002 UBERON:0001450 UBERON:FMA_24496-MA_0001348 astragalus calcaneum fibulare galen:Calcaneum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Subtalar_Joint.PNG/200px-Subtalar_Joint.PNG ncithesaurus:Calcaneum os calcis uberon AAO:0000913 astragalus AAO:0000913 fibulare In humans, the calcaneus or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitute the heel. In some other animals, it is the point of the hock. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Calcaneus navicular bone of foot AAO:0000924 BTO:0002356 FMA:24499 MA:0001349 OpenCyc:Mx4rv67esJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182100005 The navicular bone is one of the tarsal bones, found in the foot. It is located on the medial side of the foot, and articulates proximally with the talus, distally with the three cuneiform bones, and occasionally laterally with the cuboid[WP]. UBERON:0001451 UBERON:FMA_24499-MA_0001349 central tarsal bone centrale galen:Navicular http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray276.png/200px-Gray276.png navicular navicular of foot ncithesaurus:Centralization os naviculare os naviculare os naviculare pedis todo - check AAO uberon FMA:24499 FMA:TA os naviculare BTO:0002356 os naviculare pedis The navicular bone is one of the tarsal bones, found in the foot. It is located on the medial side of the foot, and articulates proximally with the talus, distally with the three cuneiform bones, and occasionally laterally with the cuboid[WP]. Wikipedia:Navicular_bone BTO:0002356 os naviculare medial cuneiform bone BTO:0002360 FMA:24518 MA:0001352 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYtfH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182116007 The medial cuneiform (also known as first cuneiform) is the largest of the cuneiforms. It is situated at the medial side of the foot, anterior to the navicular and posterior to the base of the first metatarsal. It articulates with four bones: the navicular, second cuneiform, and first and second metatarsals. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001452 UBERON:FMA_24518-MA_0001352 first cuneiform bone foot distal carpal bone 1 galen:MedialCuneiform http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray290.png/200px-Gray290.png medial cuneiform os cuneiforme mediale os cuneiforme primum ossa cuneiforme mediale uberon The medial cuneiform (also known as first cuneiform) is the largest of the cuneiforms. It is situated at the medial side of the foot, anterior to the navicular and posterior to the base of the first metatarsal. It articulates with four bones: the navicular, second cuneiform, and first and second metatarsals. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_cuneiform_bone BTO:0002360 os cuneiforme primum BTO:0002360 os cuneiforme mediale BTO:0002360 ossa cuneiforme mediale intermediate cuneiform bone BTO:0002359 FMA:24519 MA:0001353 SCTID:179512006 The intermediate cuneiform (also known as second cuneiform / middle cuneiform) is shaped like a wedge, the thin end pointing downwards. It is situated between the other two cuneiforms (the medial and lateral cuneiforms), and articulates with the navicular posteriorly, the second metatarsal anteriorly and with the other cuneiforms on either side. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001453 UBERON:FMA_24519-MA_0001353 foot distal carpal bone 2 galen:IntermediateCuneiform http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png intermediate cuneiform middle cuneiform os cuneiforme intermedium os cuneiforme secundum second cuneiform bone second cuneiform bone of foot uberon The intermediate cuneiform (also known as second cuneiform / middle cuneiform) is shaped like a wedge, the thin end pointing downwards. It is situated between the other two cuneiforms (the medial and lateral cuneiforms), and articulates with the navicular posteriorly, the second metatarsal anteriorly and with the other cuneiforms on either side. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intermediate_cuneiform_bone BTO:0002359 os cuneiforme secundum BTO:0002359 os cuneiforme intermedium lateral cuneiform bone BTO:0002358 FMA:24520 MA:0001354 OpenCyc:Mx4rvoLPu5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182117003 The lateral cuneiform (also known as third cuneiform / external cuneiform) intermediate in size between the other two cuneiform bones, is also wedge-shaped, the base being uppermost. It occupies the center of the front row of the tarsal bones, between the second cuneiform medially, the cuboid laterally, the navicular posteriorly and the third metatarsal in front. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001454 UBERON:FMA_24520-MA_0001354 foor distal carpal bone 3 galen:LateralCuneiform http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png lateral cuneiform os cuneiforme laterale os cuneiforme tertium ossa cuneiforme laterale third cuneiform bone uberon BTO:0002358 os cuneiforme laterale BTO:0002358 ossa cuneiforme laterale The lateral cuneiform (also known as third cuneiform / external cuneiform) intermediate in size between the other two cuneiform bones, is also wedge-shaped, the base being uppermost. It occupies the center of the front row of the tarsal bones, between the second cuneiform medially, the cuboid laterally, the navicular posteriorly and the third metatarsal in front. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_cuneiform_bone BTO:0002358 os cuneiforme tertium cuboid bone BTO:0002357 FMA:24527 In the human body, the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001355 SCTID:182101009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001455 UBERON:FMA_24527-MA_0001355 cuboid foot distal carpal bone 4 and 5 galen:Cuboid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gray274.png/200px-Gray274.png ncithesaurus:Cuboid_Bone os cuboideum uberon BTO:0002357 os cuboideum In the human body, the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cuboid_bone face BTO:0003369 FMA:24728 GAID:64 HAO:0000316 MA:0002473 MESH:A.01.456.505 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi5GZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302549007 Subdivision of head which consists of the viscerocranium and all layers superficial to it[FMA]. The face develops from outward growth of tissue located rostral to the cranium & pharynx. The lower jaw and most of the upper jaw are formed by growth of the first pharyngeal (branchial) arch. The upper incisor region and the nose and forehead (frontal region) are formed from tissue located rostral to the neural tube (frontonasal prominence)[vanat.cvm.umn.edu/TFFlectPDFs/LectFaceDevelop.pdf] UBERON:0001456 UBERON:FMA_24728-MA_0002473 galen:Face http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mona_Lisa_headcrop.jpg/200px-Mona_Lisa_headcrop.jpg ncithesaurus:Face uberon visage FMA:24728 Subdivision of head which consists of the viscerocranium and all layers superficial to it[FMA]. Wikipedia:Face BTO:0003369 visage skin of eyelid A zone of skin that is part of a eyelid [Obol]. FMA:24760 MA:0001256 SCTID:245947005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001457 UBERON:FMA_24760-MA_0001256 blepharon zone of skin eyelid skin eyelid zone of skin ncithesaurus:Eyelid_Skin uberon zone of skin of blepharon zone of skin of eyelid OBOL:automatic zone of skin of blepharon OBOL:automatic zone of skin of eyelid OBOL:automatic blepharon zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a eyelid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic eyelid zone of skin skin of lip A zone of skin that is part of a lip [Obol]. FMA:24764 MA:0001579 SCTID:244092005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001458 UBERON:FMA_24764-MA_0001579 lip skin lip zone of skin ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Lip uberon zone of skin of lip OBOL:automatic zone of skin of lip OBOL:automatic lip zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a lip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skin of external ear A zone of skin that is part of a external ear [Obol]. FMA:24775 MA:0001233 SCTID:244073008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001459 UBERON:FMA_24775-MA_0001233 auricular region of head zone of skin auricular region zone of skin ear skin external ear skin external ear zone of skin ncithesaurus:Ear_Skin outer ear zone of skin uberon zone of skin of auricular region zone of skin of auricular region of head zone of skin of external ear zone of skin of outer ear A zone of skin that is part of a external ear [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of auricular region OBOL:automatic auricular region zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of external ear OBOL:automatic auricular region of head zone of skin OBOL:automatic external ear zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of auricular region of head OBOL:automatic zone of skin of outer ear OBOL:automatic outer ear zone of skin arm BTO:0001435 EFO:0001410 EHDAA2:0000140 EHDAA:4164 EHDAA:6210 EHDAA:8275 EMAPA:17413 GAID:52 MA:0000033 MESH:A.01.378.800 MESH:A.01.378.800.075 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjp5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm]. This class refers to the combination of the stylopod and zeugopod of a forelimb. Sometimes (cf FMA), 'arm' denotes the stylopod only; sometimes (cf MA), 'arm' denotes the part of the forelimb covering both (i.e. shoulder to hand). Also note distinction between arm and forelimb: hand is part of forelimb, but not part of arm. Editor note: currently declared as overlapping hand, as AOs disagree over whether some wrist parts are in the arm or hand UBERON:0001460 UBERON:FMA_24890-MA_0000033 VHOG:0000339 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upperarm.jpg/200px-Upperarm.jpg uberon upper extremity The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm]. Wikipedia:Arm MESH:A.01.378.800 upper extremity elbow EFO:0003069 EHDAA2:0000429 EHDAA:4166 EHDAA:6212 EMAPA:17414 FMA:24901 GAID:54 MA:0000036 MESH:A.01.378.800.420 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint—the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm. The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna, and the inner aspect of the elbow is called the antecubital fossa. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001461 UBERON:FMA_24901-MA_0000036 VHOG:0000340 cubital region galen:Elbow uberon The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint—the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm. The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna, and the inner aspect of the elbow is called the antecubital fossa. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Elbow wrist EHDAA2:0000218 EHDAA:5196 FMA:24922 GAID:59 MA:0000039 MESH:A.01.378.800.667.715 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjncpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also include the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum[WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001462 UBERON:FMA_24922-MA_0000039 carpal region galen:Wrist http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Human_wrist.png/200px-Human_wrist.png regio carpalis uberon FMA:24922 FMA:TA regio carpalis The anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also include the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Wrist MA hand digit 1 1st (lateral-most) digit of the hand in mouse and human[Wikipedia]. EHDAA2:0000511 EMAPA:17429 FMA:24938 GAID:58 MA:0000454 MESH:A.01.378.800.667.430.705 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjVbpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302540006 This class represents all instances of the first digit of the hand in human and mouse, and all homologues of this digit in other vertebrates. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553264/ UBERON:0001463 UBERON:FMA_24938-MA_0000454 digit 1 of fore-paw digitus primus finger 1 first digit of hand http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Thumb-up.jpg/200px-Thumb-up.jpg ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_1 pollex pollex; digitus primus [I] thumb uberon EHDAA2:0000511 finger 1 1st (lateral-most) digit of the hand in mouse and human[Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Thumb EMAPA:17429 digit 1 of fore-paw hip BTO:0001457 EFO:0001929 EHDAA2:0000783 EHDAA:5153 EHDAA:6178 EMAPA:17490 FMA:24964 GAID:47 MA:0000045 MESH:A.01.378.610.400 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjhy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302543008 The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region. The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. [WP,modified]. UBERON:0001464 UBERON:FMA_24964-MA_0000045 VHOG:0000346 galen:Hip hip region http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hip.jpg/200px-Hip.jpg in BTO this is part of the abdomen - this creates an inconsistency if limb and abdomen are spatially disjoint ncithesaurus:Hip regio coxae uberon The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region. The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. [WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Hip FMA:24964 hip region FMA:24964 regio coxae FMA knee BTO:0003595 EFO:0001957 EHDAA2:0000895 EHDAA:5159 EHDAA:6184 EMAPA:17493 FMA:24974 GAID:48 MA:0000046 MESH:A.01.378.610.450 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjPKZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation. Since in humans the knee supports nearly the whole weight of the body, it is the joint most vulnerable both to acute injury and the development of osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001465 UBERON:FMA_24974-MA_0000046 VHOG:0000347 galen:Knee http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Male_Knee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/200px-Male_Knee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg uberon The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation. Since in humans the knee supports nearly the whole weight of the body, it is the joint most vulnerable both to acute injury and the development of osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Knee foot digit A digit that is part_of a hindlimb[Obol]. AAO:0000888 BTO:0002348 FMA:25046 GAID:44 MA:0000048 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjCHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:116667001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000027 UBERON:0001466 UBERON:FMA_25046-MA_0000048 XAO:0003035 digit of foot digit of terminal segment of free lower limb digiti pedis digitipedis digitus pedis galen:Toe hind digit hind_digit hindlimb digit ncithesaurus:Toe toe uberon XAO:0003035 hind digit AAO:0000888 hind_digit A digit that is part_of a hindlimb[Obol]. Wikipedia:Toe OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb BTO:0002348 digitipedis FMA:25046 toe FMA:70664 FMA:TA digiti pedis shoulder EFO:0003068 EHDAA2:0001834 EHDAA:4180 EHDAA:6228 EMAPA:17421 FMA:25202 GAID:60 In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula. The shoulder refers to the group of structures in the region of the joint. It is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached. The shoulder must be flexible for the wide range of motion required in the arms and hands and also strong enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling. The compromise between these two functions results in a large number of shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000038 MESH:A.01.378.800.750 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001467 UBERON:FMA_25202-MA_0000038 VHOG:0000342 galen:Shoulder http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shoulderjoint.PNG/200px-Shoulderjoint.PNG ncithesaurus:Shoulder uberon MA In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula. The shoulder refers to the group of structures in the region of the joint. It is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached. The shoulder must be flexible for the wide range of motion required in the arms and hands and also strong enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling. The compromise between these two functions results in a large number of shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Shoulder FMA intervertebral symphysis FMA:25511 MA:0001514 SCTID:244512000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001468 UBERON:FMA_25511-MA_0001514 joint of vertebral body uberon sternoclavicular joint EMAPA:19203 FMA:25883 GAID:270 MA:0001507 MESH:A.02.835.583.781 OpenCyc:Mx4rv_eLJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rwI-ZZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182165002 The sternoclavicular articulation is a double arthrodial joint composed of two portions separated by an articular disc. The parts entering into its formation are the sternal end of the clavicle, the upper and lateral part of the manubrium sterni, and the cartilage of the first rib, visible from the outside as the suprasternal notch. The articular surface of the clavicle is much larger than that of the sternum, and is invested with a layer of cartilage, which is considerably thicker than that on the latter bone. The ligaments of this joint are: Articular capsule Anterior sternoclavicular ligament Posterior sternoclavicular ligament Interclavicular ligament Costoclavicular ligament Articular disk [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001469 UBERON:FMA_25883-MA_0001507 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gray325.png/200px-Gray325.png ncithesaurus:Sternoclavicular_Joint uberon The sternoclavicular articulation is a double arthrodial joint composed of two portions separated by an articular disc. The parts entering into its formation are the sternal end of the clavicle, the upper and lateral part of the manubrium sterni, and the cartilage of the first rib, visible from the outside as the suprasternal notch. The articular surface of the clavicle is much larger than that of the sternum, and is invested with a layer of cartilage, which is considerably thicker than that on the latter bone. The ligaments of this joint are: Articular capsule Anterior sternoclavicular ligament Posterior sternoclavicular ligament Interclavicular ligament Costoclavicular ligament Articular disk [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sternoclavicular_joint glenohumeral joint EMAPA:19105 FMA:25912 GAID:269 MA:0000459 MESH:A.02.835.583.748 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP32BZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182168000 The glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001470 UBERON:FMA_25912-MA_0000459 VHOG:0001002 articulatio humeri galen:ShoulderJoint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray327.png/200px-Gray327.png humeral joint in FMA, this is part of the bony pectoral girdle, alongside the skeleton of pectoral girdle joint of shoulder ncithesaurus:Shoulder_Joint shoulder joint uberon FMA:25912 FMA:TA articulatio humeri OBOL:automatic joint of shoulder FMA:25912 humeral joint FMA definitional The glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Glenohumeral_joint MA:0000459 shoulder joint skin of prepuce of penis A zone of skin that is part of a prepuce of penis [Obol]. EV:0100109 FMA:27648 MA:0001744 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001471 UBERON:FMA_27648-MA_0001744 VHOG:0001342 foreskin of penis foreskin zone of skin penile prepuce zone of skin penis foreskin prepuce of penis zone of skin prepuce zone of skin preputial skin uberon zone of skin of foreskin zone of skin of penile prepuce zone of skin of prepuce zone of skin of prepuce of penis OBOL:automatic zone of skin of penile prepuce OBOL:automatic prepuce zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of foreskin A zone of skin that is part of a prepuce of penis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic penile prepuce zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of prepuce of penis OBOL:automatic zone of skin of prepuce OBOL:automatic prepuce of penis zone of skin OBOL:automatic foreskin zone of skin vaginal venous plexus FMA:29713 MA:0002257 SCTID:294653003 The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001472 UBERON:FMA_29713-MA_0002257 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gray589.png/200px-Gray589.png uberon venous vaginal plexus The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vaginal_venous_plexus lymphatic vessel A vessel that contains or conveys lymph, that originates as an interfibrillar or intercellular cleft or space in a tissue or organ, and that if small has no distinct walls or walls composed only of endothelial cells and if large resembles a vein in structure[BTO]. AAO:0011005 BTO:0000752 EFO:0000873 FMA:30315 MA:0000138 MAT:0000443 OpenCyc:Mx4rwA1fYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279089004 TAO:0005105 UBERON:0001473 UBERON:FMA_30315-FMA_5034-MA_0000138-MA_0000139-MIAA_0000197-XAO_0000375-ZFA_0005105 VHOG:0001249 XAO:0000375 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Illu_lymph_capillary.jpg/200px-Illu_lymph_capillary.jpg lymph vessel ncithesaurus:Lymphatic_Vessel uberon A vessel that contains or conveys lymph, that originates as an interfibrillar or intercellular cleft or space in a tissue or organ, and that if small has no distinct walls or walls composed only of endothelial cells and if large resembles a vein in structure[BTO]. BTO:0000752 Wikipedia:Lymphatic_vessel bone AAO:0000047 AEO:0000082 BTO:0000140 EFO:0000298 EHDAA2:0003082 ENVO:00002039 EV:0100140 FMA:30317 FMA:5018 GAID:92 H&W - a vascularized, supporting skeletal tissue, which also can form ectopically outside the skeleton. Bone consists of cells and a mineralized extracellular matrix that is permeated by canals (canaliculi) that contain osteocyte processes (Plate 2). Bone is deposited by bone-forming cells (osteoblasts), which, when they cease dividing, transform into osteocytes. The first bone matrix deposited is unmineralized and is known as osteoid (Plate 3). Subsequently, osteoid is impregnated with hydroxyapatite to form the mineralized tissue we know as bone, a tissue that is modeled, remodeled, and/or removed by mono- or multinucleated osteoclasts (and sometimes by osteocytes) MA:0001459 MAT:0000299 MIAA:0000299 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViDlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkCG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ with cavitated organ parts, which primarily consists of compact (cortical) and cancellous bone, which surround bone marrow cavities; together with other bones, cartilages and joints, it constitutes the skeletal system. Examples: femur, sternum, maxilla, vertebra, talus[FMA] SCTID:272673000 TAO:0001514 UBERON:0001474 UBERON:FMA_30317-MA_0001459-MIAA_0000299-XAO_0000169-ZFA_0001514 VHOG:0001190 XAO:0000169 ZFA:0001514 bone organ galen:Bone ncithesaurus:Bone uberon BTO:0000140 FMA:5018 Organ with cavitated organ parts, which primarily consists of compact (cortical) and cancellous bone, which surround bone marrow cavities; together with other bones, cartilages and joints, it constitutes the skeletal system. Examples: femur, sternum, maxilla, vertebra, talus[FMA] Wikipedia:Bone ZFIN:curator ligament FMA:30319 UBERON:0000211 UBERON:0001475 UBERON:0002360 UBERON:FMA_30319-FMA_76821-MA_0000113-MIAA_0000113 made obsolete as it incorrectly grouped classes true uberon deltoid EFO:0001412 EHDAA2:0000339 EMAPA:18177 FMA:32521 Intrinsic muscle of shoulder which attaches to the spine of scapula, clavicle and humerus.[FMA] MA:0002286 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjdc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001476 UBERON:FMA_32521-MA_0002286 VHOG:0000846 deltoid muscle deltoideus deltoideus muscle ncithesaurus:Deltoid uberon Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle deltoid muscle Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle deltoideus Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle deltoideus muscle FMA:FMA Intrinsic muscle of shoulder which attaches to the spine of scapula, clavicle and humerus.[FMA] Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle infraspinatus muscle EHDAA2:0000826 EHDAA:8305 EMAPA:18526 FMA:32546 MA:0002323 OpenCyc:Mx4rwVT4_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277439009 The Infraspinatus muscle is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa. The infraspinatus is a muscle of the rotator cuff. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001477 UBERON:FMA_32546-MA_0002323 VHOG:0000921 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png/200px-Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png infraspinatus ncithesaurus:Infraspinatus uberon The Infraspinatus muscle is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa. The infraspinatus is a muscle of the rotator cuff. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Infraspinatus_muscle teres major EHDAA2:0002004 EHDAA:8321 EMAPA:19069 EMAPA:19110 FMA:32549 MA:0002392 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJZqBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277444002 Teres major is a muscle of the upper limb and one of six scapulohumeral muscles. It is a thick but somewhat flattened muscle. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001478 UBERON:FMA_32549-MA_0002392 VHOG:0000750 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png/200px-Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png ncithesaurus:Teres_Major_Muscle teres major muscle uberon Teres major is a muscle of the upper limb and one of six scapulohumeral muscles. It is a thick but somewhat flattened muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Teres_major sesamoid bone AEO:0000086 EHDAA2:0003086 FMA:32672 GAID:210 MA:0001375 MESH:A.02.835.232.730 SCTID:362914002 TODO - generalize to VAO: Replacement element; an ossicle; often an endochondral replacement element that has cartilage and bone states that develops in dense regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). UBERON:0001479 UBERON:FMA_32672-MA_0001375 a bone embedded within a tendon. Sesamoids are found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot. Functionally, they act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect. The presence of the sesamoid bone holds the tendon slightly farther away from the center of the joint and thus increases its moment arm. Sesamoid bones also prevent the tendon from flattening into the joint as tension increases and therefore also maintain a more consistent moment arm through a variety of possible tendon loads. This differs from menisci, which are made of cartilage and rather act to disperse the weight of the body on joints and reduce friction during movement. galen:SessamoidBone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray350.png/200px-Gray350.png ncithesaurus:Sesamoid_Bone uberon Wikipedia:Sesamoid_bone a bone embedded within a tendon. Sesamoids are found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot. Functionally, they act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect. The presence of the sesamoid bone holds the tendon slightly farther away from the center of the joint and thus increases its moment arm. Sesamoid bones also prevent the tendon from flattening into the joint as tension increases and therefore also maintain a more consistent moment arm through a variety of possible tendon loads. This differs from menisci, which are made of cartilage and rather act to disperse the weight of the body on joints and reduce friction during movement. proximal carpal bone FMA:33302 MA:0002557 SCTID:306715004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001480 UBERON:FMA_33302-MA_0002557 uberon distal carpal bone AAO:0000847 FMA:33303 MA:0002558 SCTID:306716003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001481 UBERON:FMA_33303-MA_0002558 uberon muscle of shoulder A muscle organ that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. FMA:33531 MA:0000633 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001482 UBERON:FMA_33531-MA_0000633 muscle organ of shoulder shoulder muscle shoulder muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic shoulder muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of shoulder skin of shoulder A zone of skin that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. EMAPA:18059 FMA:34830 MA:0000635 SCTID:244131002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001483 UBERON:FMA_34830-MA_0000635 shoulder skin shoulder zone of skin uberon zone of skin of shoulder OBOL:automatic zone of skin of shoulder A zone of skin that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic shoulder zone of skin articular capsule An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:34836 GAID:263 MA:0001519 MESH:A.02.835.583.443 SCTID:182238002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001484 UBERON:FMA_34836-MA_0001519 capsula articularis fibrous capsule of joint galen:JointCapsule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gray299.png/200px-Gray299.png joint capsule joint fibrous capsule ncithesaurus:Joint_Capsule uberon An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Articular_capsule FMA:34836 FMA:TA capsula articularis knee joint EFO:0001957 EMAPA:19137 FMA:35175 GAID:114 MA:0000471 MESH:A.02.835.583.475 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCuaYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182204005 The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation. Since in humans the knee supports nearly the whole weight of the body, it is the joint most vulnerable both to acute injury and the development of osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001485 UBERON:FMA_35175-MA_0000471 VHOG:0001003 galen:KneeJoint joint of knee ncithesaurus:Knee_Joint uberon OBOL:automatic joint of knee The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation. Since in humans the knee supports nearly the whole weight of the body, it is the joint most vulnerable both to acute injury and the development of osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Knee_joint definitional hip joint . BTO:0001502 EMAPA:19136 FMA:35178 GAID:262 MA:0000470 MESH:A.02.835.583.411 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP32b5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182201002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001486 UBERON:FMA_35178-MA_0000470 VHOG:0001001 articulatio coxofemoralis femoro-iliac joint galen:HipJoint hip region joint joint of hip joint of hip region joint of regio coxae ncithesaurus:Hip_Joint regio coxae joint uberon OBOL:automatic joint of regio coxae OBOL:automatic joint of hip definitional OBOL:automatic hip region joint FMA OBOL:automatic joint of hip region . Wikipedia:Hip_joint OBOL:automatic regio coxae joint joint of foot A skeletal joint that is part of a foot [Obol]. FMA:35194 FMA:71349 GAID:256 MA:0000464 MESH:A.02.835.583.378 SCTID:244555001 TODO check FMA - use the set class for now UBERON:0001487 UBERON:FMA_35194-MA_0000464 articulationes pedis autopod of hind limb joint autopod of hindlimb joint autopod of inferior member joint autopod of lower extremity joint distal free limb segment of hind limb joint distal free limb segment of hindlimb joint distal free limb segment of inferior member joint distal free limb segment of lower extremity joint foot joint hind limb autopod joint hind limb distal free limb segment joint hindlimb autopod joint hindlimb distal free limb segment joint inferior member autopod joint inferior member distal free limb segment joint joint of autopod of hind limb joint of autopod of hindlimb joint of autopod of inferior member joint of autopod of lower extremity joint of distal free limb segment of hind limb joint of distal free limb segment of hindlimb joint of distal free limb segment of inferior member joint of distal free limb segment of lower extremity joint of hind limb autopod joint of hind limb distal free limb segment joint of hindlimb autopod joint of hindlimb distal free limb segment joint of inferior member autopod joint of inferior member distal free limb segment joint of lower extremity autopod joint of lower extremity distal free limb segment joint of terminal segment of free lower limb joints of foot lower extremity autopod joint lower extremity distal free limb segment joint terminal segment of free lower limb joint uberon OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity joint OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod joint OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member joint OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod joint OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod joint OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment joint OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod joint A skeletal joint that is part of a foot [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic joint of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic joint of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic joint of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment joint OBOL:automatic joint of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb joint OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb joint FMA:71349 joints of foot OBOL:automatic joint of inferior member autopod FMA:71349 FMA:TA articulationes pedis OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity joint OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member joint OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic joint of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb joint OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment joint OBOL:automatic joint of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment joint OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of lower extremity autopod ankle joint BTO:0004706 EFO:0001409 FMA:35195 GAID:257 In human anatomy, the ankle joint is formed where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle, or talocrural joint, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus bone in the foot. The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than between the smaller fibula and the talus. The term 'ankle' is used to describe structures in the region of the ankle joint proper. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000463 MESH:A.02.835.583.378.062 OpenCyc:Mx4rvwiy35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182212002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001488 UBERON:FMA_35195-MA_0000463 galen:AnkleJoint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg/200px-Ankle_en.svg.png joint of ankle ncithesaurus:Ankle_Joint talocrural joint uberon OBOL:automatic joint of ankle In human anatomy, the ankle joint is formed where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle, or talocrural joint, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus bone in the foot. The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than between the smaller fibula and the talus. The term 'ankle' is used to describe structures in the region of the ankle joint proper. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ankle_joint joint of hand A skeletal joint that is part of a hand [Obol]. FMA:35245 FMA:71345 MA:0000452 SCTID:244546004 TODO check FMA - use the set class for now UBERON:0001489 UBERON:FMA_35245-MA_0000452 arm autopod joint arm distal free limb segment joint articulationes manus autopod of arm joint autopod of brachial region joint autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb joint brachial region autopod joint brachial region distal free limb segment joint distal free limb segment of arm joint distal free limb segment of brachial region joint distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb joint hand joint joint of arm autopod joint of arm distal free limb segment joint of autopod of arm joint of autopod of brachial region joint of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb joint of brachial region autopod joint of brachial region distal free limb segment joint of distal free limb segment of arm joint of distal free limb segment of brachial region joint of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb joint of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod joint of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment joint of terminal segment of free upper limb joints of hand proximal segment of free upper limb autopod joint proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment joint terminal segment of free upper limb joint uberon OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region joint OBOL:automatic joint of terminal segment of free upper limb A skeletal joint that is part of a hand [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71345 joints of hand OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic autopod of arm joint OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region joint OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod joint OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic joint of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic joint of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic joint of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment joint OBOL:automatic joint of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm joint OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic arm autopod joint OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb FMA:71345 FMA:TA articulationes manus OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment joint OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod joint OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment joint OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of arm autopod OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of arm elbow joint Articulatio cubiti EMAPA:19102 FMA:35289 GAID:253 MA:0000451 MESH:A.02.835.583.290 SCTID:182169008 Synovial joint that is part of the elbow[Obol]. The elbow joint (Articulatio cubiti) is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis[HP]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001490 UBERON:FMA_35289-MA_0000451 VHOG:0000997 cubital region joint galen:ElbowJoint joint of cubital region joint of elbow ncithesaurus:Elbow_Joint uberon OBOL:automatic cubital region joint OBOL:automatic joint of elbow definitional Synovial joint that is part of the elbow[Obol]. The elbow joint (Articulatio cubiti) is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis[HP]. Wikipedia:Elbow_joint OBOL:automatic joint of cubital region wrist joint EMAPA:19205 FMA:35291 GAID:274 In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as (1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand; (2) the wrist joint or radiocarpal joint, the joint between the radius and the carpus; and (3) the anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also include the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum. As a consequence of these various definitions, fractures to the carpal bones are referred to as carpal fractures, while fractures such as distal radius fracture are considered fractures to the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000460 MA:0000461 MESH:A.02.835.583.959 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZD2PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182178002 UBERON:0001491 UBERON:FMA_35291-MA_0000460 carpal region joint galen:WristJoint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Human_wrist.png/200px-Human_wrist.png joint of carpal region joint of wrist ncithesaurus:Wrist_Joint radio-carpal joint radiocarpal joint todo - determine the difference between MA:0000460 and MA:0000461 uberon OBOL:automatic joint of carpal region FMA:35291 radiocarpal joint MA:0000461 radio-carpal joint In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as (1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand; (2) the wrist joint or radiocarpal joint, the joint between the radius and the carpus; and (3) the anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also include the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum. As a consequence of these various definitions, fractures to the carpal bones are referred to as carpal fractures, while fractures such as distal radius fracture are considered fractures to the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Wrist_joint OBOL:automatic carpal region joint radial nerve EHDAA2:0001584 EHDAA:5650 EMAPA:17278 FMA:37069 GAID:845 MA:0001171 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.050.700 OpenCyc:Mx4rvfk7E5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181011002 The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm, as well as the associated joints and overlying skin. It originates from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 &amp; T1. The radial nerve and its branches supply the dorsal muscles, such as triceps brachii, the extrinsic extensors of the wrist and hands, and the cutaneous nerve supply to most of the back of the hand. (The ulnar nerve cutaneously innervates the back of the little finger and adjacent half of the ring finger). The radial nerve divides into a deep branch (which becomes the posterior interosseous nerve), and continues as the superficial branch which goes on to innervate the dorsum (back) of the hand. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001492 UBERON:FMA_37069-MA_0001171 VHOG:0000896 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray818.png/200px-Gray818.png ncithesaurus:Radial_Nerve uberon The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm, as well as the associated joints and overlying skin. It originates from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 &amp; T1. The radial nerve and its branches supply the dorsal muscles, such as triceps brachii, the extrinsic extensors of the wrist and hands, and the cutaneous nerve supply to most of the back of the hand. (The ulnar nerve cutaneously innervates the back of the little finger and adjacent half of the ring finger). The radial nerve divides into a deep branch (which becomes the posterior interosseous nerve), and continues as the superficial branch which goes on to innervate the dorsum (back) of the hand. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Radial_nerve axillary nerve EMAPA:18802 FMA:37072 MA:0001166 OpenCyc:Mx4rvgwMfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181009006 The axillary nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6. The axillary nerve travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001493 UBERON:FMA_37072-MA_0001166 auxillery nerve circumflex humeral nerve circumflex nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brachial_plexus.jpg/200px-Brachial_plexus.jpg ncithesaurus:Axillary_Nerve nervus axillaris uberon Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve nervus axillaris MA MA MA Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve auxillery nerve Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve circumflex nerve The axillary nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6. The axillary nerve travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve ulnar nerve EHDAA2:0002099 EHDAA:5652 EMAPA:17279 FMA:37319 GAID:846 In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body (meaning, unprotected by muscle or bone), and the only unprotected nerve that does not serve a purely sensory function (those nerves specifically meant to perceive changes in the environment, such as nerves in the skin). This nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, supplying the palmar side of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips, perhaps as far back as the fingernail beds. One method of injuring the nerve is to strike the medial epicondyle of the humerus from posteriorly, or inferiorly with the elbow flexed. The ulnar nerve is trapped between the bone and the overlying skin at this point. This is commonly referred to as hitting one's 'funny bone. ' This name is thought to be a pun, based on the sound resemblance between the words 'humerus' and 'humourous' . [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001174 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.050.850 SCTID:181012009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001494 UBERON:0005668 UBERON:FMA_37319-MA_0001174 VHOG:0000922 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brachial_plexus.jpg/200px-Brachial_plexus.jpg ncithesaurus:Ulnar_Nerve uberon In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body (meaning, unprotected by muscle or bone), and the only unprotected nerve that does not serve a purely sensory function (those nerves specifically meant to perceive changes in the environment, such as nerves in the skin). This nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, supplying the palmar side of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips, perhaps as far back as the fingernail beds. One method of injuring the nerve is to strike the medial epicondyle of the humerus from posteriorly, or inferiorly with the elbow flexed. The ulnar nerve is trapped between the bone and the overlying skin at this point. This is commonly referred to as hitting one's 'funny bone. ' This name is thought to be a pun, based on the sound resemblance between the words 'humerus' and 'humourous' . [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ulnar_nerve pectoral muscle BTO:0000023 FMA:37349 GAID:153 MA:0002423 MESH:A.02.633.567.775 Note: in FMA isa muscle of pectoral girdle; todo - resolve spatial disjointness inconsistencies and add SCTID:181621006 UBERON:0001495 UBERON:FMA_37349-MA_0002423 breast muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pectoralis_major.png/200px-Pectoralis_major.png muscle of pectoral part of chest muscle of pectoral region ncithesaurus:Pectoralis_Muscle pectoralis muscle uberon BTO BTO:0000023 breast muscle FMA:37349 muscle of pectoral part of chest BTO:0000023 pectoralis muscle FMA:37349 muscle of pectoral region ascending aorta EHDAA2:0000147 EHDAA:9828 EMAPA:17014 EMAPA:18604 EMAPA:25959 FMA:3736 MA:0002570 OpenCyc:Mx4rwVFqO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181299009 The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta[GO]. A portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart’s axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, describing a slight curve in its course, and being situated, about 6 cm behind the posterior surface of the sternum. The total length is about 5 cm in length [Wikipedia] UBERON:0001496 UBERON:FMA_3736-MA_0002570 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ascending_Aorta pars ascendens aortae uberon GO:0035905 The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta[GO]. A portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart’s axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, describing a slight curve in its course, and being situated, about 6 cm behind the posterior surface of the sternum. The total length is about 5 cm in length [Wikipedia] Wikipedia:Ascending_aorta muscle of pelvic girdle A muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Obol]. FMA:37367 MA:0000537 Note that in MA, this is a subclass of pelvis muscle UBERON:0001497 UBERON:FMA_37367-MA_0000537 girdle-pelvic muscle organ muscle organ of girdle-pelvic muscle organ of pelvic girdle muscle organ of pelvic girdle bone pelvic girdle bone muscle organ pelvic girdle muscle pelvic girdle muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle bone muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pelvic girdle bone FMA OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pelvic girdle OBOL:automatic girdle-pelvic muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of girdle-pelvic muscle of foot A muscle organ that is part of a foot [Obol]. BTO:0000477 FMA:37369 MA:0000652 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001498 UBERON:FMA_37369-MA_0000652 autopod of hind limb muscle organ autopod of hindlimb muscle organ autopod of inferior member muscle organ autopod of lower extremity muscle organ distal free limb segment of hind limb muscle organ distal free limb segment of hindlimb muscle organ distal free limb segment of inferior member muscle organ distal free limb segment of lower extremity muscle organ foot muscle foot muscle organ hind limb autopod muscle organ hind limb distal free limb segment muscle organ hindlimb autopod muscle organ hindlimb distal free limb segment muscle organ inferior member autopod muscle organ inferior member distal free limb segment muscle organ lower extremity autopod muscle organ lower extremity distal free limb segment muscle organ muscle organ of autopod of hind limb muscle organ of autopod of hindlimb muscle organ of autopod of inferior member muscle organ of autopod of lower extremity muscle organ of distal free limb segment of hind limb muscle organ of distal free limb segment of hindlimb muscle organ of distal free limb segment of inferior member muscle organ of distal free limb segment of lower extremity muscle organ of foot muscle organ of hind limb autopod muscle organ of hind limb distal free limb segment muscle organ of hindlimb autopod muscle organ of hindlimb distal free limb segment muscle organ of inferior member autopod muscle organ of inferior member distal free limb segment muscle organ of lower extremity autopod muscle organ of lower extremity distal free limb segment muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic muscle organ of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a foot [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member muscle organ OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of foot OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity muscle organ OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity muscle organ OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member muscle organ OBOL:automatic foot muscle organ OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of lower extremity muscle of arm A muscle organ that is part of an arm [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000141 MA:0000594 See notes on UBERON:0001460 for possible terminological confusion over term 'arm' UBERON:0001499 UBERON:FMA_37370-MA_0000594 arm muscle arm muscle system muscle of upper arm or lower arm uberon upper arm / lower arm muscle A muscle organ that is part of an arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm upper arm / lower arm muscle EHDAA2:0000141 arm muscle system MA:0000594 arm muscle UBERON:cjm muscle of upper arm or lower arm muscle of hand A muscle organ that is part of a hand [Obol]. FMA:37372 MA:0000628 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001500 UBERON:FMA_37372-MA_0000628 arm autopod muscle organ arm distal free limb segment muscle organ autopod of arm muscle organ autopod of brachial region muscle organ autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ brachial region autopod muscle organ brachial region distal free limb segment muscle organ distal free limb segment of arm muscle organ distal free limb segment of brachial region muscle organ distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ hand muscle hand muscle organ muscle organ of arm autopod muscle organ of arm distal free limb segment muscle organ of autopod of arm muscle organ of autopod of brachial region muscle organ of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ of brachial region autopod muscle organ of brachial region distal free limb segment muscle organ of distal free limb segment of arm muscle organ of distal free limb segment of brachial region muscle organ of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ of hand muscle organ of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod muscle organ of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb autopod muscle organ proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment muscle organ terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic arm autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of arm autopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic muscle organ of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic hand muscle organ OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm muscle organ OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region muscle organ OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a hand [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic autopod of arm muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hand OBOL:automatic muscle organ of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment muscle organ lumbrical of hand FMA:37385 MA:0002316 SCTID:181654008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001501 UBERON:FMA_37385-MA_0002316 hand lumbrical hand lumbrical muscle uberon interosseous muscle of hand FMA:37417 MA:0002313 SCTID:265804003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001502 UBERON:FMA_37417-MA_0002313 hand interosseous muscle ncithesaurus:Hand_Interosseous_Muscle uberon dorsal interosseous of hand FMA:37418 MA:0002314 SCTID:245002007 The dorsal interossei of the hand are muscles that occupy the space between the metacarpals. There are four dorsal interossei in each hand. They are specified as 'dorsal' to contrast them with the palmar interossei, which are located on the anterior side of the metacarpals. The dorsal interosseous muscles are bipennate, with each muscle arising by two heads from the adjacent sides of the metacarpal bones, but more extensively from the metacarpal bone of the finger into which the muscle is inserted. They are inserted into the bases of the proximal phalanges and into the extensor expansion of the corresponding extensor digitorum tendon. The middle digit has two dorsal interossei insert onto it while the first digit (thumb) and the fifth digit (little finger) have none[WP]. UBERON:0001503 UBERON:FMA_37418-MA_0002314 dorsal hand interosseus muscle ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Hand_Interosseous_Muscle uberon The dorsal interossei of the hand are muscles that occupy the space between the metacarpals. There are four dorsal interossei in each hand. They are specified as 'dorsal' to contrast them with the palmar interossei, which are located on the anterior side of the metacarpals. The dorsal interosseous muscles are bipennate, with each muscle arising by two heads from the adjacent sides of the metacarpal bones, but more extensively from the metacarpal bone of the finger into which the muscle is inserted. They are inserted into the bases of the proximal phalanges and into the extensor expansion of the corresponding extensor digitorum tendon. The middle digit has two dorsal interossei insert onto it while the first digit (thumb) and the fifth digit (little finger) have none[WP]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_interossei_of_the_hand lumbrical of foot FMA:37453 MA:0002305 SCTID:181715003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001504 UBERON:FMA_37453-MA_0002305 foot lumbrical foot lumbrical muscle uberon coracobrachialis FMA:37664 MA:0002282 Pirogoff's aponeurosis The Coracobrachialis is the smallest of the three muscles that attach to the coracoid process of the scapula. (The other two muscles are pectoralis minor and biceps brachii. ) It is situated at the upper and medial part of the arm. It is perforated by and innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001505 UBERON:FMA_37664-MA_0002282 coracobrachial coracobrachialis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coracobrachialis.png/200px-Coracobrachialis.png ncithesaurus:Coracobrachialis uberon Wikipedia:Coracobrachialis_muscle coracobrachialis muscle FMA FMA:37664 Pirogoff's aponeurosis The Coracobrachialis is the smallest of the three muscles that attach to the coracoid process of the scapula. (The other two muscles are pectoralis minor and biceps brachii. ) It is situated at the upper and medial part of the arm. It is perforated by and innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Coracobrachialis brachialis Casserio's muscle EHDAA2:0000181 EHDAA:8281 EMAPA:19068 EMAPA:19109 FMA:37667 MA:0002271 The brachialis (brachialis anticus) is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint. It lies just deep of the biceps brachii, and is a synergist that assists the biceps brachii in flexing at the elbow. It makes up part of the floor of the region known as the cubital fossa. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001506 UBERON:FMA_37667-MA_0002271 VHOG:0001026 brachialis anticus muscle brachialis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Brachialis.png/200px-Brachialis.png ncithesaurus:Brachialis uberon The brachialis (brachialis anticus) is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint. It lies just deep of the biceps brachii, and is a synergist that assists the biceps brachii in flexing at the elbow. It makes up part of the floor of the region known as the cubital fossa. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachialis_muscle Wikipedia:Brachialis_muscle brachialis anticus muscle Wikipedia:Brachialis_muscle brachialis muscle biceps brachii BTO:0003419 EHDAA2:0000167 EHDAA:8279 EMAPA:19067 EMAPA:19108 FMA:37670 In human anatomy, the biceps brachii is a muscle located on the upper arm. The biceps has several functions, the most important being to rotate the forearm and to flex the elbow. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002269 SCTID:265802004 UBERON:0001507 UBERON:FMA_37670-MA_0002269 VHOG:0000861 biceps biceps brachii %26 brachialis muscles biceps brachii muscle biceps cubiti biceps muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Biceps_%28PSF%29.jpg/200px-Biceps_%28PSF%29.jpg ncithesaurus:Biceps uberon Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle biceps muscle EHDAA2:0000167 biceps Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle biceps cubiti Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle biceps brachii muscle In human anatomy, the biceps brachii is a muscle located on the upper arm. The biceps has several functions, the most important being to rotate the forearm and to flex the elbow. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle biceps brachii %26 brachialis muscles MA OG arch of aorta BTO:0000157 Do not confuse with aortic arch EFO:0002526 EHDAA2:0000132 EMAPA:17613 EMAPA:18602 FMA:3768 GAID:471 MA:0000475 SCTID:181300001 UBERON:0001508 UBERON:FMA_3768-MA_0000475-MIAA_0000059 VHOG:0001196 aortic arch arcus aortae begins at the level of the upper border of the second sternocostal articulation of the right side, and runs at first upward, backward, and to the left in front of the trachea; it is then directed backward on the left side of the trachea and finally passes downward on the left side of the body of the fourth thoracic vertebra, at the lower border of which it becomes continuous with the descending aorta[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png thoracic aorta uberon FMA:3768 FMA:TA arcus aortae FMA:3768 aortic arch GAID:471 thoracic aorta Wikipedia:Arch_of_aorta begins at the level of the upper border of the second sternocostal articulation of the right side, and runs at first upward, backward, and to the left in front of the trachea; it is then directed backward on the left side of the trachea and finally passes downward on the left side of the body of the fourth thoracic vertebra, at the lower border of which it becomes continuous with the descending aorta[WP]. triceps brachii EHDAA2:0002080 EHDAA:8287 EMAPA:19070 FMA:37688 MA:0002399 SCTID:181623009 The triceps brachii muscle (Latin for 'three-headed' muscle of the arm, it is called a three headed muscle because there are three bundles of muscle, each of different origin, joining together at the elbow) is the large muscle on the back of the human upper limb. It is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint (i.e. straightening of the arm). Though a similarly-named muscle, the triceps surae, is found on the lower leg, the triceps brachii is commonly called simply the 'triceps'. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001509 UBERON:FMA_37688-MA_0002399 VHOG:0000851 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Triceps_brachii.png/200px-Triceps_brachii.png ncithesaurus:Triceps triceps triceps brachii triceps muscle uberon MA Wikipedia:Triceps_brachii_muscle triceps muscle OG The triceps brachii muscle (Latin for 'three-headed' muscle of the arm, it is called a three headed muscle because there are three bundles of muscle, each of different origin, joining together at the elbow) is the large muscle on the back of the human upper limb. It is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint (i.e. straightening of the arm). Though a similarly-named muscle, the triceps surae, is found on the lower leg, the triceps brachii is commonly called simply the 'triceps'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Triceps_brachii Wikipedia:Triceps_brachii_muscle triceps brachii EHDAA2:0002080 triceps skin of knee A zone of skin that is part of a knee [Obol]. EMAPA:18151 FMA:37800 MA:0000668 SCTID:181552001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001510 UBERON:FMA_37800-MA_0000668 knee skin knee zone of skin ncithesaurus:Knee_Skin uberon zone of skin of knee OBOL:automatic knee zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a knee [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of knee skin of leg A zone of skin that is part of a leg [Obol]. EMAPA:18156 EMAPA:18159 FMA:37828 MA:0000674 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001511 UBERON:FMA_37828-MA_0000674 leg skin leg zone of skin ncithesaurus:Leg_Skin uberon zone of skin of leg OBOL:automatic zone of skin of leg A zone of skin that is part of a leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic leg zone of skin skin of ankle A zone of skin that is part of an ankle [Obol]. FMA:37831 MA:0000641 SCTID:181560000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001512 UBERON:FMA_37831-MA_0000641 ankle skin ankle zone of skin ncithesaurus:Ankle_Skin uberon zone of skin of ankle OBOL:automatic ankle zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of ankle A zone of skin that is part of an ankle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skin of foot A zone of skin that is part of a foot [Obol]. EMAPA:18504 FMA:37834 MA:0000654 SCTID:181529000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001513 UBERON:FMA_37834-MA_0000654 autopod of hind limb zone of skin autopod of hindlimb zone of skin autopod of inferior member zone of skin autopod of lower extremity zone of skin distal free limb segment of hind limb zone of skin distal free limb segment of hindlimb zone of skin distal free limb segment of inferior member zone of skin distal free limb segment of lower extremity zone of skin foot skin foot zone of skin hind limb autopod zone of skin hind limb distal free limb segment zone of skin hindlimb autopod zone of skin hindlimb distal free limb segment zone of skin inferior member autopod zone of skin inferior member distal free limb segment zone of skin lower extremity autopod zone of skin lower extremity distal free limb segment zone of skin ncithesaurus:Foot_Skin skin of hind-paw terminal segment of free lower limb zone of skin uberon zone of skin of autopod of hind limb zone of skin of autopod of hindlimb zone of skin of autopod of inferior member zone of skin of autopod of lower extremity zone of skin of distal free limb segment of hind limb zone of skin of distal free limb segment of hindlimb zone of skin of distal free limb segment of inferior member zone of skin of distal free limb segment of lower extremity zone of skin of foot zone of skin of hind limb autopod zone of skin of hind limb distal free limb segment zone of skin of hindlimb autopod zone of skin of hindlimb distal free limb segment zone of skin of inferior member autopod zone of skin of inferior member distal free limb segment zone of skin of lower extremity autopod zone of skin of lower extremity distal free limb segment zone of skin of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity zone of skin EMAPA:18504 skin of hind-paw OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic foot zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a foot [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic zone of skin of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb zone of skin OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity zone of skin OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic zone of skin of foot OBOL:automatic zone of skin of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod zone of skin descending aorta The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:18605 FMA:3784 MA:0002571 OpenCyc:Mx4rv4EE35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:261399002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001514 UBERON:FMA_3784-MA_0002571 aorta descendens http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Descending_Aorta pars descendens aortae uberon FMA FMA:3784 pars descendens aortae Wikipedia:Descending_aorta aorta descendens Wikipedia FMA The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted]. GO:0035906 Wikipedia:Descending_aorta thoracic aorta BTO:0000157 EFO:0002525 EMAPA:18603 FMA:3786 GAID:471 MA:0002569 MESH:A.07.231.114.056.372 OpenCyc:Mx4rveb9TpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302510009 The thoracic aorta is contained in the posterior mediastinal cavity. It begins at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra where it is continuous with the aortic arch, and ends in front of the lower border of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, at the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm where it becomes the abdominal aorta. At its commencement, it is situated on the left of the vertebral column; it approaches the median line as it descends; and, at its termination, lies directly in front of the column. The vessel describes a curve which is concave forward; as the branches given off from it are small, its diminution in size is insignificant. It has a radius of approximately 1.16 cm. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001515 UBERON:FMA_3786-MA_0002569 galen:ThoracicAorta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray530.png/200px-Gray530.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Aorta thoracic part of aorta uberon FMA The thoracic aorta is contained in the posterior mediastinal cavity. It begins at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra where it is continuous with the aortic arch, and ends in front of the lower border of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, at the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm where it becomes the abdominal aorta. At its commencement, it is situated on the left of the vertebral column; it approaches the median line as it descends; and, at its termination, lies directly in front of the column. The vessel describes a curve which is concave forward; as the branches given off from it are small, its diminution in size is insignificant. It has a radius of approximately 1.16 cm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_aorta abdominal aorta Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002976 EFO:0002524 EMAPA:17856 EMAPA:18607 FMA:3789 GAID:470 MA:0000474 MESH:A.07.231.114.056.205 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYhWCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244231007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001516 UBERON:FMA_3789-MA_0000474 abdominal part of aorta abdominal part of aorta aorta abdominalis descending abdominal aorta galen:AbdominalAorta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Aorta pars abdominalis aortae pars abdominalis aortae uberon BTO:0002976 abdominal part of aorta FMA:3789 descending abdominal aorta FMA:3789 abdominal part of aorta Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002976 Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta BTO:0002976 pars abdominalis aortae BTO:0002976 aorta abdominalis FMA FMA:3789 pars abdominalis aortae skin of elbow A zone of skin that is part of a elbow [Obol]. EMAPA:18051 FMA:38250 MA:0000610 SCTID:181534001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001517 UBERON:0003399 UBERON:FMA_38250-MA_0000610 cubital region zone of skin elbow skin elbow zone of skin ncithesaurus:Elbow_Skin uberon zone of skin of cubital region zone of skin of elbow OBOL:automatic cubital region zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of cubital region A zone of skin that is part of a elbow [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic elbow zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of elbow skin of wrist A zone of skin that is part of a wrist [Obol]. FMA:38280 MA:0000638 SCTID:181540008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001518 UBERON:FMA_38280-MA_0000638 carpal region zone of skin ncithesaurus:Wrist_Skin uberon wrist skin wrist zone of skin zone of skin of carpal region zone of skin of wrist OBOL:automatic zone of skin of wrist A zone of skin that is part of a wrist [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic carpal region zone of skin OBOL:automatic wrist zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of carpal region skin of hand A zone of skin that is part of a hand [Obol]. EMAPA:18486 FMA:38295 MA:0000630 SCTID:181527003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001519 UBERON:FMA_38295-MA_0000630 arm autopod zone of skin arm distal free limb segment zone of skin autopod of arm zone of skin autopod of brachial region zone of skin autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb zone of skin brachial region autopod zone of skin brachial region distal free limb segment zone of skin distal free limb segment of arm zone of skin distal free limb segment of brachial region zone of skin distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb zone of skin hand skin hand zone of skin ncithesaurus:Hand_Skin proximal segment of free upper limb autopod zone of skin proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment zone of skin skin of fore-paw terminal segment of free upper limb zone of skin uberon zone of skin of arm autopod zone of skin of arm distal free limb segment zone of skin of autopod of arm zone of skin of autopod of brachial region zone of skin of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb zone of skin of brachial region autopod zone of skin of brachial region distal free limb segment zone of skin of distal free limb segment of arm zone of skin of distal free limb segment of brachial region zone of skin of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb zone of skin of hand zone of skin of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod zone of skin of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment zone of skin of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic hand zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a hand [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of arm autopod OBOL:automatic zone of skin of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic autopod of arm zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic zone of skin of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic arm autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic zone of skin of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region zone of skin EMAPA:18486 skin of fore-paw OBOL:automatic zone of skin of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm zone of skin OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hand OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic zone of skin of brachial region autopod pronator teres FMA:38450 MA:0002357 SCTID:302514000 The pronator teres is a muscle of the human body (located mainly in the forearm) that, along with the pronator quadratus, serves to pronate the forearm (turning it so the palm faces posteriorly). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001520 UBERON:FMA_38450-MA_0002357 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pronator-teres.png/200px-Pronator-teres.png ncithesaurus:Pronator_Teres uberon The pronator teres is a muscle of the human body (located mainly in the forearm) that, along with the pronator quadratus, serves to pronate the forearm (turning it so the palm faces posteriorly). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pronator_teres flexor carpi radialis FMA:38459 In anatomy, flexor carpi radialis is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and abduct the hand. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002297 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001521 UBERON:FMA_38459-MA_0002297 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flexor-carpi-radialis.png/200px-Flexor-carpi-radialis.png ncithesaurus:Flexor_Carpi_Radialis uberon In anatomy, flexor carpi radialis is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and abduct the hand. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_carpi_radialis flexor carpi ulnaris FMA:38465 MA:0002298 SCTID:244985003 The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCU) is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and adduct the hand. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001522 UBERON:FMA_38465-MA_0002298 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/FCU.png/200px-FCU.png ncithesaurus:Flexor_Carpi_Ulnaris uberon The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCU) is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and adduct the hand. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_carpi_ulnaris flexor digitorum profundus BTO:0001246 EMAPA:19319 FMA:38478 In human anatomy, the flexor digitorum profundus is a muscle in the forearm that flexes the fingers. It is considered to be an extrinsic muscle because its action is at a different location than the main body of the muscle. Flexor digitorum profundus, along with flexor digitorum superficialis have long tendons that run down the arm and through the carpal tunnel and attach to the palmar side of the phalanges of the fingers. This muscle originates from the upper 3/4ths anterior and medial side of the ulna. Flexor digitorum profundus lies deep to superficialis, but it attaches more distally. To get around this problem profundus's tendons go through the tendons of superficialis, and end up attaching to the distal phalanx. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002300 Note that in EMAPA, this is part of the leg, which is presumably a mistake UBERON:0001523 UBERON:FMA_38478-MA_0002300 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flexor-digitorum-profundis.png/200px-Flexor-digitorum-profundis.png ncithesaurus:Flexor_Digitorum_Profundus uberon FMA In human anatomy, the flexor digitorum profundus is a muscle in the forearm that flexes the fingers. It is considered to be an extrinsic muscle because its action is at a different location than the main body of the muscle. Flexor digitorum profundus, along with flexor digitorum superficialis have long tendons that run down the arm and through the carpal tunnel and attach to the palmar side of the phalanges of the fingers. This muscle originates from the upper 3/4ths anterior and medial side of the ulna. Flexor digitorum profundus lies deep to superficialis, but it attaches more distally. To get around this problem profundus's tendons go through the tendons of superficialis, and end up attaching to the distal phalanx. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_digitorum_profundus BTO extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis longus is one of the five main muscles that control movements at the wrist. This muscle is quite long, starting on the lateral side of the humerus, and attaching to the base of the second metacarpal bone (metacarpal of the index finger). [WP,unvetted]. FMA:38494 MA:0002291 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001524 UBERON:FMA_38494-MA_0002291 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ECR-longus.png/200px-ECR-longus.png ncithesaurus:Extensor_Carpi_Radialis_Longus uberon Extensor carpi radialis longus is one of the five main muscles that control movements at the wrist. This muscle is quite long, starting on the lateral side of the humerus, and attaching to the base of the second metacarpal bone (metacarpal of the index finger). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus extensor carpi radialis brevis FMA:38497 MA:0002290 The Extensor carpi radialis brevis is shorter and thicker than the extensor carpi radialis longus. The longus muscle can be found above the distal end of the Extensor carpi radialis brevis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001525 UBERON:FMA_38497-MA_0002290 ncithesaurus:Extensor_Carpi_Radialis_Brevis uberon The Extensor carpi radialis brevis is shorter and thicker than the extensor carpi radialis longus. The longus muscle can be found above the distal end of the Extensor carpi radialis brevis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Extensor_carpi_radialis_brevis extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris is a muscle located in the human forearm that acts to extend and adduct the wrist. Being an extensor muscle, extensor carpi ulnaris is on the posterior side of the forearm. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:38506 MA:0002292 SCTID:244992008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001526 UBERON:FMA_38506-MA_0002292 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray418.png/200px-Gray418.png ncithesaurus:Extensor_Carpi_Ulnaris uberon Extensor carpi ulnaris is a muscle located in the human forearm that acts to extend and adduct the wrist. Being an extensor muscle, extensor carpi ulnaris is on the posterior side of the forearm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Extensor_carpi_ulnaris abductor pollicis longus FMA:38515 MA:0002266 The Abductor pollicis longus lies immediately below the Supinator and is sometimes united with it. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001527 UBERON:FMA_38515-MA_0002266 abductor pollicis longus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray1231.png/200px-Gray1231.png ncithesaurus:Abductor_Pollicis_Longus uberon Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle abductor pollicis longus muscle The Abductor pollicis longus lies immediately below the Supinator and is sometimes united with it. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle radio-ulnar joint EMAPA:19206 FMA:38863 MA:0000462 OpenCyc:Mx4rvlO2nJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:264167003 The forearm is the structure and distal region of the upper limb, between the elbow and the wrist.. The term forearm is used in anatomy to distinguish it from the arm which is often misused to describe the entire appendage of the upper limb and technically means only the region of the upper arm whereas the lower 'arm' is called the forearm. It is homologous to the leg that lies between the knee and the ankle joints. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001528 UBERON:FMA_38863-MA_0000462 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Forearm_labeled.png/200px-Forearm_labeled.png radioulnar joint uberon The forearm is the structure and distal region of the upper limb, between the elbow and the wrist.. The term forearm is used in anatomy to distinguish it from the arm which is often misused to describe the entire appendage of the upper limb and technically means only the region of the upper arm whereas the lower 'arm' is called the forearm. It is homologous to the leg that lies between the knee and the ankle joints. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Radio-ulnar_joint brachiocephalic artery EFO:0002550 EHDAA2:0000835 EMAPA:17615 FMA:3932 GAID:476 MA:0001922 MESH:A.07.231.114.145 OpenCyc:Mx4rv9mMTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244244002 The brachiocephalic artery (or brachiocephalic trunk or innominate artery) is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck. It is the first branch of the aortic arch, and soon after it emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery. There is no brachiocephalic artery for the left side of the body. The left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery, come directly off the aortic arch. However, there are two brachiocephalic veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001529 UBERON:FMA_3932-MA_0001922 brachiocephalic trunk galen:BrachioCephalicArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png innominate artery ncithesaurus:Innominate_Artery truncus brachiocephalicus uberon FMA:3932 FMA:TA truncus brachiocephalicus The brachiocephalic artery (or brachiocephalic trunk or innominate artery) is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck. It is the first branch of the aortic arch, and soon after it emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery. There is no brachiocephalic artery for the left side of the body. The left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery, come directly off the aortic arch. However, there are two brachiocephalic veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_artery MA:0001922 brachiocephalic trunk common carotid artery Artery originating at the junction of the first two aortic arches and supplying the anterior brain. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> EHDAA2:0000306 EHDAA:7331 EMAPA:17855 FMA says exact synonym with carotid FMA:3939 GAID:479 MA:0001926 MESH:A.07.231.114.186.200 SCTID:362041005 UBERON:0001530 UBERON:FMA_3939-ZFA_0000097 VHOG:0000272 carotid artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Common_Carotid_Artery trunk of common carotid tree uberon FMA:3939 carotid artery Artery originating at the junction of the first two aortic arches and supplying the anterior brain. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> Wikipedia:Common_carotid_artery ZFIN:curator Wikipedia right common carotid artery FMA:3941 In human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001928 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW9-AqgEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvg7rcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362042003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001531 UBERON:FMA_3941-MA_0001928 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Right_Common_Carotid_Artery trunk of right common carotid tree uberon In human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_common_carotid_artery internal carotid artery AAO:0011054 BTO:0004697 EFO:0001952 EHDAA2:0000873 EHDAA:408 EHDAA:6389 EMAPA:16328 EMAPA:18612 FMA:3947 GAID:481 ICA In human anatomy, the internal carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck that helps supply blood to the brain. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001930 MESH:A.07.231.114.186.200.230 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYx8KZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362045001 TAO:0005081 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001532 UBERON:FMA_3947-MA_0001930-XAO_0000366-ZFA_0005081 VHOG:0000267 XAO:0000366 ZFA:0005081 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray513.png/200px-Gray513.png ncithesaurus:Internal_Carotid_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the internal carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck that helps supply blood to the brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_carotid_artery Wikipedia subclavian artery AAO:0010232 EHDAA2:0001933 EHDAA:4357 EMAPA:17617 FMA:3951 GAID:511 In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib[WP]. The pectoral (subclavian) arteries originate from the dorsal aorta and takes the blood outward into the fin from the paired portion of the dorsal aorta posterior to the last aortic arch. <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/hatch.html'> Kimmel et al. 1993</a> MA:0002045 MESH:A.07.231.114.839 OpenCyc:Mx4rvp8u1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA PA SCTID:265790007 TAO:0005086 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001533 UBERON:FMA_3951-MA_0002045-ZFA_0005086 XAO:0000365 ZFA:0005086 arterial tree of upper limb http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Subclavian_Artery pectoral artery subclavian arterial tree uberon In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib[WP]. The pectoral (subclavian) arteries originate from the dorsal aorta and takes the blood outward into the fin from the paired portion of the dorsal aorta posterior to the last aortic arch. <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/hatch.html'> Kimmel et al. 1993</a> Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery ZFIN:curator right subclavian artery EHDAA2:0004514 FMA:3953 In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002047 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW7hwqgEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvp8u1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244246000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001534 UBERON:FMA_3953-MA_0002047 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Right_Subclavian_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_subclavian_artery vertebral artery EHDAA2:0002192 EHDAA:5328 EMAPA:17314 FMA:3956 GAID:518 MA:0002077 MESH:A.07.231.114.955 OpenCyc:Mx4rvg_ir5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181323003 TAO:0005033 The vertebral arteries are branches of the subclavian arteries. The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001535 UBERON:FMA_3956-MA_0002077-ZFA_0005033 VHOG:0000263 ZFA:0005033 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vertebral_artery.png/200px-Vertebral_artery.png ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Artery uberon The vertebral arteries are branches of the subclavian arteries. The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vertebral_artery left common carotid artery FMA:4058 In human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001927 OpenCyc:Mx4rdz4xcLVIEduAAAAOpmP6tw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvg7rcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362043008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001536 UBERON:FMA_4058-MA_0001927 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Left_Common_Carotid_Artery trunk of left common carotid tree uberon In human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_common_carotid_artery anterior tibial artery FMA:43894 MA:0002574 OpenCyc:Mx4rvaHcEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181357006 The anterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. It is accompanied by a deep vein, the anterior tibial vein, along its course. It crosses the anterior aspect of the ankle joint, at which point it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001537 UBERON:FMA_43894-MA_0002574 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray1247.png/200px-Gray1247.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Tibial_Artery uberon The anterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. It is accompanied by a deep vein, the anterior tibial vein, along its course. It crosses the anterior aspect of the ankle joint, at which point it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_tibial_artery posterior tibial artery FMA:43895 MA:0002575 OpenCyc:Mx4rwLSaQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181358001 The posterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. It is accompanied by a deep vein, the posterior tibial vein, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001538 UBERON:FMA_43895-MA_0002575 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray1247.png/200px-Gray1247.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Tibial_Artery uberon The posterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. It is accompanied by a deep vein, the posterior tibial vein, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_tibial_artery dorsalis pedis artery FMA:43915 In human anatomy, the dorsalis pedis artery (dorsal artery of foot), is a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot. It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery. It terminates at the proximal part of the first intermetatarsal space, where it divides into two branches, the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a deep vein, the dorsalis pedis vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001942 SCTID:181362007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001539 UBERON:FMA_43915-MA_0001942 arteria dorsalis pedis dorsal artery of foot galen:DorsalisPedisArtery ncithesaurus:Dorsalis_Pedis_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the dorsalis pedis artery (dorsal artery of foot), is a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot. It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery. It terminates at the proximal part of the first intermetatarsal space, where it divides into two branches, the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a deep vein, the dorsalis pedis vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsalis_pedis_artery FMA:43915 FMA:TA arteria dorsalis pedis peroneal artery FMA:43921 In anatomy, the fibular artery (also known as the peroneal artery) supplies blood to the lateral compartment of the leg and is typically a branch of posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002018 OpenCyc:Mx4rwSO_s5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181359009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001540 UBERON:FMA_43921-MA_0002018 arteria fibularis fibular artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fibular_artery.png/200px-Fibular_artery.png ncithesaurus:Peroneal_Artery uberon In anatomy, the fibular artery (also known as the peroneal artery) supplies blood to the lateral compartment of the leg and is typically a branch of posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Peroneal_artery FMA:43921 FMA:TA arteria fibularis medial plantar artery FMA:43925 MA:0001997 SCTID:181360004 The medial plantar artery (internal plantar artery), much smaller than the lateral, passes forward along the medial side of the foot. It is at first situated above the Abductor hallucis, and then between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis, both of which it supplies. At the base of the first metatarsal bone, where it is much diminished in size, it passes along the medial border of the first toe, anastomosing with the first dorsal metatarsal artery. Small superficial digital branches accompany the digital branches of the medial plantar nerve and join the plantar metatarsal arteries of the first three spaces. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001541 UBERON:FMA_43925-MA_0001997 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray555.png/200px-Gray555.png ncithesaurus:Medial_Plantar_Artery uberon The medial plantar artery (internal plantar artery), much smaller than the lateral, passes forward along the medial side of the foot. It is at first situated above the Abductor hallucis, and then between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis, both of which it supplies. At the base of the first metatarsal bone, where it is much diminished in size, it passes along the medial border of the first toe, anastomosing with the first dorsal metatarsal artery. Small superficial digital branches accompany the digital branches of the medial plantar nerve and join the plantar metatarsal arteries of the first three spaces. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_plantar_artery inguinal lymph node A lymph node in the inguinal region. FMA:44226 MA:0000737 SCTID:181762005 TODO - superficial/deep UBERON:0001542 UBERON:FMA_44226-MA_0000737 ncithesaurus:Inguinal_Lymph_Node uberon A lymph node in the inguinal region. Wikipedia:Inguinal_lymph_node popliteal lymph node FMA:44227 MA:0000738 SCTID:279156002 The popliteal lymph nodes, small in size and some six or seven in number, are imbedded in the fat contained in the popliteal fossa. One lies immediately beneath the popliteal fascia, near the terminal part of the small saphenous vein, and drains the region from which this vein derives its tributaries. Another is placed between the popliteal artery and the posterior surface of the knee-joint; it receives the lymphatic vessels from the knee-joint together with those which accompany the genicular arteries. The others lie at the sides of the popliteal vessels, and receive as efferents the trunks which accompany the anterior and posterior tibial vessels. The efferents of the popliteal glands pass almost entirely alongside the femoral vessels to the deep inguinal glands, but a few may accompany the great saphenous vein, and end in the glands of the superficial subinguinal group. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001543 UBERON:FMA_44227-MA_0000738 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray609.png/200px-Gray609.png ncithesaurus:Popliteal_Lymph_Node uberon The popliteal lymph nodes, small in size and some six or seven in number, are imbedded in the fat contained in the popliteal fossa. One lies immediately beneath the popliteal fascia, near the terminal part of the small saphenous vein, and drains the region from which this vein derives its tributaries. Another is placed between the popliteal artery and the posterior surface of the knee-joint; it receives the lymphatic vessels from the knee-joint together with those which accompany the genicular arteries. The others lie at the sides of the popliteal vessels, and receive as efferents the trunks which accompany the anterior and posterior tibial vessels. The efferents of the popliteal glands pass almost entirely alongside the femoral vessels to the deep inguinal glands, but a few may accompany the great saphenous vein, and end in the glands of the superficial subinguinal group. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Popliteal_lymph_node popliteal vein FMA:44327 GAID:537 MA:0002197 MESH:A.07.231.908.641 OpenCyc:Mx4rv8Ch-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281065001 The popliteal vein course runs alongside the popliteal artery but carries the blood from the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf back to the heart. Its origin is defined by the junction of the posterior tibial vein and anterior tibial vein. It drains the peroneal vein before reaching the knee joint and turns into the femoral vein when leaving the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal). The popliteal artery extends from the femoral artery behind the popliteal fossa which is the space behind the knee. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001544 UBERON:FMA_44327-MA_0002197 galen:PoplitealVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray609.png/200px-Gray609.png ncithesaurus:Popliteal_Vein uberon The popliteal vein course runs alongside the popliteal artery but carries the blood from the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf back to the heart. Its origin is defined by the junction of the posterior tibial vein and anterior tibial vein. It drains the peroneal vein before reaching the knee joint and turns into the femoral vein when leaving the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal). The popliteal artery extends from the femoral artery behind the popliteal fossa which is the space behind the knee. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Popliteal_vein FMA/obol anterior tibial vein FMA:44331 In human anatomy, the anterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the anterior compartment of the leg to the popliteal vein which is forms when it joins with the posterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the anterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the anterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002244 OpenCyc:Mx4rvXYDl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281066000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001545 UBERON:FMA_44331-MA_0002244 galen:AnteriorTibialVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gray440_color.png/200px-Gray440_color.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Tibial_Vein uberon FMA/obol FMA/obol In human anatomy, the anterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the anterior compartment of the leg to the popliteal vein which is forms when it joins with the posterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the anterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the anterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_tibial_vein posterior tibial vein FMA:44332 In anatomy, the posterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the posterior compartment and plantar surface of the foot to the popliteal vein which it forms when it joins with the anterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the posterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the posterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002245 OpenCyc:Mx4rwA9GD5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281067009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001546 UBERON:FMA_44332-MA_0002245 galen:PosteriorTibialVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray583.png/200px-Gray583.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Tibial_Vein uberon FMA/obol In anatomy, the posterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the posterior compartment and plantar surface of the foot to the popliteal vein which it forms when it joins with the anterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the posterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the posterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_tibial_vein FMA/obol small saphenous vein BTO:0003272 FMA:44333 MA:0002217 SCTID:181404009 The small saphenous vein (also lesser saphenous vein), is a relatively large vein of the superficial posterior leg. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001547 UBERON:FMA_44333-MA_0002217 galen:LesserSaphenousVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gray582.png/200px-Gray582.png lesser saphenous vein ncithesaurus:Short_Saphenous_Vein short saphenous vein uberon vena saphena parva The small saphenous vein (also lesser saphenous vein), is a relatively large vein of the superficial posterior leg. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Small_saphenous_vein FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA:44333 FMA:TA vena saphena parva lateral marginal vein FMA:44359 MA:0002160 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001548 UBERON:FMA_44359-MA_0002160 lateral marginal vein of foot uberon vena marginalis lateralis vena marginalis lateralis pedis FMA/obol FMA:44359 FMA:TA vena marginalis lateralis pedis FMA/obol FMA/obol dorsal metatarsal vein FMA:44377 MA:0002105 The dorsal metatarsal veins are veins which drain the metatarsus of the foot. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001549 UBERON:FMA_44377-MA_0002105 metatarsal vein ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Metatarsal_Vein uberon FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA/obol The dorsal metatarsal veins are veins which drain the metatarsus of the foot. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_metatarsal_veins medial marginal vein FMA:44420 MA:0002171 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001550 UBERON:FMA_44420-MA_0002171 medial marginal vein of foot uberon vena marginalis medialis vena marginalis medialis pedis FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA:44420 FMA:TA vena marginalis medialis pedis sural vein FMA:44561 MA:0002231 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001551 UBERON:FMA_44561-MA_0002231 uberon FMA/obol FMA/obol arcuate artery EMAPA:28215 FMA:44594 MA:0002583 One of the curved arteries at the corticomedullary border of the kidney that arise from the interlobar arteries and give rise to the interlobular arteries. SCTID:244331005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001552 UBERON:FMA_44594-MA_0002583 kidney arcuate artery uberon MP:0011315 One of the curved arteries at the corticomedullary border of the kidney that arise from the interlobar arteries and give rise to the interlobular arteries. Wikipedia:Arcuate_artery MP:0011315 kidney arcuate artery medial tarsal artery FMA:44598 MA:0001998 SCTID:67925000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001553 UBERON:FMA_44598-MA_0001998 ncithesaurus:Medial_Tarsal_Artery uberon skin of hip A zone of skin that is part of a hip [Obol]. EMAPA:18148 FMA:45282 MA:0000658 SCTID:181518004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001554 UBERON:FMA_45282-MA_0000658 hip region zone of skin hip skin hip zone of skin regio coxae zone of skin uberon zone of skin of hip zone of skin of hip region zone of skin of regio coxae OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hip OBOL:automatic hip region zone of skin OBOL:automatic hip zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hip region A zone of skin that is part of a hip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic regio coxae zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of regio coxae digestive tract AAO:0010023 BILA:0000083 BTO:0000511 BTO:0000545 EHDAA2:0000726 EHDAA:518 EMAPA:16247 FBbt:00003125 FMA:45615 GO says gut is region of DT, from intestines to anus. ZFA treats as synonym for alimentary canal, and treats it as the sum of DT + organs (ZF has no term from stomach). GO says intestines to anus (excludes stomach and esophagus). MA appears to agree with GO (stomach and esophagus are not parts). FMA includes stomach and esophagus as parts of gut -- the FMA divides gut into lower and upper GI tract; it's not clear if this is exhaustive (small intestine is in neither), but lower GI tract may correspond better to the GO definition. NOTE: GO now changed, see sf id in def xref. Note that FMA also has a term 'gastrointestinal tract', but this includes the liver OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi0GpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000112 TGMA:0001819 Tube extending from the mouth to the anus. UBERON:0001555 UBERON:FMA_45615-MA_0000917-ZFA_0000112 VHOG:0000309 WBbt:0005743 ZFA:0000112 alimentary canal digestive tube enteric tract galen:AlimentaryTract gut gut tube uberon Tube extending from the mouth to the anus. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Human_gastrointestinal_tract http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=2991587&group_id=36855 ZFA:0000112 enteric tract lower urinary tract FMA:45659 MA:0002636 SCTID:181420004 Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra. TODO - add superclass urinary tract? UBERON:0001556 UBERON:FMA_45659-MA_0002636 galen:LowerUrinaryTract uberon upper respiratory tract EHDAA2:0002136 EMAPA:17669 FMA:45661 MA:0000442 OpenCyc:Mx4rtT2HwgJMEdyAAADggVbxzQ SCTID:361381009 Subdivision of respiratory system which consists of the nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001557 UBERON:FMA_45661-MA_0000442 VHOG:0000406 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg/200px-Illu_conducting_passages.jpg uberon FMA:FMA Subdivision of respiratory system which consists of the nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx[FMA] Wikipedia:Upper_respiratory_tract lower respiratory tract EHDAA2:0001036 EMAPA:16738 FMA:45662 MA:0000435 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRqjUgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g SCTID:281488008 Subdivision of respiratory system which consists of the tracheobronchial tree, right lung and left lung.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001558 UBERON:FMA_45662-MA_0000435 VHOG:0000382 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg/200px-Illu_conducting_passages.jpg uberon FMA:FMA Subdivision of respiratory system which consists of the tracheobronchial tree, right lung and left lung.[FMA] Wikipedia:Lower_respiratory_tract head of organ FMA:45729 MA:0000581 UBERON:0001559 UBERON:FMA_45729-MA_0000581 head organ incorrect grouping organ head true uberon MA:0000581 head organ neck of organ FMA:45733 UBERON:0001560 UBERON:FMA_45733-MA_0000589 organ neck uberon subcostal artery EMAPA:19097 FMA:4613 MA:0002048 SCTID:244243008 The subcostal arteries, so named because they lie below the last ribs, constitute the lowest pair of branches derived from the thoracic aorta, and are in series with the intercostal arteries. Each passes along the lower border of the twelfth rib behind the kidney and in front of the Quadratus lumborum muscle, and is accompanied by the twelfth thoracic nerve. It then pierces the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis, and, passing forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus, anastomoses with the superior epigastric, lower intercostal, and lumbar arteries. Each subcostal artery gives off a posterior branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001561 UBERON:FMA_4613-MA_0002048 ncithesaurus:Subcostal_Artery uberon The subcostal arteries, so named because they lie below the last ribs, constitute the lowest pair of branches derived from the thoracic aorta, and are in series with the intercostal arteries. Each passes along the lower border of the twelfth rib behind the kidney and in front of the Quadratus lumborum muscle, and is accompanied by the twelfth thoracic nerve. It then pierces the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis, and, passing forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus, anastomoses with the superior epigastric, lower intercostal, and lumbar arteries. Each subcostal artery gives off a posterior branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subcostal_artery digastric EMAPA:25134 FMA:46291 MA:0002288 SCTID:244825002 The digastric muscle (also digastricus) (named digastric as it has two bellies) is a small muscle located under the jaw. It lies below the body of the mandible, and extends, in a curved form, from the mastoid process to the symphysis menti. It belongs to the suprahyoid muscles group. A broad aponeurotic layer is given off from the tendon of the digastricus on either side, to be attached to the body and greater cornu of the hyoid bone; this is termed the suprahyoid aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001562 UBERON:FMA_46291-MA_0002288 digastric muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Digastricus.png/200px-Digastricus.png musculus digastricus ncithesaurus:Digastric_Muscle uberon Wikipedia:Digastric_muscle musculus digastricus Wikipedia:Digastric_muscle digastric muscle The digastric muscle (also digastricus) (named digastric as it has two bellies) is a small muscle located under the jaw. It lies below the body of the mandible, and extends, in a curved form, from the mastoid process to the symphysis menti. It belongs to the suprahyoid muscles group. A broad aponeurotic layer is given off from the tendon of the digastricus on either side, to be attached to the body and greater cornu of the hyoid bone; this is termed the suprahyoid aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Digastric_muscle longus capitis EMAPA:25131 FMA:46308 MA:0002340 The longus capitis (rectus capitis anticus major), broad and thick above, narrow below, arises by four tendinous slips, from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae, and ascends, converging toward its fellow of the opposite side, to be inserted into the inferior surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone. It is innervated by a branch of cervical plexus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001563 UBERON:FMA_46308-MA_0002340 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Longus_capitis.png/200px-Longus_capitis.png longus capitus muscle ncithesaurus:Longus_Capitis rectus capitis anticus major uberon Wikipedia:Longus_capitis_muscle rectus capitis anticus major Wikipedia:Longus_capitis_muscle longus capitus muscle The longus capitis (rectus capitis anticus major), broad and thick above, narrow below, arises by four tendinous slips, from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae, and ascends, converging toward its fellow of the opposite side, to be inserted into the inferior surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone. It is innervated by a branch of cervical plexus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longus_capitis mylohyoid FMA:46320 MA:0002344 The mylohyoid muscle is a muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forming the floor of the oral cavity. These muscles are mesodermal in origin. UBERON:0001564 UBERON:FMA_46320-MA_0002344 musculus mylohyoideus mylohyoid muscle mylohyoideus mylohyoideus muscle ncithesaurus:Mylohyoid uberon Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle mylohyoideus muscle The mylohyoid muscle is a muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forming the floor of the oral cavity. These muscles are mesodermal in origin. Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle mylohyoid muscle Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle musculus mylohyoideus Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle mylohyoideus Wikipedia geniohyoid AAO:0010655 FMA:46325 MA:0002308 The Geniohyoid muscle is a narrow muscle situated superior to the medial border of the mylohyoid muscle. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001565 UBERON:FMA_46325-MA_0002308 XAO:0004127 geniohyoid muscle geniohyoideus geniohyoideus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Geniohyoid_muscle.PNG/200px-Geniohyoid_muscle.PNG ncithesaurus:Geniohyoid uberon Wikipedia:Geniohyoid_muscle geniohyoideus muscle The Geniohyoid muscle is a narrow muscle situated superior to the medial border of the mylohyoid muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Geniohyoid_muscle Wikipedia:Geniohyoid_muscle geniohyoid muscle Wikipedia:Geniohyoid_muscle geniohyoideus cricothyroid muscle EMAPA:19270 FMA:46417 MA:0002284 SCTID:244809007 The cricothyroid muscle attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the cricoid and the inferior cornu and lower lamina of the thyroid cartilage, tilting the thyroid forwards and tensing the vocal cords. It is the only laryngeal muscle supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (rather than the recurrent laryngeal nerve). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001566 UBERON:FMA_46417-MA_0002284 cricothyroid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Musculuscricothyreoideus.png/200px-Musculuscricothyreoideus.png musculus cricothyroideus ncithesaurus:Cricothyroid_Muscle uberon The cricothyroid muscle attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the cricoid and the inferior cornu and lower lamina of the thyroid cartilage, tilting the thyroid forwards and tensing the vocal cords. It is the only laryngeal muscle supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (rather than the recurrent laryngeal nerve). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cricothyroid_muscle FMA:46417 FMA:TA musculus cricothyroideus cheek BTO:0001754 Cheeks constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear. It is fleshy in humans and other mammals, the skin being suspended by the chin and the jaws, and forming the lateral wall of the human mouth, visibly touching the cheekbone below the eye. In vertebrates, markings on the cheek area (malar stripes/spots/... ), particularly immediately beneath the eye, often serve as important distinguishing features between species or individuals. 'Buccal' means relating to the cheek. In humans, the region is innervated by the buccal nerve. The inside of the cheek (forming part of the mouth cavity) is lined with a mucous membrane. It is the most common location from which a DNA sample can be taken (during a cheek swab). The cheeks are covered externally by hairy skin, and internally by stratified squamous epithelium. This is mostly smooth, but may have aborally directed papillae . The mucosa is supplied with secretions from the Buccal glands, which are arranged in superior and inferior groups. In carnivores, the superior buccal gland is large and discrete: the Zygomatic gland. During mastication (chewing), the cheeks and tongue between them serve to keep the food between the teeth. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:46476 GAID:65 MA:0002475 MESH:A.01.456.505.173 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi5WZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182325008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001567 UBERON:FMA_46476-MA_0002475 galen:Cheek http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chica_cachetona.jpg/200px-Chica_cachetona.jpg ncithesaurus:Cheek uberon Cheeks constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear. It is fleshy in humans and other mammals, the skin being suspended by the chin and the jaws, and forming the lateral wall of the human mouth, visibly touching the cheekbone below the eye. In vertebrates, markings on the cheek area (malar stripes/spots/... ), particularly immediately beneath the eye, often serve as important distinguishing features between species or individuals. 'Buccal' means relating to the cheek. In humans, the region is innervated by the buccal nerve. The inside of the cheek (forming part of the mouth cavity) is lined with a mucous membrane. It is the most common location from which a DNA sample can be taken (during a cheek swab). The cheeks are covered externally by hairy skin, and internally by stratified squamous epithelium. This is mostly smooth, but may have aborally directed papillae . The mucosa is supplied with secretions from the Buccal glands, which are arranged in superior and inferior groups. In carnivores, the superior buccal gland is large and discrete: the Zygomatic gland. During mastication (chewing), the cheeks and tongue between them serve to keep the food between the teeth. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cheek muscle of larynx BTO:0001626 FMA:46562 GAID:144 MA:0001768 MESH:A.02.633.567.500 SCTID:181744001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001568 UBERON:FMA_46562-MA_0001768 laryngeal muscle larynx muscle larynx muscle organ muscle organ of larynx ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Muscle the muscles associated with the larynx. uberon OBOL:automatic muscle organ of larynx OBOL:automatic larynx muscle organ MP:0002263 the muscles associated with the larynx. constrictor muscle of pharynx EMAPA:18964 FMA:46620 MA:0002278 SCTID:244799007 TODO - evaluate taxonomic specificity - functional definition? The superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle is a quadrilateral muscle, thinner and paler than the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001569 UBERON:FMA_46620-MA_0002278 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Musculusconstrictorpharyngissuperior.png/200px-Musculusconstrictorpharyngissuperior.png pharyngeal constrictor muscle uberon The superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle is a quadrilateral muscle, thinner and paler than the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Constrictor_muscle_of_pharynx inferior pharyngeal constrictor FMA:46623 MA:0002279 The Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, the thickest of the three constrictors, arises from the sides of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage. Similarly to the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles, it is innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), specifically, by branches from the pharyngeal plexus and by neuronal branches from the recurrent laryngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001570 UBERON:FMA_46623-MA_0002279 constrictor muscle of pharynx inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Musculusconstrictorpharyngisinferior.png/200px-Musculusconstrictorpharyngisinferior.png inferior constrictor inferior constrictor of pharynx inferior constrictor pharyngeus musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior uberon FMA:46623 FMA:TA musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior The Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, the thickest of the three constrictors, arises from the sides of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage. Similarly to the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles, it is innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), specifically, by branches from the pharyngeal plexus and by neuronal branches from the recurrent laryngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor genioglossus AAO:0010660 EHDAA2:0000704 EHDAA:9150 EMAPA:18276 EMAPA:18881 FMA:46690 MA:0002307 The genioglossus is a muscle of the human body which runs from the chin to the tongue. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001571 UBERON:FMA_46690-MA_0002307 VHOG:0000847 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Genioglossus.png/200px-Genioglossus.png ncithesaurus:Genioglossus uberon The genioglossus is a muscle of the human body which runs from the chin to the tongue. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Genioglossus hyoglossus AAO:0010663 EMAPA:18277 EMAPA:18882 FMA:46691 MA:0002317 The Hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral, arises from the side of the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and passes almost vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue, between the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior. The hyoglossus depresses and retracts the tongue makes the dorsum more convex The fibers arising from the body of the hyoid bone overlap those from the greater cornu. It is important in singing. Structures passing medially to the hyoglossus muscle are the lingual vein and lingual artery. Laterally, in between the hyoglossus muscle and the mylohyoid muscle lay several important structures (from superior in inferior): submandibular gland, submandibular duct, lingual nerve, vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve. Note, posteriorly, the lingual nerve is superior to the submandibular duct and a portion of the submandibular salivary gland protrudes into the space between the hyoglossus and mylohyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001572 UBERON:FMA_46691-MA_0002317 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hyoglossus.png/200px-Hyoglossus.png uberon The Hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral, arises from the side of the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and passes almost vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue, between the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior. The hyoglossus depresses and retracts the tongue makes the dorsum more convex The fibers arising from the body of the hyoid bone overlap those from the greater cornu. It is important in singing. Structures passing medially to the hyoglossus muscle are the lingual vein and lingual artery. Laterally, in between the hyoglossus muscle and the mylohyoid muscle lay several important structures (from superior in inferior): submandibular gland, submandibular duct, lingual nerve, vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve. Note, posteriorly, the lingual nerve is superior to the submandibular duct and a portion of the submandibular salivary gland protrudes into the space between the hyoglossus and mylohyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hyoglossus styloglossus EMAPA:18279 EMAPA:18884 FMA:46692 MA:0002387 The Styloglossus, the shortest and smallest of the three styloid muscles, arises from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the styloid process, near its apex, and from the stylomandibular ligament. Passing downward and forward between the internal and external carotid arteries, it divides upon the side of the tongue near its dorsal surface, blending with the fibers of the Longitudinalis inferior in front of the Hyoglossus; the other, oblique, overlaps the Hyoglossus and decussates with its fibers. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001573 UBERON:FMA_46692-MA_0002387 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Styloglossus.png/200px-Styloglossus.png ncithesaurus:Styloglossus uberon The Styloglossus, the shortest and smallest of the three styloid muscles, arises from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the styloid process, near its apex, and from the stylomandibular ligament. Passing downward and forward between the internal and external carotid arteries, it divides upon the side of the tongue near its dorsal surface, blending with the fibers of the Longitudinalis inferior in front of the Hyoglossus; the other, oblique, overlaps the Hyoglossus and decussates with its fibers. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Styloglossus palatoglossus EMAPA:18278 EMAPA:18883 FMA:46697 MA:0002351 The palatoglossus, glossopalatinus, or palatoglossal muscle is a small fleshy fasciculus, narrower in the middle than at either end, forming, with the mucous membrane covering its surface, the glossopalatine arch. It arises from the anterior surface of the soft palate, where it is continuous with the muscle of the opposite side, and passing downward, forward, and lateralward in front of the palatine tonsil, is inserted into the side of the tongue, some of its fibers spreading over the dorsum, and others passing deeply into the substance of the organ to intermingle with the Transversus linguæ. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001574 UBERON:FMA_46697-MA_0002351 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray1028.png/200px-Gray1028.png uberon The palatoglossus, glossopalatinus, or palatoglossal muscle is a small fleshy fasciculus, narrower in the middle than at either end, forming, with the mucous membrane covering its surface, the glossopalatine arch. It arises from the anterior surface of the soft palate, where it is continuous with the muscle of the opposite side, and passing downward, forward, and lateralward in front of the palatine tonsil, is inserted into the side of the tongue, some of its fibers spreading over the dorsum, and others passing deeply into the substance of the organ to intermingle with the Transversus linguæ. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Palatoglossus extrinsic muscle of tongue EHDAA2:0002063 EHDAA:9148 FMA:46699 MA:0002296 SCTID:244782006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001575 UBERON:FMA_46699-MA_0002296 VHOG:0000825 extrinsic tongue muscle uberon intrinsic muscle of tongue EHDAA2:0002064 EHDAA:9152 FMA:46701 MA:0002327 SCTID:244788005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001576 UBERON:FMA_46701-MA_0002327 VHOG:0000748 intrinsic lingual muscle intrinsic tongue muscle uberon muscle of face Check the MA class cranial/facial muscle EMAPA:25133 FMA:46751 GAID:143 MA:0000579 MESH:A.02.633.567.400 SCTID:25903009 The facial muscles are a group of striated muscles innervated by the facial nerve that, among other things, control facial expression. These muscles are also called mimetic muscles. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001577 UBERON:FMA_46751-XAO_0001013 XAO:0001013 face muscle face muscle organ facial muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray378.png/200px-Gray378.png muscle organ of face ncithesaurus:Facial_Muscle uberon The facial muscles are a group of striated muscles innervated by the facial nerve that, among other things, control facial expression. These muscles are also called mimetic muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_muscle OBOL:automatic face muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of face orbicularis oculi FMA:46779 MA:0001254 SCTID:244726006 The 'orbicularis oculi' is a muscle in the face that closes the eyelids. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short fibrous band, the medial palpebral ligament. From this origin, the fibers are directed lateralward, forming a broad and thin layer, which occupies the eyelids or palpebræ, surrounds the circumference of the orbit, and spreads over the temple, and downward on the cheek. The palpebral portion of the muscle is thin and pale; it arises from the bifurcation of the medial palpebral ligament, forms a series of concentric curves, and is inserted into the lateral palpebral raphé. The orbital portion is thicker and of a reddish color; its fibers form a complete ellipse without interruption at the lateral palpebral commissure; the upper fibers of this portion blend with the Frontalis and Corrugator. The lacrimal part (Tensor tarsi) is a small, thin muscle, about 6 mm. in breadth and 12 mm. in length, situated behind the medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac. It arises from the posterior crest and adjacent part of the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone, and passing behind the lacrimal sac, divides into two slips, upper and lower, which are inserted into the superior and inferior tarsi medial to the puncta lacrimalia; occasionally it is very indistinct. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001578 UBERON:FMA_46779-MA_0001254 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray379.png/200px-Gray379.png ncithesaurus:Orbicularis_Oculi uberon The 'orbicularis oculi' is a muscle in the face that closes the eyelids. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short fibrous band, the medial palpebral ligament. From this origin, the fibers are directed lateralward, forming a broad and thin layer, which occupies the eyelids or palpebræ, surrounds the circumference of the orbit, and spreads over the temple, and downward on the cheek. The palpebral portion of the muscle is thin and pale; it arises from the bifurcation of the medial palpebral ligament, forms a series of concentric curves, and is inserted into the lateral palpebral raphé. The orbital portion is thicker and of a reddish color; its fibers form a complete ellipse without interruption at the lateral palpebral commissure; the upper fibers of this portion blend with the Frontalis and Corrugator. The lacrimal part (Tensor tarsi) is a small, thin muscle, about 6 mm. in breadth and 12 mm. in length, situated behind the medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac. It arises from the posterior crest and adjacent part of the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone, and passing behind the lacrimal sac, divides into two slips, upper and lower, which are inserted into the superior and inferior tarsi medial to the puncta lacrimalia; occasionally it is very indistinct. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oculi olfactory nerve AAO:0010088 BTO:0003648 CN-I EHDAA2:0001293 EHDAA:6672 EMAPA:17797 FMA:46787 GAID:830 MA:0001096 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.640 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1319 Olfactory nerve [I] OpenCyc:Mx4rvZuXAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180937006 Segment of neural tree organ which is continuous with the olfactory epithelium and an olfactory bulb. The olfactory nerve supplies the nasal organ. TAO:0000249 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001579 UBERON:FMA_46787-MA_0001096-XAO_0000426-ZFA_0000249 VHOG:0000703 XAO:0000426 ZFA:0000249 cranial nerve I fila olfactoria first cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gray771.png/200px-Gray771.png ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Nerve nerve of smell nervus olfactorius nervus olfactorius [i] olfactory I olfactory fila olfactory i nerve uberon BTO:0003648 fila olfactoria BTO:0003648 nerve of smell BTO:0003648 nervus olfactorius EHDAA2:0001293 olfactory I ISBN:0471209627 Segment of neural tree organ which is continuous with the olfactory epithelium and an olfactory bulb. The olfactory nerve supplies the nasal organ. Wikipedia:Olfactory_nerve BTO:0003648 olfactory fila FMA:46787 FMA:TA nervus olfactorius [i] levator labii superioris FMA:46805 MA:0002333 The levator labii superioris (or quadratus labii superioris) is a broad sheet, the origin of which extends from the side of the nose to the zygomatic bone. Its medial fibers form the angular head, which arises by a pointed extremity from the upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla and passing obliquely downward and lateralward divides into two slips. One of these is inserted into the greater alar cartilage and skin of the nose; the other is prolonged into the lateral part of the upper lip, blending with the infraorbital head and with the Orbicularis oris. The intermediate portion or infraorbital head arises from the lower margin of the orbit immediately above the infraorbital foramen, some of its fibers being attached to the maxilla, others to the zygomatic bone. Its fibers converge, to be inserted into the muscular substance of the upper lip between the angular head and the Caninus. The lateral fibers, forming the zygomatic head, arise from the malar surface of the zygomatic bone immediately behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture and pass downward and medialward to the upper lip. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001580 UBERON:FMA_46805-MA_0002333 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Levator_labii_superioris.png/200px-Levator_labii_superioris.png ncithesaurus:Levator_Labii_Superioris uberon The levator labii superioris (or quadratus labii superioris) is a broad sheet, the origin of which extends from the side of the nose to the zygomatic bone. Its medial fibers form the angular head, which arises by a pointed extremity from the upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla and passing obliquely downward and lateralward divides into two slips. One of these is inserted into the greater alar cartilage and skin of the nose; the other is prolonged into the lateral part of the upper lip, blending with the infraorbital head and with the Orbicularis oris. The intermediate portion or infraorbital head arises from the lower margin of the orbit immediately above the infraorbital foramen, some of its fibers being attached to the maxilla, others to the zygomatic bone. Its fibers converge, to be inserted into the muscular substance of the upper lip between the angular head and the Caninus. The lateral fibers, forming the zygomatic head, arise from the malar surface of the zygomatic bone immediately behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture and pass downward and medialward to the upper lip. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris depressor labii inferioris FMA:46816 MA:0002287 The depressor labii inferioris (or quadratus labii inferioris) is a facial muscle that helps lower the bottom lip. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001581 UBERON:FMA_46816-MA_0002287 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Depressor_labii_inferioris.png/200px-Depressor_labii_inferioris.png ncithesaurus:Depressor_Labii_Inferioris uberon The depressor labii inferioris (or quadratus labii inferioris) is a facial muscle that helps lower the bottom lip. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Depressor_labii_inferioris buccinator . FMA:46834 MA:0002272 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001582 UBERON:FMA_46834-MA_0002272 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Buccinator.jpg/200px-Buccinator.jpg ncithesaurus:Buccinator uberon . Wikipedia:Buccinator extrinsic auricular muscle FMA:46854 MA:0001230 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001583 UBERON:FMA_46854-MA_0001230 uberon FMA left subclavian artery FMA:4694 In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002046 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW7hw6gEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvp8u1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244245001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001584 UBERON:FMA_4694-MA_0002046 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Left_Subclavian_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_subclavian_artery anterior vena cava BTO:0002683 EHDAA2:0001962 EHDAA:8726 EMAPA:18417 FMA:4720 GAID:549 MA:0000481 MESH:A.07.231.908.949.815 SCTID:181368006 The mouse has both left and right anterior vena cava. adult humans only have a right. Postnatally the left regresses and becomes non-functional (Wessels and Sedmera 2003). In the mouse, The right pulmonary vein passes dorsal to the right superior vena cava, the left pulmonary dorsal to the left superior vena cava (Biology of the Laboratory Mouse, Green). Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins and terminates in the right atrium. UBERON:0001585 UBERON:FMA_4720-MA_0000481 VHOG:0001195 galen:SuperiorVenaCava http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Venenwinkel.png/200px-Venenwinkel.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Vena_Cava superior vena cava uberon vena cava superior BTO:0002683 vena cava superior FMA:4720 superior vena cava Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins and terminates in the right atrium. Wikipedia:Superior_vena_cava internal jugular vein AAO:0010236 EHDAA2:0000877 EHDAA:5407 EMAPA:17620 FMA:4724 MA:0002157 OpenCyc:Mx4rvqdb95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000878 SCTID:181372005 The two internal jugular veins collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001586 UBERON:FMA_4724-MA_0002157 XAO:0000382 galen:InternalJugularVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray562.png/200px-Gray562.png internal jugular internal jugular venous tree ncithesaurus:Internal_Jugular_Vein uberon EHDAA2:0000877 internal jugular The two internal jugular veins collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_jugular_vein subclavian vein AAO:0010510 EHDAA2:0001934 EHDAA:4455 EMAPA:17621 FMA:4725 GAID:546 In human anatomy, the subclavian veins are two large veins, one on either side of the body. Its diameter is approximately that of the small finger. It is divided into right and left subclavian vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002221 MESH:A.07.231.908.877 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvvtMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181388005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001587 UBERON:FMA_4725-MA_0002221 galen:SubclavianVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray1174.png/200px-Gray1174.png ncithesaurus:Subclavian_Vein subclavian venous tree uberon In human anatomy, the subclavian veins are two large veins, one on either side of the body. Its diameter is approximately that of the small finger. It is divided into right and left subclavian vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subclavian_vein vertebral vein AAO:0010509 FMA:4727 MA:0002262 OpenCyc:Mx4rwKt8xJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:303961000 The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas. They unite with small veins from the deep muscles at the upper part of the back of the neck, and form a vessel which enters the foramen in the transverse process of the atlas, and descends, forming a dense plexus around the vertebral artery, in the canal formed by the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae. This plexus ends in a single trunk, which emerges from the foramen transversarium of the sixth cervical vertebra, and opens at the root of the neck into the back part of the innominate vein near its origin, its mouth being guarded by a pair of valves. On the right side, it crosses the first part of the subclavian artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001588 UBERON:FMA_4727-MA_0002262 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gray563.png/200px-Gray563.png ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Vein uberon The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas. They unite with small veins from the deep muscles at the upper part of the back of the neck, and form a vessel which enters the foramen in the transverse process of the atlas, and descends, forming a dense plexus around the vertebral artery, in the canal formed by the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae. This plexus ends in a single trunk, which emerges from the foramen transversarium of the sixth cervical vertebra, and opens at the root of the neck into the back part of the innominate vein near its origin, its mouth being guarded by a pair of valves. On the right side, it crosses the first part of the subclavian artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vertebral_vein internal thoracic vein EMAPA:18641 FMA:4729 In human anatomy, the internal thoracic vein (previously known as the internal mammary vein) is a vessel that drains the chest wall and mamma, a term used for breast in anatomy. Bilaterally, it arises from the superior epigastric vein, accompanies the internal thoracic artery along its course and terminates in the brachiocephalic vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002237 SCTID:281056008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001589 UBERON:FMA_4729-MA_0002237 ncithesaurus:Internal_Thoracic_Vein uberon In human anatomy, the internal thoracic vein (previously known as the internal mammary vein) is a vessel that drains the chest wall and mamma, a term used for breast in anatomy. Bilaterally, it arises from the superior epigastric vein, accompanies the internal thoracic artery along its course and terminates in the brachiocephalic vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_thoracic_vein pericardiacophrenic vein FMA:4742 MA:0002187 SCTID:361626007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001590 UBERON:FMA_4742-MA_0002187 Vena comitans of the pericardiacophrenic arteries. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray530.png/200px-Gray530.png ncithesaurus:Pericardiacophrenic_Vein uberon Vena comitans of the pericardiacophrenic arteries. Wikipedia:Pericardiacophrenic_veins thymic vein FMA:4747 MA:0002246 SCTID:303432009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001591 UBERON:FMA_4747-MA_0002246 ncithesaurus:Thymic_Vein thymic tributary of brachiocephalic vein uberon bronchial vein FMA:4749 MA:0002088 SCTID:198293000 The bronchial veins are small vessels that return blood from the larger bronchi and structures at the roots of the lungs. The right side drains into the azygos vein, while the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein. The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries. The veins, however, do not return all of the blood supplied by the arteries; much of the blood that is carried in the bronchial arteries is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001592 UBERON:FMA_4749-MA_0002088 bronchial venous tree ncithesaurus:Bronchial_Vein uberon The bronchial veins are small vessels that return blood from the larger bronchi and structures at the roots of the lungs. The right side drains into the azygos vein, while the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein. The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries. The veins, however, do not return all of the blood supplied by the arteries; much of the blood that is carried in the bronchial arteries is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Bronchial_vein venous plexus FMA:4767 MA:0000069 SCTID:322151008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001593 UBERON:FMA_4767-MA_0000069 a congregation of multiple veins. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png uberon venous network Wikipedia:Venous_plexus a congregation of multiple veins. azygos vein EMAPA:18250 FMA:4838 GAID:528 MA:0002085 MESH:A.07.231.908.106 The azygos vein is a vein running up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column. It can also provide an alternate path for blood to the superior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001594 UBERON:FMA_4838-MA_0002085 azygos venous tree galen:AzygosVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Azygos_vein.png/200px-Azygos_vein.png ncithesaurus:Azygos_Vein uberon ISBN-10:0443065837 The azygos vein is a vein running up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column. It can also provide an alternate path for blood to the superior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Azygos_vein auricular muscle FMA:48966 MA:0001229 SCTID:244757006 The auriculares muscles are the three muscles surrounding the auricula or outer ear: anterior auricular muscle superior auricular muscle posterior auricular muscle [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001595 UBERON:FMA_48966-MA_0001229 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gray906.png/200px-Gray906.png muscle of auricle uberon The auriculares muscles are the three muscles surrounding the auricula or outer ear: anterior auricular muscle superior auricular muscle posterior auricular muscle [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Auriculares_muscles intrinsic auricular muscle FMA:48967 MA:0001231 SCTID:244762007 UBERON:0001596 UBERON:FMA_48967-MA_0001231 uberon FMA masseter muscle BTO:0001755 EFO:0001424 EHDAA2:0001067 EHDAA:10561 EMAPA:25135 FMA:48996 In human anatomy, the masseter is one of the muscles of mastication. In the animal kingdom, it is particularly powerful in herbivores to facilitate chewing of plant matter. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002343 MESH:A.02.633.567.600.500 SCTID:181738000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001597 UBERON:FMA_48996-MA_0002343 VHOG:0000823 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Illu_head_neck_muscle.jpg/200px-Illu_head_neck_muscle.jpg masseter ncithesaurus:Masseter_Muscle uberon BTO:0001755 masseter In human anatomy, the masseter is one of the muscles of mastication. In the animal kingdom, it is particularly powerful in herbivores to facilitate chewing of plant matter. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Masseter temporalis muscle EHDAA2:0002001 EHDAA:10565 EMAPA:25138 FMA:49006 GAID:148 MA:0002390 MESH:A.02.633.567.600.850 The temporal muscle is one of the muscles of mastication. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001598 UBERON:FMA_49006-MA_0002390 VHOG:0000929 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gray382.png/200px-Gray382.png musculus temporalis ncithesaurus:Temporal_Muscle temporal muscle uberon FMA:49006 FMA:TA musculus temporalis The temporal muscle is one of the muscles of mastication. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Temporalis stapedius EHDAA2:0001909 EHDAA:9029 EMAPA:18586 FMA:49027 GAID:164 MA:0001220 MESH:A.02.633.567.950 SCTID:244780003 The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes. The stapedius emerges from a pinpoint foramen in the apex of the pyramidal eminence (a hollow, cone-shaped prominence in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity), and inserts into the neck of the stapes. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001599 UBERON:FMA_49027-MA_0001220 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Musculusstapedius.png/200px-Musculusstapedius.png ncithesaurus:Stapedius_Muscle stapedius muscle uberon EHDAA2:0001909 stapedius muscle The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes. The stapedius emerges from a pinpoint foramen in the apex of the pyramidal eminence (a hollow, cone-shaped prominence in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity), and inserts into the neck of the stapes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Stapedius tensor tympani EHDAA2:0002002 EMAPA:18587 FMA:49028 GAID:166 MA:0001221 MESH:A.02.633.567.975 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001600 UBERON:FMA_49028-MA_0001221 eustachian muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gray912.png/200px-Gray912.png ncithesaurus:Tensor_Tympani the larger of the two muscles of the tympanic cavity, is contained in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube. Its role is to dampen sounds produced from chewing. It arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube and the adjoining part of the great wing of the sphenoid, as well as from the osseous canal in which it is contained. Passing backward through the canal, it ends in a slender tendon which enters the tympanic cavity, makes a sharp bend around the extremity of the septum, known as the processus cochleariformis[1], and is inserted into the manubrium of the malleus, near its root[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Tensor_tympani the larger of the two muscles of the tympanic cavity, is contained in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube. Its role is to dampen sounds produced from chewing. It arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube and the adjoining part of the great wing of the sphenoid, as well as from the osseous canal in which it is contained. Passing backward through the canal, it ends in a slender tendon which enters the tympanic cavity, makes a sharp bend around the extremity of the septum, known as the processus cochleariformis[1], and is inserted into the manubrium of the malleus, near its root[WP]. extra-ocular muscle BTO:0001579 EFO:0001921 EHDAA2:0000482 EHDAA:5729 EMAPA:18234 FMA:49033 MA:0001271 SCTID:181150000 Skeletal muscle derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. TODO - resolve discrepancies in which muscles are considered extra-ocular UBERON:0001601 UBERON:0006229 UBERON:FMA_49033-MA_0000271 VHOG:0000549 ZFA:0000511 extra-ocular skeletal muscle extraocular muscle extraocular musculature extraocular skeletal muscle extrinsic eye muscle extrinsic muscle of eyeball extrinsic ocular muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MRI_of_human_eye.jpg/200px-MRI_of_human_eye.jpg uberon Obol:automatic extrinsic eye muscle ZFA:0000511 extraocular musculature MA:0001271 extraocular skeletal muscle EHDAA2:0000482 extrinsic ocular muscle EHDAA2 EHDAA2 GO:0002074 Skeletal muscle derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. Wikipedia:Extraocular_muscles medial rectus FMA:49037 MA:0001281 SCTID:181151001 TAO:0000301 Taxon notes (from VHOG): "The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective, Third Edition (2001) Orlando Fla.: Harcourt College Publishers, p.331 [VHOG:0001127] The medial rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. As with most of the muscles of the orbit, it is innervated by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (Cranial Nerve III). This muscle shares an origin with several other extrinsic eye muscles, the anulus tendineus, or common tendon. It is the largest of the extraocular muscles and its only action is adduction of the eyeball. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001602 UBERON:0004836 UBERON:FMA_49037-ZFA_0000301 VHOG:0001127 ZFA:0000301 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png/200px-Eyemuscles.png medial rectus extraocular muscle medial rectus muscle ncithesaurus:Medial_Rectus_Muscle uberon The medial rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. As with most of the muscles of the orbit, it is innervated by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (Cranial Nerve III). This muscle shares an origin with several other extrinsic eye muscles, the anulus tendineus, or common tendon. It is the largest of the extraocular muscles and its only action is adduction of the eyeball. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_rectus MA MA:0001281 medial rectus extraocular muscle lateral rectus FMA:49038 MA:0001280 SCTID:181152008 TAO:0000383 The lateral rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. It is one of six extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye (abduction in this case) and the only muscle innervated by the abducens nerve, cranial nerve VI. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001603 UBERON:0004837 UBERON:FMA_49038-ZFA_0000383 VHOG:0001129 ZFA:0000383 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png/200px-Eyemuscles.png lateral rectus extraocular muscle lateral rectus muscle ncithesaurus:Lateral_Rectus_Muscle uberon MA MA:0001280 lateral rectus extraocular muscle The lateral rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. It is one of six extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye (abduction in this case) and the only muscle innervated by the abducens nerve, cranial nerve VI. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_rectus levator palpebrae superioris FMA:49041 MA:0001272 SCTID:244774006 The levator palpebrae superioris (or levator muscle of upper eyelid) is the muscle in the orbit that elevates the superior (upper) eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001604 UBERON:FMA_49041-MA_0001272 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png/200px-Eyemuscles.png ncithesaurus:Levator_Palpebrae_Superioris uberon FMA FMA The levator palpebrae superioris (or levator muscle of upper eyelid) is the muscle in the orbit that elevates the superior (upper) eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Levator_palpebrae_superioris ciliary muscle BTO:0000654 Bowman`s muscles FMA:49151 MA:0001269 SCTID:280862009 The ciliary muscle is a smooth muscle in the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001605 UBERON:FMA_49151-MA_0001269 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gray872.png/200px-Gray872.png musculus ciliarus ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Muscle uberon BTO:0000654 Bowman`s muscles BTO:0000654 musculus ciliarus The ciliary muscle is a smooth muscle in the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ciliary_muscle muscle of iris . FMA:49154 MA:0001287 SCTID:280888007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001606 UBERON:FMA_49154-MA_0001287 iris muscle iris muscle organ muscle organ of iris uberon OBOL:automatic iris muscle organ . Wikipedia:Iris_muscle OBOL:automatic muscle organ of iris sphincter pupillae BTO:0000656 FMA:49157 MA:0001289 The iris sphincter muscle (pupillary sphincter, circular muscle of iris, circular fibers) is a muscle in the part of the eye called the iris. It encircles the eye, appropriate to its function as a constrictor. It is found in vertebrates and some cephalopods. In humans, it functions to constrict the pupil in bright light or during accommodation. Its dimensions are about 0.75 mm wide by 0.15 mm thick. It is controlled by parasympathetic fibers that originate from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, travel along the oculomotor nerve (CN III), synapse in the ciliary ganglion, and then enter the eye via the short ciliary nerves. Initially, all the myocytes are of the smooth muscle type, but much later in life, so that ultimately most cells are of the striated muscle type. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001607 UBERON:FMA_49157-MA_0001289 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gray878.png/200px-Gray878.png iris sphincter muscle musculus sphincter pupillae sphincter muscle of pupil uberon BTO:0000656 sphincter muscle of pupil BTO BTO:0000656 iris sphincter muscle BTO:0000656 musculus sphincter pupillae The iris sphincter muscle (pupillary sphincter, circular muscle of iris, circular fibers) is a muscle in the part of the eye called the iris. It encircles the eye, appropriate to its function as a constrictor. It is found in vertebrates and some cephalopods. In humans, it functions to constrict the pupil in bright light or during accommodation. Its dimensions are about 0.75 mm wide by 0.15 mm thick. It is controlled by parasympathetic fibers that originate from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, travel along the oculomotor nerve (CN III), synapse in the ciliary ganglion, and then enter the eye via the short ciliary nerves. Initially, all the myocytes are of the smooth muscle type, but much later in life, so that ultimately most cells are of the striated muscle type. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sphincter_pupillae dilatator pupillae BTO:0001371 FMA:49158 MA:0001288 The iris dilator muscle (pupil dilator muscle, pupillary dilator, radial muscle of iris, radiating fibers), is a smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris and therefore fit as a dilator. It is innervated by the sympathetic system, which acts by releasing noradrenaline, which acts on α1-receptors.. Thus, when presented with a threatening stimuli that activates the fight-or-flight response, this innervation dilates the iris, thus temporarily letting more light reach the retina. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001608 UBERON:FMA_49158-MA_0001288 dilator muscle of pupil dilator of pupil dilator pupillae dilator pupillae muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gray878.png/200px-Gray878.png iris dilator muscle musculus dilatator pupillae musculus dilator pupillae ncithesaurus:Dilator_Pupillae_Muscle uberon BTO:0001371 iris dilator muscle BTO BTO:0001371 musculus dilator pupillae FMA:49158 FMA:TA musculus dilatator pupillae The iris dilator muscle (pupil dilator muscle, pupillary dilator, radial muscle of iris, radiating fibers), is a smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris and therefore fit as a dilator. It is innervated by the sympathetic system, which acts by releasing noradrenaline, which acts on α1-receptors.. Thus, when presented with a threatening stimuli that activates the fight-or-flight response, this innervation dilates the iris, thus temporarily letting more light reach the retina. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dilator_pupillae Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle BTO:0001371 dilator pupillae muscle isthmus of thyroid gland EHDAA2:0002031 EHDAA:5777 EHDAA:5789 EMAPA:18195 EMAPA:18829 FMA:49178 MA:0000727 SCTID:245539003 The thyroid isthmus connects together the lower thirds of the lobes; it measures about 1.25 cm. in breadth, and the same in depth, and usually covers the second and third rings of the trachea. Its situation and size present, however, many variations. In the middle line of the neck it is covered by the skin and fascia, and close to the middle line, on either side, by the Sternothyreoideus. Across its upper border runs an anastomotic branch uniting the two superior thyroid arteries; at its lower border are the inferior thyroid veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001609 UBERON:FMA_49178-MA_0000727 VHOG:0000739 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray1174.png/200px-Gray1174.png isthmus isthmus glandulae thyroideae ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Gland_Isthmus thyroid gland isthmus thyroid isthmus uberon VHOG:0000739 isthmus The thyroid isthmus connects together the lower thirds of the lobes; it measures about 1.25 cm. in breadth, and the same in depth, and usually covers the second and third rings of the trachea. Its situation and size present, however, many variations. In the middle line of the neck it is covered by the skin and fascia, and close to the middle line, on either side, by the Sternothyreoideus. Across its upper border runs an anastomotic branch uniting the two superior thyroid arteries; at its lower border are the inferior thyroid veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thyroid_isthmus lingual artery AAO:0010492 FMA:49526 MA:0001992 OpenCyc:Mx4rvfqDCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181327002 The lingual artery arises from the external carotid between the superior thyroid and facial artery[WP]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001610 UBERON:FMA_49526-MA_0001992 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lingual_artery.PNG/200px-Lingual_artery.PNG lingual branch of external carotid artery ncithesaurus:Lingual_Artery uberon The lingual artery arises from the external carotid between the superior thyroid and facial artery[WP]. Wikipedia:Lingual_artery sublingual artery AAO:0010491 FMA:49543 MA:0002049 SCTID:368706006 The Sublingual Artery arises at the anterior margin of the Hyoglossus, and runs forward between the Genioglossus and Mylohyoideus to the sublingual gland. It supplies the gland and gives branches to the Mylohyoideus and neighboring muscles, and to the mucous membrane of the mouth and gums. One branch runs behind the alveolar process of the mandible in the substance of the gum to anastomose with a similar artery from the other side; another pierces the Mylohyoideus and anastomoses with the submental branch of the external maxillary artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001611 UBERON:FMA_49543-MA_0002049 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gray559.png/200px-Gray559.png ncithesaurus:Sublingual_Artery sublingual branch of lingual artery uberon The Sublingual Artery arises at the anterior margin of the Hyoglossus, and runs forward between the Genioglossus and Mylohyoideus to the sublingual gland. It supplies the gland and gives branches to the Mylohyoideus and neighboring muscles, and to the mucous membrane of the mouth and gums. One branch runs behind the alveolar process of the mandible in the substance of the gum to anastomose with a similar artery from the other side; another pierces the Mylohyoideus and anastomoses with the submental branch of the external maxillary artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sublingual_artery facial artery EMAPA:19213 FMA:49549 MA:0001950 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCt95ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181328007 The facial artery (external maxillary artery in older texts) is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001612 UBERON:FMA_49549-MA_0001950 external maxillary artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gray508.png/200px-Gray508.png ncithesaurus:Facial_Artery uberon The facial artery (external maxillary artery in older texts) is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_artery occipital artery FMA:49586 MA:0002009 OpenCyc:Mx4rwC1IFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244219005 The occipital artery arises opposite the facial artery, its path is below the posterior belly of digastric to the occipital region. This artery supplies blood to the back of the scalp and sterno-mastoid muscles. Other muscles it supplies are deep muscles in the back and neck. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001613 UBERON:FMA_49586-MA_0002009 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gray508.png/200px-Gray508.png ncithesaurus:Occipital_Artery uberon The occipital artery arises opposite the facial artery, its path is below the posterior belly of digastric to the occipital region. This artery supplies blood to the back of the scalp and sterno-mastoid muscles. Other muscles it supplies are deep muscles in the back and neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Occipital_artery superficial temporal artery BTO:0003747 FMA:49650 In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002062 OpenCyc:Mx4rv33WkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181325005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001614 UBERON:FMA_49650-MA_0002062 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray1200.png/200px-Gray1200.png uberon In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superficial_temporal_artery transverse facial artery FMA:49657 MA:0002068 SCTID:146551008 The transverse facial artery is an artery that branches from the superficial temporal artery and runs across the face. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001615 UBERON:FMA_49657-MA_0002068 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gray515.png/200px-Gray515.png ncithesaurus:Transverse_Facial_Artery uberon The transverse facial artery is an artery that branches from the superficial temporal artery and runs across the face. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_facial_artery maxillary artery EHDAA2:0001069 EHDAA:7357 EMAPA:17311 FMA:49675 GAID:498 MA:0001919 MESH:A.07.231.114.523 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDDJ45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181326006 The maxillary artery (or internal maxillary artery in older texts) is an artery that supplies deep structures of the face. It comes just out behind the neck of the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001616 UBERON:FMA_49675-MA_0001919 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gray510.png/200px-Gray510.png internal maxillary artery ncithesaurus:Maxillary_Artery uberon The maxillary artery (or internal maxillary artery in older texts) is an artery that supplies deep structures of the face. It comes just out behind the neck of the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Maxillary_artery Wikipedia mental artery FMA:49701 MA:0002002 SCTID:147561008 The inferior alveolar artery (inferior dental artery) is an artery of the face. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001617 UBERON:FMA_49701-MA_0002002 mental branch of inferior alveolar artery ncithesaurus:Mental_Artery ramus mentalis (arteria alveolaris inferior) uberon The inferior alveolar artery (inferior dental artery) is an artery of the face. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Mental_artery FMA:49701 FMA:TA ramus mentalis (arteria alveolaris inferior) buccal artery FMA:49754 MA:0001924 SCTID:148066005 The buccal artery (buccinator artery) is small and runs obliquely forward, between the Pterygoideus internus and the insertion of the Temporalis, to the outer surface of the Buccinator, to which it is distributed, anastomosing with branches of the external maxillary and with the infraorbital. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001618 UBERON:FMA_49754-MA_0001924 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gray508.png/200px-Gray508.png ncithesaurus:Buccal_Artery uberon The buccal artery (buccinator artery) is small and runs obliquely forward, between the Pterygoideus internus and the insertion of the Temporalis, to the outer surface of the Buccinator, to which it is distributed, anastomosing with branches of the external maxillary and with the infraorbital. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Buccal_artery ophthalmic artery AAO:0010497 EHDAA2:0001300 EHDAA:7363 EMAPA:17007 FMA:49868 GAID:503 MA:0002011 MESH:A.07.231.114.622 OpenCyc:Mx4rvcCxpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181310005 The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery which supplies branches to supply the eye and other structures in the orbit. It enters the orbit together with the Optic nerve through the Optic canal. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001619 UBERON:FMA_49868-MA_0002011 XAO:0000368 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gray514.png/200px-Gray514.png uberon The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery which supplies branches to supply the eye and other structures in the orbit. It enters the orbit together with the Optic nerve through the Optic canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ophthalmic_artery central retinal artery FMA:49879 GAID:508 MA:0002038 MESH:A.07.231.114.765 SCTID:277771001 The central retinal artery (retinal artery) branches off the ophthalmic artery, running inferior to the optic nerve within its dural sheath to the eyeball. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001620 UBERON:FMA_49879-MA_0002038 Zinn's artery arteria centralis retinae central artery of retina central artery of the retina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray514_updated.png/200px-Gray514_updated.png ncithesaurus:Retinal_Artery retinal artery uberon The central retinal artery (retinal artery) branches off the ophthalmic artery, running inferior to the optic nerve within its dural sheath to the eyeball. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Central_retinal_artery Wikipedia:Central_retinal_artery arteria centralis retinae Wikipedia:Central_retinal_artery central artery of the retina coronary artery BTO:0000290 EFO:0002551 EMAPA:19160 EMAPA:25968 EV:0100383 FMA:49893 MA:0002453 OpenCyc:Mx4rvoL56ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181294004 Systemic artery which supplies the heart.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001621 UBERON:FMA_49893-MA_0002453 coronary arterial tree galen:CoronaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray492.png/200px-Gray492.png ncithesaurus:Coronary_Artery uberon FMA:FMA Systemic artery which supplies the heart.[FMA] Wikipedia:Coronary_artery lacrimal artery FMA:49927 MA:0001988 SCTID:369324002 The lacrimal artery arises close to the optic foramen, and is one of the largest branches derived from the ophthalmic artery: not infrequently it is given off before the artery enters the orbit. It accompanies the lacrimal nerve along the upper border of the Lateral Rectus, supplies the lacrimal gland. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001622 UBERON:FMA_49927-MA_0001988 ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Artery uberon The lacrimal artery arises close to the optic foramen, and is one of the largest branches derived from the ophthalmic artery: not infrequently it is given off before the artery enters the orbit. It accompanies the lacrimal nerve along the upper border of the Lateral Rectus, supplies the lacrimal gland. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_artery dorsal nasal artery FMA:50000 MA:0001945 SCTID:369333000 The dorsal nasal artery (nasal artery) is an artery of the head. It is one of the two terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001623 UBERON:FMA_50000-MA_0001945 dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic artery external nasal artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gray515.png/200px-Gray515.png ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Nasal_Artery uberon The dorsal nasal artery (nasal artery) is an artery of the head. It is one of the two terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_nasal_artery anterior cerebral artery EHDAA2:0000128 EHDAA:5296 EMAPA:17854 EMAPA:18614 FMA:50028 GAID:485 MA:0001915 MESH:A.07.231.114.228.100 One of a pair of arteries on the brain that supply oxygen to most medial portions of frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes. The 2 anterior cerebral arteries arise from the internal carotid artery and are part of the Circle of Willis. OpenCyc:Mx4rv8biO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181309000 UBERON:0001624 UBERON:FMA_50028-MA_0001915 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gray517.png/200px-Gray517.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Cerebral_Artery uberon One of a pair of arteries on the brain that supply oxygen to most medial portions of frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes. The 2 anterior cerebral arteries arise from the internal carotid artery and are part of the Circle of Willis. Wikipedia:Anterior_cerebral_artery right coronary artery Coronary artery which emerges from the anterior aortic sinus, between the right auricle and the pulmonary trunk, and supplies the right side of the heart.[FMA] EHDAA2:0004505 FMA:50039 MA:0002455 SCTID:362037006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001625 UBERON:FMA_50039-MA_0002455 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray492.png/200px-Gray492.png ncithesaurus:Right_Coronary_Artery right coronary arterial tree uberon Coronary artery which emerges from the anterior aortic sinus, between the right auricle and the pulmonary trunk, and supplies the right side of the heart.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Right_coronary_artery left coronary artery Coronary artery which emerges from the left posterior aortic sinus, between the left auricle and the pulmonary trunk, and supplies the left side of the heart.[FMA] EHDAA2:0004504 FMA:50040 MA:0002454 SCTID:362034004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001626 UBERON:FMA_50040-MA_0002454 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gray495.png/200px-Gray495.png left coronary arterial tree ncithesaurus:Left_Coronary_Artery uberon Coronary artery which emerges from the left posterior aortic sinus, between the left auricle and the pulmonary trunk, and supplies the left side of the heart.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Left_coronary_artery middle cerebral artery EHDAA2:0001179 EHDAA:5298 EMAPA:18239 EMAPA:18615 FMA:50079 GAID:487 MA:0001935 MESH:A.07.231.114.228.550 OpenCyc:Mx4rvh3qQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181312002 The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired arteries that supplies blood to the cerebrum. The MCA arises from the internal carotid and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. It also supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices. The left and right MCAs rise from trifurcations of the internal carotid arteries and thus are connected to the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the posterior cerebral arteries. The MCAs are not considered a part of the Circle of Willis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001627 UBERON:FMA_50079-MA_0001935 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gray517.png/200px-Gray517.png ncithesaurus:Middle_Cerebral_Artery sylvian artery uberon The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired arteries that supplies blood to the cerebrum. The MCA arises from the internal carotid and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. It also supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices. The left and right MCAs rise from trifurcations of the internal carotid arteries and thus are connected to the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the posterior cerebral arteries. The MCAs are not considered a part of the Circle of Willis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_cerebral_artery posterior communicating artery An artery that connects caudal division of the internal carotid artery and the basal communicating artery to the basilar artery. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al. 2001.</a> EHDAA2:0004518 EHDAA:3352 EMAPA:18600 FMA:50084 MA:0002023 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDDlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA PCA PCS RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001487 SCTID:181314001 TAO:0005001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001628 UBERON:FMA_50084-MA_0002023-ZFA_0005001 ZFA:0005001 caudal communicating segment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg/200px-Circle_of_Willis_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Communicating_Artery posterior communicating segment of the basilar artery uberon ZFA:0005001 posterior communicating segment of the basilar artery An artery that connects caudal division of the internal carotid artery and the basal communicating artery to the basilar artery. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al. 2001.</a> Wikipedia:Posterior_communicating_artery ZFIN:curator ZFA:0005001 caudal communicating segment carotid body BTO:0000204 EMAPA:19211 FMA:50095 GAID:813 MA:0002463 MESH:A.08.800.550.700.120.600.150 SCTID:362586000 The carotid body (carotid glomus or glomus caroticum) is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork of the carotid artery (which runs along both sides of the throat). The carotid body detects changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it, mainly the partial pressure of oxygen, but also of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, it is also sensitive to changes in pH and temperature. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001629 UBERON:FMA_50095-MA_0002463 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray1186.png/200px-Gray1186.png ncithesaurus:Carotid_Body uberon The carotid body (carotid glomus or glomus caroticum) is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork of the carotid artery (which runs along both sides of the throat). The carotid body detects changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it, mainly the partial pressure of oxygen, but also of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, it is also sensitive to changes in pH and temperature. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Carotid_body muscle organ AAO:0011066 BTO:0001103 EMAPA:18187 EMAPA:18923 EV:0100146 FMA:5022 GAID:131 MA:0000015 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2kf-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of skeletal muscle tissue aggregated into macroscopic fasciculi by connective tissue; together with other muscles, it constitutes the muscular system. Examples: biceps, diaphragm, masseter, right third external intercostal muscle, external oblique, levator ani, serratus anterior[FMA]. SCTID:71616004 TAO:0005145 UBERON:0001630 UBERON:FMA_5022-MIAA_0000302-XAO_0000174 VHOG:0001245 XAO:0000172 ZFA:0005145 galen:Muscle muscle skeletal muscle system somatic muscle uberon GO:0007517 Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of skeletal muscle tissue aggregated into macroscopic fasciculi by connective tissue; together with other muscles, it constitutes the muscular system. Examples: biceps, diaphragm, masseter, right third external intercostal muscle, external oblique, levator ani, serratus anterior[FMA]. ZFA:0005145 muscle BTO:0001103 skeletal muscle system BTO:0001103 somatic muscle thoracic duct EHDAA2:0004501 EMAPA:19310 FMA:5031 GAID:1290 Lymphatic trunk that connects all tributaries of the thoracic duct tree to the trunk of the left brachiocephalic vein[FMA]. MA:0002801 MESH:A.15.382.520.869 SCTID:362600004 TAO:0005110 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001631 UBERON:FMA_5031-ZFA_0005110 ZFA:0005110 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray599.png/200px-Gray599.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Duct trunk of thoracic duct tree uberon FMA:5031 Lymphatic trunk that connects all tributaries of the thoracic duct tree to the trunk of the left brachiocephalic vein[FMA]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_duct temporal artery AAO:0010495 FMA:50438 GAID:489 In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002061 MESH:A.07.231.114.228.868 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001632 UBERON:FMA_50438-MA_0002061 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray1200.png/200px-Gray1200.png ncithesaurus:Temporal_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Temporal_artery basilar artery BA EHDAA2:0000163 EHDAA:5285 EMAPA:17307 FMA:50542 GAID:474 In human anatomy, the basilar artery is one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood. The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001920 MESH:A.07.231.114.106 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJTtcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244215004 TAO:0005002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001633 UBERON:FMA_50542-MA_0001920-ZFA_0005002 VHOG:0000237 ZFA:0005002 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg/200px-Circle_of_Willis_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Basilar_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the basilar artery is one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood. The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Basilar_artery mesencephalic artery Develops from the proximal portion of the primitive mesencephalic artery. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al.2001.</a> FMA:50570 MsA TAO:0001068 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001634 UBERON:FMA_50570-ZFA_0001068 XAO:0004173 ZFA:0001068 uberon Develops from the proximal portion of the primitive mesencephalic artery. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al.2001.</a> ZFIN:curator superior cerebellar artery EHDAA2:0000681 EMAPA:19309 FMA:50573 MA:0001934 SCTID:244214000 The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) arises near the termination of the basilar artery. It passes lateralward, immediately below the oculomotor nerve, which separates it from the posterior cerebral artery, winds around the cerebral peduncle, close to the trochlear nerve, and, arriving at the upper surface of the cerebellum, divides into branches which ramify in the pia mater and anastomose with those of the inferior cerebellar arteries. Several branches are given to the pineal body, the anterior medullary velum, and the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001635 UBERON:FMA_50573-MA_0001934 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CerebellumArteries.jpg/200px-CerebellumArteries.jpg ncithesaurus:Superior_Cerebellar_Artery uberon The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) arises near the termination of the basilar artery. It passes lateralward, immediately below the oculomotor nerve, which separates it from the posterior cerebral artery, winds around the cerebral peduncle, close to the trochlear nerve, and, arriving at the upper surface of the cerebellum, divides into branches which ramify in the pia mater and anastomose with those of the inferior cerebellar arteries. Several branches are given to the pineal body, the anterior medullary velum, and the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_cerebellar_artery posterior cerebral artery EHDAA2:0000659 EMAPA:17861 EMAPA:18616 FMA:50583 GAID:488 MA:0002022 MESH:A.07.231.114.228.700 OpenCyc:Mx4rwO4qIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181313007 The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is one of a pair of blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the posterior aspect of the brain in human anatomy]. It arises near the intersection of the posterior communicating artery and the basilar artery and connects with the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) and internal carotid artery via the posterior communicating artery (PCommA). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001636 UBERON:FMA_50583-MA_0002022 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gray517.png/200px-Gray517.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Cerebral_Artery uberon The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is one of a pair of blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the posterior aspect of the brain in human anatomy]. It arises near the intersection of the posterior communicating artery and the basilar artery and connects with the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) and internal carotid artery via the posterior communicating artery (PCommA). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_cerebral_artery artery AAO:0010211 AEO:0000208 An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. BTO:0000573 EFO:0000814 EHDAA2:0000143 EHDAA2:0003253 EV:0100026 FMA:50720 GAID:468 MA:0000064 MAT:0000034 MESH:A.07.231.114 MIAA:0000034 Note that in FMA an artery is a tree, whereas AEO/JB defines it as a tube. In fact, we use this class in a fairly generic fashion, to encompass both individual tubes and tube trees. In the future we may introduce more specific subclasses OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjknZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362877004 TAO:0000005 UBERON:0001637 UBERON:FMA_50720-MA_0000061-MA_0000064-MIAA_0000034-XAO_0000114-ZFA_0000005 VHOG:0001251 XAO:0000114 ZFA:0000005 arterial subtree arterial system arterial tree organ part arterial vessel galen:Artery ncithesaurus:Artery uberon AEO:JB An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. vein AAO:0010212 AEO:0000209 Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. BTO:0000234 EFO:0000816 EHDAA2:0003254 EV:0100031 FMA:50723 GAID:492 MA:0000067 MAT:0000037 MESH:A.07.231.908 MIAA:0000037 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjkWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181367001 TAO:0000082 TODO - check with MA - vein vs venous blood vessel UBERON:0001638 UBERON:FMA_50723-MA_0000066-MA_0000067-MIAA_0000037-XAO_0000115-ZFA_0000082 VHOG:0001252 XAO:0000115 ZFA:0000082 galen:Vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Venous_system_en.svg/200px-Venous_system_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Vein uberon venous subtree venous tree organ part venous vessel Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. Wikipedia:Vein hepatic portal vein AAO:0010214 FMA:50735 HPV MA:0002132 TAO:0005090 The hepatic portal vein (often simply portal vein) is a vein in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen. It is usually formed by the confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins, and also receives blood from the inferior mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal vein is a major component of the hepatic portal system, one of the main portal venous systems in the body. Conditions involving the hepatic portal vein cause considerable illness and death. An important example of such a condition is elevated blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein. This condition, called portal hypertension, is a major complication of cirrhosis worldwide. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001639 UBERON:FMA_50735-MA_0002132-ZFA_0005090 VHOG:0000642 ZFA:0005090 hepatic portal tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png liver portal vein portal vein portal vein of liver primary hepatic portal vein primary hepatic portal veins uberon OBOL:automatic portal vein of liver portal vein The hepatic portal vein (often simply portal vein) is a vein in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen. It is usually formed by the confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins, and also receives blood from the inferior mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal vein is a major component of the hepatic portal system, one of the main portal venous systems in the body. Conditions involving the hepatic portal vein cause considerable illness and death. An important example of such a condition is elevated blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein. This condition, called portal hypertension, is a major complication of cirrhosis worldwide. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hepatic_portal_vein http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3091300&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 ZFA:0005090 primary hepatic portal vein OBOL:automatic liver portal vein celiac artery EHDAA2:0004519 FMA:50737 GAID:483 MA:0001931 MESH:A.07.231.114.207 SCTID:181340007 The celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. Branching from the aorta 'anterior to the upper part of T12' vertebra in humans, it is one of three anterior/ midline branches of the abdominal aorta. UBERON:0001640 UBERON:FMA_50737-MA_0001931 celiac tree coeliac artery coeliac axis coeliac trunck coeliac trunk http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray532.png/200px-Gray532.png ncithesaurus:Coeliac_Artery truncus coeliacus uberon Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac axis FMA The celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. Branching from the aorta 'anterior to the upper part of T12' vertebra in humans, it is one of three anterior/ midline branches of the abdominal aorta. Wikipedia:Celiac_artery Wikipedia:Celiac_artery truncus coeliacus Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac trunck Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac artery Wikipedia Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac trunk transverse sinus EMAPA:18637 FMA:50763 MA:0001868 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDb62ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279262004 The transverse sinuses (left and right lateral sinuses), within a human head, are two areas beneath the brain, which allow blood veins to span the area, from the back of the head towards the nose. They drain from the straight sinus and superior sagittal sinus (along the top and back of the brain) to the sigmoid sinuses (at the center of the head), at the internal jugular vein. See diagram (at right): labeled under the brain as '' . The transverse sinuses are of large size and begin at the internal occipital protuberance; one, generally the right, being the direct continuation of the superior sagittal sinus, the other of the straight sinus. Each transverse sinus passes lateralward and forward, describing a slight curve with its convexity upward, to the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and lies, in this part of its course, in the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli; it then leaves the tentorium and curves downward and medialward to reach the jugular foramen, where it ends in the internal jugular vein. In its course it rests upon the squama of the occipital, the mastoid angle of the parietal, the mastoid part of the temporal, and, just before its termination, the jugular process of the occipital; the portion which occupies the groove on the mastoid part of the temporal is sometimes termed the sigmoid sinus. The transverse sinuses are frequently of unequal size, with the one formed by the superior sagittal sinus being the larger; they increase in size as they proceed, from back to center. On transverse section, the horizontal portion exhibits a prismatic form, the curved portion has a semicylindrical form. They receive the blood from the superior petrosal sinuses at the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; they communicate with the veins of the pericranium by means of the mastoid and condyloid emissary veins; and they receive some of the inferior cerebral and inferior cerebellar veins, and some veins from the diploë. The petrosquamous sinus, when present, runs backward along the junction of the squama and petrous portion of the temporal, and opens into the transverse sinus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001641 UBERON:FMA_50763-MA_0001868 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray488_blue.gif/200px-Gray488_blue.gif lateral sinus ncithesaurus:Transverse_Sinus todo - check su uberon The transverse sinuses (left and right lateral sinuses), within a human head, are two areas beneath the brain, which allow blood veins to span the area, from the back of the head towards the nose. They drain from the straight sinus and superior sagittal sinus (along the top and back of the brain) to the sigmoid sinuses (at the center of the head), at the internal jugular vein. See diagram (at right): labeled under the brain as '' . The transverse sinuses are of large size and begin at the internal occipital protuberance; one, generally the right, being the direct continuation of the superior sagittal sinus, the other of the straight sinus. Each transverse sinus passes lateralward and forward, describing a slight curve with its convexity upward, to the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and lies, in this part of its course, in the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli; it then leaves the tentorium and curves downward and medialward to reach the jugular foramen, where it ends in the internal jugular vein. In its course it rests upon the squama of the occipital, the mastoid angle of the parietal, the mastoid part of the temporal, and, just before its termination, the jugular process of the occipital; the portion which occupies the groove on the mastoid part of the temporal is sometimes termed the sigmoid sinus. The transverse sinuses are frequently of unequal size, with the one formed by the superior sagittal sinus being the larger; they increase in size as they proceed, from back to center. On transverse section, the horizontal portion exhibits a prismatic form, the curved portion has a semicylindrical form. They receive the blood from the superior petrosal sinuses at the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; they communicate with the veins of the pericranium by means of the mastoid and condyloid emissary veins; and they receive some of the inferior cerebral and inferior cerebellar veins, and some veins from the diploë. The petrosquamous sinus, when present, runs backward along the junction of the squama and petrous portion of the temporal, and opens into the transverse sinus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_sinus superior sagittal sinus FMA:50767 MA:0001867 OpenCyc:Mx4rv9naEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362075006 The superior sagittal sinus (also known as the superior longitudinal sinus), within a human cranium, is an area above/behind the brain, which allows blood veins to span the area, from the top of the head towards the back. It is believed that the cerebrospinal fluid drains through the arachnoid granulations into the dural venous sinuses of the superior sagittal sinus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001642 UBERON:FMA_50767-MA_0001867 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray488_blue.gif/200px-Gray488_blue.gif ncithesaurus:Superior_Sagittal_Sinus uberon MA cjm The superior sagittal sinus (also known as the superior longitudinal sinus), within a human cranium, is an area above/behind the brain, which allows blood veins to span the area, from the top of the head towards the back. It is believed that the cerebrospinal fluid drains through the arachnoid granulations into the dural venous sinuses of the superior sagittal sinus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_sagittal_sinus oculomotor nerve AAO:0010468 BM:MB-IIIN CN-III Cranial nerve which connects the midbrain to the extra-ocular and intra-ocular muscles. // Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. EHDAA2:0001284 EHDAA:3736 EMAPA:17574 FMA:50864 GAID:829 MA:0001095 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.600 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1646 Oculomotor nerve [III] OpenCyc:Mx4rvj7pZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362456009 TAO:0000405 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001643 UBERON:FMA_50864-MA_0001095-XAO_0003090-ZFA_0000405 VHOG:0000692 XAO:0003090 ZFA:0000405 cranial nerve III http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gray776.png/200px-Gray776.png ncithesaurus:Oculomotor_Nerve nervus oculomotorius [iii] occulomotor oculomotor III oculomotor III nerve oculomotor nerve tree third cranial nerve uberon Cranial nerve which connects the midbrain to the extra-ocular and intra-ocular muscles. // Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Oculomotor_nerve FMA:50864 FMA:TA nervus oculomotorius [iii] EHDAA2:0001284 oculomotor III GO trochlear nerve AAO:0010469 BM:IVN CN-IV Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. EHDAA2:0002090 EMAPA:18218 FMA:50865 GAID:838 MA:0001105 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1654 OpenCyc:Mx4rvyeBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180939009 TAO:0000600 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trochlear nerve [IV] UBERON:0001644 UBERON:FMA_50865-MA_0001105-XAO_0003091-ZFA_0000600 VHOG:0000705 XAO:0003091 ZFA:0000600 cranial nerve IV fourth cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Trochlear_nerve.png/200px-Trochlear_nerve.png ncithesaurus:Trochlear_Nerve nervus trochlearis [iv] pathetic nerve superior oblique nerve trochlear trochlear IV nerve trochlear nerve tree uberon Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Trochlear_nerve FMA:50865 FMA:TA nervus trochlearis [iv] trigeminal nerve AAO:0010470 BM:VN BTO:0001072 CN-V Cranial nerve that branches into the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw) and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw). EFO:0001402 EHDAA2:0002084 EHDAA:3738 EMAPA:16797 EMAPA:17576 FMA:50866 GAID:726 MA:0001100 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.760 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_869 OpenCyc:Mx4rwMF8CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362459002 TAO:0000697 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trigeminal nerve [V] UBERON:0001645 UBERON:FMA_50866-MA_0001100-XAO_0003092-ZFA_0000697 VHOG:0000704 XAO:0003092 ZFA:0000697 cranial nerve V fifth cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gray778_Trigeminal.png/200px-Gray778_Trigeminal.png ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Nerve nervus trigeminus nervus trigeminus [v] trigeminal V trigeminal nerve tree trigeminal v nerve trigeminus uberon Cranial nerve that branches into the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw) and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve FMA:50866 FMA:TA nervus trigeminus [v] BTO:0001072 trigeminus EHDAA2:0002084 trigeminal V BTO:0001072 nervus trigeminus abducens nerve AAO:0010471 Abducens nerve [VI] Abducent nerve [VI] BM:Pons-VIN CN-VI Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. EHDAA2:0000103 FMA:50867 GAID:824 MA:0001087 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.030 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_876 OpenCyc:Mx4rvjl41ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180941005 TAO:0000310 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001646 UBERON:FMA_50867-MA_0001087-XAO_0003093-ZFA_0000310 VHOG:0000697 XAO:0003093 ZFA:0000310 abducens VI nerve abducens nerve tree abducent nerve cranial nerve VI http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Abducens_nerve1.png/200px-Abducens_nerve1.png lateral rectus nerve ncithesaurus:Abducens_Nerve nervus abducens nervus abducens [vi] sixth cranial nerve uberon Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Abducens_nerve FMA:50867 FMA:TA nervus abducens [vi] facial nerve AAO:0010472 BM:Pons-VIIN CN-VII Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches). EHDAA2:0000489 EHDAA:3729 EMAPA:17569 EMAPA:17796 FMA:50868 Facial nerve [VII] GAID:719 MA:0001091 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.250 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_827 OpenCyc:Mx4rvthgEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362460007 TAO:0000664 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001647 UBERON:FMA_50868-MA_0001091-XAO_0003094-ZFA_0000664 VHOG:0000706 XAO:0003094 ZFA:0000664 branchiomeric cranial nerve cranial nerve VII face nerve facial VII facial VII nerve facial nerve tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cranial_nerve_VII.svg/200px-Cranial_nerve_VII.svg.png ncithesaurus:Facial_Nerve nerve of face nervus facialis nervus facialis [vii] seventh cranial nerve uberon OBOL:automatic nerve of face EHDAA2:0000489 facial VII Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Facial_nerve ZFA:0000664 nervus facialis GO FMA:50868 FMA:TA nervus facialis [vii] OBOL:automatic face nerve vestibulocochlear nerve AAO:0010473 BTO:0003490 CN-VIII Cranial nerve that runs to the ear. EHDAA2:0002194 EMAPA:17801 FMA:50869 GAID:839 MA:0001109 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.910 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_890 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjMFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180945001 TAO:0000247 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001648 UBERON:FMA_50869-FMA_53431-MA_0001109-XAO_0003095-ZFA_0000247 VHOG:0000695 VIIIth cranial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII] XAO:0003095 ZFA:0000247 acoustic nerve acoustic nerve (crosby) cochlear-vestibular nerve cochleovestibular nerve cranial nerve VIII eighth cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray789.png/200px-Gray789.png ncithesaurus:Vestibulocochlear_Nerve nervus vestibulocochlearis nervus vestibulocochlearis [viii] octaval nerve stato-acoustic nerve statoacoustic nerve uberon vestibulocochlear VIII nerve vestibulocochlear nerve tree Cranial nerve that runs to the ear. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Vestibulocochlear_nerve FMA:50869 FMA:TA nervus vestibulocochlearis [viii] BTO:0003490 nervus vestibulocochlearis glossopharyngeal nerve AAO:0010474 BTO:0004979 CN-IX Cranial nerve that branches into the ramus communicans (to the skin), the pretrematic (to the walls of the pharynx and mouth, viscero-sensory fibers), and the larval post-trematic branch (lost in the adult). EHDAA2:0000709 EHDAA:3733 EMAPA:16795 EMAPA:17268 FMA:50870 GAID:827 Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] MA:0001093 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.290 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_899 OpenCyc:Mx4rwIr5X5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362465002 TAO:0000668 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001649 UBERON:FMA_50870-MA_0001093-XAO_0003096-ZFA_0000668 VHOG:0000701 XAO:0003096 ZFA:0000668 cranial nerve IX glossopharyngeal IX glossopharyngeal IX nerve glossopharyngeal nerve tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray791.png/200px-Gray791.png ncithesaurus:Glossopharyngeal_Nerve nervus glossopharyngeus nervus glossopharyngeus [ix] ninth cranial nerve uberon Cranial nerve that branches into the ramus communicans (to the skin), the pretrematic (to the walls of the pharynx and mouth, viscero-sensory fibers), and the larval post-trematic branch (lost in the adult). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Glossopharyngeal_nerve ZFA:0000668 nervus glossopharyngeus EHDAA2:0000709 glossopharyngeal IX FMA FMA:50870 FMA:TA nervus glossopharyngeus [ix] hypoglossal nerve AAO:0010477 BTO:0003386 EHDAA2:0000798 EHDAA:2859 EMAPA:17269 FMA:50871 GAID:828 Hypoglossal nerve [XII] MA:0001094 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.330 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_820 Nerve that innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. OpenCyc:Mx4rv9eWA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362471008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001650 UBERON:FMA_50871-MA_0001094 VHOG:0000693 XAO:0004215 cranial nerve XII hypoglossal XII hypoglossal XII nerve hypoglossal nerve tree ncithesaurus:Hypoglossal_Nerve nervus hypoglossus [xii] twelfth cranial nerve uberon EHDAA2:0000798 hypoglossal XII FMA:50871 FMA:TA nervus hypoglossus [xii] GO:0021566 Nerve that innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_820 cranial nerve XII right pulmonary artery FMA:50872 MA:0002500 SCTID:244235003 TODO - add class 'pulmonary artery tree organ' The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001651 UBERON:FMA_50872-MA_0002500 galen:RightPulmonaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Artery right main pulmonary artery right pulmonary arterial tree uberon The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_pulmonary_artery left pulmonary artery FMA:50873 MA:0002032 SCTID:244234004 TODO - add class 'pulmonary artery tree organ' The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001652 UBERON:FMA_50873-MA_0002032 galen:LeftPulmonaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png left main pulmonary artery left pulmonary arterial tree ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Artery uberon The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_pulmonary_artery facial vein AAO:0010513 Comment note MA also has 'anterior facial vein' EMAPA:19220 FMA:50874 MA:0002115 OpenCyc:Mx4rvziz3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181374006 The anterior facial vein (facial vein) commences at the side of the root of the nose, and is a direct continuation of the angular vein where it also receives a small nasal branch. It lies behind the facial artery and follows a less tortuous course. It receives blood from the external palatine vein before it either joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, or drains directly into the internal jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001653 UBERON:FMA_50874-MA_0002115 face vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Facial_Vein uberon vein of face The anterior facial vein (facial vein) commences at the side of the root of the nose, and is a direct continuation of the angular vein where it also receives a small nasal branch. It lies behind the facial artery and follows a less tortuous course. It receives blood from the external palatine vein before it either joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, or drains directly into the internal jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_vein OBOL:automatic vein of face OBOL:automatic face vein supra-orbital vein FMA:50904 MA:0002228 SCTID:152006005 The supraorbital vein begins on the forehead where it communicates with the frontal branch of the superficial temporal vein. It runs downward superficial to the Frontalis muscle, and joins the frontal vein at the medial angle of the orbit to form the angular vein. Previous to its junction with the frontal vein, it sends through the supraorbital notch into the orbit a branch which communicates with the ophthalmic vein; as this vessel passes through the notch, it receives the frontal diploic vein through a foramen at the bottom of the notch. The areas drained by this vessel are the forehead, eyebrow and upper eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001654 UBERON:FMA_50904-MA_0002228 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Supra-orbital_Vein supraorbital vein uberon FMA/obol The supraorbital vein begins on the forehead where it communicates with the frontal branch of the superficial temporal vein. It runs downward superficial to the Frontalis muscle, and joins the frontal vein at the medial angle of the orbit to form the angular vein. Previous to its junction with the frontal vein, it sends through the supraorbital notch into the orbit a branch which communicates with the ophthalmic vein; as this vessel passes through the notch, it receives the frontal diploic vein through a foramen at the bottom of the notch. The areas drained by this vessel are the forehead, eyebrow and upper eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Supra-orbital_vein submental vein FMA:50925 MA:0002223 SCTID:152309009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001655 UBERON:FMA_50925-MA_0002223 ncithesaurus:Submental_Vein uberon FMA/obol retromandibular vein FMA:50928 MA:0002117 OpenCyc:Mx4rv0bn95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:151299003 The retromandibular vein (temporomaxillary vein, posterior facial vein), formed by the union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins, descends in the substance of the parotid gland, superficial to the external carotid artery but beneath the facial nerve, between the ramus of the mandible and the sternocleidomastoideus muscle. It divides into two branches: an anterior, which passes forward and unites with the anterior facial vein to form the common facial vein. a posterior, which is joined by the posterior auricular vein and becomes the external jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001656 UBERON:FMA_50928-MA_0002117 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Temporo-maxillary_Vein posterior facial vein uberon The retromandibular vein (temporomaxillary vein, posterior facial vein), formed by the union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins, descends in the substance of the parotid gland, superficial to the external carotid artery but beneath the facial nerve, between the ramus of the mandible and the sternocleidomastoideus muscle. It divides into two branches: an anterior, which passes forward and unites with the anterior facial vein to form the common facial vein. a posterior, which is joined by the posterior auricular vein and becomes the external jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Retromandibular_vein FMA/obol FMA/obol superficial temporal vein BTO:0003748 EMAPA:19315 FMA:50932 MA:0002242 OpenCyc:Mx4rvmANWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:150087005 The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001657 UBERON:FMA_50932-MA_0002242 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Superficial_Temporal_Vein uberon FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA/obol The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superficial_temporal_vein middle temporal vein FMA:50935 MA:0002241 SCTID:151400007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001658 UBERON:FMA_50935-MA_0002241 uberon FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA/obol transverse facial vein FMA:50938 MA:0002247 SCTID:151501009 The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001659 UBERON:FMA_50938-MA_0002247 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png uberon FMA/obol The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_facial_vein FMA/obol FMA/obol maxillary vein FMA:50941 MA:0002169 OpenCyc:Mx4rvlDSc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:29972009 The maxillary veins (internal maxillary vein in older sources) consist of a short trunk which accompanies the first part of the internal maxillary artery. It is formed by a confluence of the veins of the pterygoid plexus, and passes backward between the sphenomandibular ligament and the neck of the mandible, and unites with the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001660 UBERON:FMA_50941-MA_0002169 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Internal_Maxillary_Vein uberon The maxillary veins (internal maxillary vein in older sources) consist of a short trunk which accompanies the first part of the internal maxillary artery. It is formed by a confluence of the veins of the pterygoid plexus, and passes backward between the sphenomandibular ligament and the neck of the mandible, and unites with the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Maxillary_vein FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA/obol deep temporal vein FMA:50954 MA:0002240 SCTID:798000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001661 UBERON:FMA_50954-MA_0002240 ncithesaurus:Deep_Temporal_Vein uberon anterior auricular vein FMA:50956 MA:0002083 SCTID:151602009 The anterior auricular veins are veins which drain the anterior aspect of the external ear. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001662 UBERON:FMA_50956-MA_0002083 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Auricular_Vein uberon FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA/obol The anterior auricular veins are veins which drain the anterior aspect of the external ear. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_auricular_veins cerebral vein FMA:50981 GAID:530 MA:0002096 MESH:A.07.231.908.155 SCTID:244392000 The cerebral veins are divisible into external and internal groups according to the outer surfaces or the inner parts of the hemispheres they drain into. The external veins are the superior cerebral veins, inferior cerebral veins, and middle cerebral vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001663 UBERON:FMA_50981-MA_0002096 XAO:0004160 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gray568.png/200px-Gray568.png ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Vein uberon The cerebral veins are divisible into external and internal groups according to the outer surfaces or the inner parts of the hemispheres they drain into. The external veins are the superior cerebral veins, inferior cerebral veins, and middle cerebral vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_veins inferior cerebral vein FMA:50986 MA:0002097 SCTID:244395003 The inferior cerebral veins, of small size, drain the under surfaces of the hemispheres. Those on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe join the superior cerebral veins, and through these open into the superior sagittal sinus. Those of the temporal lobe anastomose with the middle cerebral and basal veins, and join the cavernous, sphenoparietal, and superior petrosal sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001664 UBERON:FMA_50986-MA_0002097 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gray517.png/200px-Gray517.png uberon The inferior cerebral veins, of small size, drain the under surfaces of the hemispheres. Those on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe join the superior cerebral veins, and through these open into the superior sagittal sinus. Those of the temporal lobe anastomose with the middle cerebral and basal veins, and join the cavernous, sphenoparietal, and superior petrosal sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_cerebral_vein triceps surae A set of muscles in FMA, a single organ in MA FMA:51062 MA:0002400 The triceps surae is a pair of muscles located at the calf - the gastrocnemius and the soleus. These muscles both insert into the calcaneus, the bone of the heel of the human foot, and form the major part of the muscle of the back part of the lower leg, commonly known as the calf muscle. The triceps surae is connected to the foot through the Achilles tendon, and has 3 heads deriving from the 2 major masses of muscle. The superficial portion (the gastrocnemius) gives off 2 heads attaching to the base of the femur directly above the knee. The deep (profundis) mass of muscle (the soleus) forms the remaining head which attaches to the superior posterior area of the tibia. The triceps surae is innervated by the tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5–S2. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001665 UBERON:FMA_51062-MA_0002400 calf muscle gastrosoleus gastrosoleus complex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg ncithesaurus:Triceps_Surae sural triceps uberon Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle gastrosoleus complex The triceps surae is a pair of muscles located at the calf - the gastrocnemius and the soleus. These muscles both insert into the calcaneus, the bone of the heel of the human foot, and form the major part of the muscle of the back part of the lower leg, commonly known as the calf muscle. The triceps surae is connected to the foot through the Achilles tendon, and has 3 heads deriving from the 2 major masses of muscle. The superficial portion (the gastrocnemius) gives off 2 heads attaching to the base of the femur directly above the knee. The deep (profundis) mass of muscle (the soleus) forms the remaining head which attaches to the superior posterior area of the tibia. The triceps surae is innervated by the tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5–S2. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Triceps_surae Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle gastrosoleus Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle calf muscle MA flexor digitorum longus BTO:0000466 FMA:51071 MA:0002299 SCTID:181703002 The Flexor digitorum longus is situated on the tibial side of the leg. At its origin it is thin and pointed, but it gradually increases in size as it descends. This muscle serves to curl the second, third, fourth, and fifth toes (flexion of phalanges II-V). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001666 UBERON:FMA_51071-MA_0002299 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray442.png/200px-Gray442.png ncithesaurus:Flexor_Digitorum_Longus uberon The Flexor digitorum longus is situated on the tibial side of the leg. At its origin it is thin and pointed, but it gradually increases in size as it descends. This muscle serves to curl the second, third, fourth, and fifth toes (flexion of phalanges II-V). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_digitorum_longus tibialis posterior BTO:0000867 FMA:51099 MA:0002394 The Tibialis posterior is the most central of all the leg muscles, and is located in the posterior compartment of the leg. It is the key stabilizing muscle of the lower leg. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001667 UBERON:FMA_51099-MA_0002394 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray442.png/200px-Gray442.png ibialis posticus ncithesaurus:Tibialis_Caudalis posterior tibialis tibialis caudalis tibialis posterior muscle uberon BTO:0000867 posterior tibialis The Tibialis posterior is the most central of all the leg muscles, and is located in the posterior compartment of the leg. It is the key stabilizing muscle of the lower leg. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tibialis_posterior BTO:0000867 ibialis posticus BTO:0000867 tibialis posterior muscle cerebellar vein Cerebellar veins are veins which drain the cerebellum. More specifically, they are: Superior cerebellar veins Inferior cerebellar veins [WP,unvetted]. FMA:51227 MA:0002093 SCTID:40693009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001668 UBERON:FMA_51227-MA_0002093 cerebellum vein epencephalon-1 vein ncithesaurus:Cerebellar_Vein uberon vein of cerebellum vein of epencephalon-1 OBOL:automatic vein of cerebellum OBOL:automatic vein of epencephalon-1 Cerebellar veins are veins which drain the cerebellum. More specifically, they are: Superior cerebellar veins Inferior cerebellar veins [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebellar_veins OBOL:automatic cerebellum vein OBOL:automatic epencephalon-1 vein superior cerebellar vein FMA:51232 MA:0002095 SCTID:64307009 The superior cerebellar veins pass partly forward and medialward, across the superior vermis, to end in the straight sinus and the internal cerebral veins, partly lateralward to the transverse and superior petrosal sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001669 UBERON:FMA_51232-MA_0002095 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray704.png/200px-Gray704.png uberon vein of superior cerebellar hemisphere The superior cerebellar veins pass partly forward and medialward, across the superior vermis, to end in the straight sinus and the internal cerebral veins, partly lateralward to the transverse and superior petrosal sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_cerebellar_vein inferior cerebellar vein FMA:51233 MA:0002094 SCTID:69104006 The inferior cerebellar veins are of large size, end in the transverse, superior petrosal, and occipital sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001670 UBERON:FMA_51233-MA_0002094 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray704.png/200px-Gray704.png inferior vein of cerebellar hemisphere uberon The inferior cerebellar veins are of large size, end in the transverse, superior petrosal, and occipital sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_cerebellar_vein temporal vein FMA:51302 MA:0002239 The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001671 UBERON:FMA_51302-MA_0002239 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Temporal_Vein uberon The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Temporal_vein anterior cerebral vein ACeV FMA:51306 SCTID:55155007 TAO:0001067 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001672 UBERON:FMA_51306-ZFA_0001067 XAO:0004158 ZFA:0001067 rostral cerebral vein uberon central retinal vein FMA:51799 GAID:524 MA:0002213 MESH:A.07.231.611.773 SCTID:280913005 The central retinal vein (retinal vein) is a short vein that runs through the optic nerve and drains blood from the capillaries of the retina into the larger veins outside the eye. The anatomy of the veins of the orbit of the eye varies between individuals, and in some the central retinal vein drains into the superior ophthalmic vein, and in some it drains directly into the cavernous sinus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001673 UBERON:FMA_51799-MA_0002213 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray572.png/200px-Gray572.png ncithesaurus:Retinal_Vein retinal vein uberon FMA/obol The central retinal vein (retinal vein) is a short vein that runs through the optic nerve and drains blood from the capillaries of the retina into the larger veins outside the eye. The anatomy of the veins of the orbit of the eye varies between individuals, and in some the central retinal vein drains into the superior ophthalmic vein, and in some it drains directly into the cavernous sinus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Central_retinal_vein FMA/obol masseteric vein FMA:52519 MA:0002167 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001674 UBERON:FMA_52519-MA_0002167 ncithesaurus:Masseteric_Vein uberon trigeminal ganglion 5th ganglion A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> AAO:0011107 BTO:0001231 EFO:0000903 EHDAA2:0002085 EHDAA:2113 EMAPA:16797 FMA:52618 GAID:725 Gasser's ganglion MA:0001080 MAT:0000511 MESH:A.08.340.390.850 SCTID:244449009 TAO:0000295 UBERON:0001675 UBERON:FMA_52618-XAO_0000427-XAO_0000428-ZFA_0000295 VHOG:0000694 XAO:0000427 XAO:0000428 ZFA:0000295 fifth ganglion gV ganglion of trigeminal nerve ganglion trigeminale gasserian ganglia gasserian ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gray776.png/200px-Gray776.png ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Ganglion semilunar ganglion trigeminal V ganglion trigeminal ganglia trigeminus ganglion uberon BTO:0001231 Gasser's ganglion BTO:0001231 ganglion trigeminale BTO:0001231 ganglion of trigeminal nerve Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion gasserian ganglion trigeminal ganglia Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion gasserian ganglia 5th ganglion ZFA:0000295 ZFA:0000295 fifth ganglion MA:0001080 trigeminal V ganglion A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion ZFIN:curator occipital bone A saucer-shaped membrane bone situated at the back and lower part of the cranium, is trapezoid in shape and curved on itself. It is pierced by a large oval aperture, the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal. EMAPA:25112 FMA:52735 GAID:227 MA:0001468 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.572 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQtsiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181796003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001676 UBERON:FMA_52735-MA_0001468 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray194.png/200px-Gray194.png ncithesaurus:Occipital_Bone uberon A saucer-shaped membrane bone situated at the back and lower part of the cranium, is trapezoid in shape and curved on itself. It is pierced by a large oval aperture, the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal. Wikipedia:Occipital_bone sphenoid bone EMAPA:18340 FMA:52736 GAID:230 MA:0001472 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.802 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAU9XpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:272676008 UBERON:0001677 UBERON:FMA_52736-MA_0001472 an unpaired bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bone and basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. butterfly bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg/200px-Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg ncithesaurus:Sphenoid_Bone os sphenoidale os sphenoidale os sphenoidum part of viscerocranium in FMA, part of chondrocranium in MA sphenoid sphenoidal bone uberon Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone os sphenoidale FMA cjm Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone an unpaired bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bone and basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone butterfly bone FMA:52736 FMA:TA os sphenoidale Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone os sphenoidum temporal bone EHDAA:6035 EMAPA:17682 EMAPA:18020 FMA:52737 GAID:232 MA:0001476 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.885 OpenCyc:Mx4rvbkAk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181795004 The temporal bone consists of four parts: * Squama temporalis * Mastoid portion * Petrous portion (Petrosal ridge) * Tympanic part. Note the Temporal bone is not explicitly categorized to a part of the cranium in FMA. The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum. UBERON:0001678 UBERON:FMA_52737-MA_0001476 VHOG:0000800 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg/200px-Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg ncithesaurus:Temporal_Bone uberon FMA The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum. Wikipedia:Temporal_bone ethmoid BTO:0004140 EMAPA:19018 FMA:52740 GAID:212 MA:0001483 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.292 Note the WP states the Neurocranium contains the ethmoid bone, both MA and FMA place the ethmoid as part of the viscerocranium. FMA also has it in neurocranium (via basicranium). Ideally we would have non-overlapping divisions of the skull, but for now we follow FMA OpenCyc:Mx4rvuUPh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:272674006 UBERON:0001679 UBERON:FMA_52740-MA_0001483-ZFA_0000323 VHOG:0001317 a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that makes up the orbit of the eye[WP] ethmoid bone ethmoidal bone ncithesaurus:Ethmoid_Bone os ethmoidale uberon Wikipedia:Ethmoid a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that makes up the orbit of the eye[WP] MP:0000101 ethmoidal bone definitional FMA FMA:52740 FMA:TA os ethmoidale lacrimal bone FMA:52741 In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species[WP, ISBN 0-03-910284-X] MA:0001486 SCTID:272675007 UBERON:0001680 UBERON:FMA_52741-MA_0001486 VHOG:0001149 ZFA:0000223 infraorbital 1 lacrimal lacrymal bone ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Bone the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders. In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species. uberon VHOG:0001149 ZFA:0000223 infraorbital 1 FMA Wikipedia:Lacrimal_bone the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders. In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species. nasal bone AAO:0000312 EMAPA:19202 FMA:52745 GAID:222 In primitive bony fish and tetrapods, the nasal bones are the most anterior of a set of four paired bones forming the roof of the skull, being followed in sequence by the frontals, the parietals, and the postparietals. Their form in living species is highly variable, depending on the shape of the head, but they generally form the roof of the snout or beak, running from the nostrils to a position short of the orbits. In most animals, they are generally therefore proportionally larger than in humans or great apes, because of the shortened faces of the latter. Turtles, unusually, lack nasal bones, with the prefrontal bones of the orbit reaching all the way to the nostrils (ISBN 0-03-910284-X) MA:0001494 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.665 One of two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, 'the bridge' of the nose[WP]. Paired dermal bones, likened to a bone tube, positioned lateral to the supraethmoid. Nasal bones are transversed by the anterior most part of the supraorbital canals and bear one neuromast foramen in zebrafish[ZFA]. OpenCyc:Mx4rwGOTZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181801008 TAO:0000365 UBERON:0001681 UBERON:FMA_52745-MA_0001494-ZFA_0000365 VHOG:0001370 ZFA:0000365 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg/200px-Illu_facial_bones.jpg ncithesaurus:Nasal_Bone uberon One of two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, 'the bridge' of the nose[WP]. Paired dermal bones, likened to a bone tube, positioned lateral to the supraethmoid. Nasal bones are transversed by the anterior most part of the supraorbital canals and bear one neuromast foramen in zebrafish[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Nasal_bone ZFIN:curator palatine bone A bone situated at the back part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. It contributes to the walls of three cavities: the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the orbit; it enters into the formation of two fossæ, the pterygopalatine and pterygoid fossæ; and one fissure, the inferior orbital fissure. he palatine bone somewhat resembles the letter L, and consists of a Horizontal plate of palatine bone and a Perpendicular plate of palatine bone and three outstanding processes—viz., the Pyramidal process of palatine bone, which is directed backward and lateralward from the junction of the two parts, and the Orbital process of palatine bone and Sphenoidal process of palatine bone, which surmount the vertical part, and are separated by a deep notch, the sphenopalatine notch. The human palatine articulates with six bones: the sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, inferior nasal concha, vomer and opposite palatine. In bony fish the palatine bone consists of the perpendicular plate only, lying on the inner edge of the maxilla[WP]. FMA:52746 MA:0001495 SCTID:244654005 UBERON:0001682 UBERON:FMA_52746-MA_0001495 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gray996.png/200px-Gray996.png ncithesaurus:Palatine_Bone uberon A bone situated at the back part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. It contributes to the walls of three cavities: the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the orbit; it enters into the formation of two fossæ, the pterygopalatine and pterygoid fossæ; and one fissure, the inferior orbital fissure. he palatine bone somewhat resembles the letter L, and consists of a Horizontal plate of palatine bone and a Perpendicular plate of palatine bone and three outstanding processes—viz., the Pyramidal process of palatine bone, which is directed backward and lateralward from the junction of the two parts, and the Orbital process of palatine bone and Sphenoidal process of palatine bone, which surmount the vertical part, and are separated by a deep notch, the sphenopalatine notch. The human palatine articulates with six bones: the sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, inferior nasal concha, vomer and opposite palatine. In bony fish the palatine bone consists of the perpendicular plate only, lying on the inner edge of the maxilla[WP]. Wikipedia:Palatine_bone FMA zygomatic bone EMAPA:25111 FMA:52747 GAID:225 HOG says is homologous to infraorbital 3, which is a dermal bone in dermatocranium. part of viscerocranium, chondrocranium in MA. MA:0001497 SCTID:272683001 The zygomatic bone (cheekbone, malar bone) is a paired bone of the human skull. It articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae [Fig. 1]. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders. The term zygomatic derives from the Greek zygoma meaning 'yoke'. The zygomatic bone is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term may also refer to the zygomatic arch or the zygomatic process. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001683 UBERON:FMA_52747-MA_0001497 VHOG:0001638 cheek bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray164.png/200px-Gray164.png jugal bone jugale malar bone orbital bone os zygomaticum os zygomaticus uberon zygoma Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone os zygomaticus The zygomatic bone (cheekbone, malar bone) is a paired bone of the human skull. It articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae [Fig. 1]. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders. The term zygomatic derives from the Greek zygoma meaning 'yoke'. The zygomatic bone is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term may also refer to the zygomatic arch or the zygomatic process. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone FMA jugale GAID:225 zygoma GAID:225 Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone jugal bone FMA:52747 FMA:TA os zygomaticum FMA:52747 malar bone mandible 'mandible' also refers to either the upper or lower part of the beak in birds. Note in ZFA mandible/lower jaw are the same class. BTO:0001748 EFO:0001965 EHDAA2:0001059 EHDAA:8007 EMAPA:18290 FMA:52748 GAID:68 MA:0001487 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.502.632 SCTID:181812008 The bone that forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place[WP]. UBERON:0001684 UBERON:FMA_52748-MA_0001487 VHOG:0000510 galen:Mandible http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray176.png/200px-Gray176.png inferior maxillary bone lower jaw bone lower mandibula mandibula mandibulla ncithesaurus:Mandible uberon Wikipedia:Mandible lower mandibula EHDAA2 lower jaw bone BTO:0001748 mandibula The bone that forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place[WP]. Wikipedia:Human_mandible Wikipedia:Mandible EHDAA2-modified FMA hyoid bone AAO:0000684 EMAPA:18650 EMAPA:18840 FMA:52749 GAID:197 MA:0001484 MESH:A.02.835.232.409 SCTID:263352000 The hyoid bone (lingual bone) (Latin os hyoideum) is a horseshoe shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra behind. It is the only bone in the human skeleton not articulated to any other bone. It is held in place by thyroid ligaments. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind. Its name is derived from the Greek word hyoeides meaning 'shaped like the letter upsilon' (υ). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001685 UBERON:FMA_52749-MA_0001484 VHOG:0001325 greater cornua greater horn of the hyoid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gray186.png/200px-Gray186.png hyoid hyoid bone hyoideum lingual bone ncithesaurus:Hyoid_Bone os hyoideum uberon Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone greater cornua Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone lingual bone The hyoid bone (lingual bone) (Latin os hyoideum) is a horseshoe shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra behind. It is the only bone in the human skeleton not articulated to any other bone. It is held in place by thyroid ligaments. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind. Its name is derived from the Greek word hyoeides meaning 'shaped like the letter upsilon' (υ). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone hyoid Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone hyoideum FMA Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone hyoid bone Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone greater horn of the hyoid Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone os hyoideum auditory ossicle AAO:0011015 EHDAA2:0001183 EHDAA:5697 EMAPA:17824 EV:0100360 FMA:52750 MA:0000254 One of 3 small bones contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth. The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. The term 'ossicles' literally means 'tiny bones' and commonly refers to the auditory ossicles, though the term may refer to any small bone throughout the body. [WP,unvetted]. Taxon and editor notes: This should probably be restricted to mammals - the AAO/XAO structures may group non-homologous structures [Wikipedia:Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles] see https://github.com/seger/aao/issues/5 UBERON:0001686 UBERON:FMA_52750-MA_0000254-XAO_0000214 VHOG:0000461 VHOG:0000688 XAO:0000214 auditory bone auditory ossicle ear bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Illu_auditory_ossicles.jpg/200px-Illu_auditory_ossicles.jpg middle ear bone middle ear ossicle ncithesaurus:Auditory_Ossicle ossicle uberon MA PMID:11237469 EMAPA:17824 Wikipedia:Auditory_ossicle ossicle MA:0000254 ear bone FMA MA:0000254 auditory ossicle UBERON:cjm middle ear ossicle One of 3 small bones contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth. The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. The term 'ossicles' literally means 'tiny bones' and commonly refers to the auditory ossicles, though the term may refer to any small bone throughout the body. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Auditory_ossicle stapes EMAPA:18585 Editor notes: we do not include a class for hyomandibula in uberon, no need to generalize the TAO/ZFA class. Taxon notes (via VHOG): "This structure [the hyomandibular], on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes." Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948) 62:339-357? Development notes: As the stapes first develops embryologically from the 6th to 8th week of life, it surrounds the stapedial artery, which supplies the majority of the vasculature of the embryonic head. After that period, the external carotid artery is generated and takes over for the stapedial artery, which subsequently involutes, leaving the stapes with a windowframe-like structure[WP] FMA:52751 GAID:868 MA:0001217 MESH:A.09.246.397.247.806 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5UnkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:264199009 The stapes or stirrup is the stirrup-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear which is attached to the incus laterally and to the fenestra ovalis, the 'oval window' medially. The oval window is adjacent to the vestibule of the inner ear. The stapes is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body. The stapes transmits the sound vibrations from the incus to the membrane of the inner ear inside the fenestra ovalis. The stapes is also stabilized by the stapedius muscle, which is innervated by the facial nerve. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella; however, in reptiles, either term may be used. As the stapes first develops embryologically from the 6th to 8th wk of life, it surrounds the stapedial artery, which supplies the majority of the vasculature of the embryonic head. After that period, the external carotid artery is generated and takes over for the stapedial artery, which subsequently involutes, leaving the stapes with a windowframe-like structure. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001687 UBERON:FMA_52751-MA_0001217 VHOG:0000688 columella columella auris columellare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray918.png/200px-Gray918.png interstapediale mediostapediale mesostapediale ncithesaurus:Stapes os columellare os intermedium stapes stelidium stilus columellare stirrup uberon AAO:0000580 stelidium Wikipedia:Stapes columella AAO:0000580 mediostapediale AAO:0000580 interstapediale cjm The stapes or stirrup is the stirrup-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear which is attached to the incus laterally and to the fenestra ovalis, the 'oval window' medially. The oval window is adjacent to the vestibule of the inner ear. The stapes is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body. The stapes transmits the sound vibrations from the incus to the membrane of the inner ear inside the fenestra ovalis. The stapes is also stabilized by the stapedius muscle, which is innervated by the facial nerve. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella; however, in reptiles, either term may be used. As the stapes first develops embryologically from the 6th to 8th wk of life, it surrounds the stapedial artery, which supplies the majority of the vasculature of the embryonic head. After that period, the external carotid artery is generated and takes over for the stapedial artery, which subsequently involutes, leaving the stapes with a windowframe-like structure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Stapes AAO:0000580 os intermedium AAO:0000580 columellare AAO:0000580 stapes AAO:0000580 columella auris AAO:0000580 mesostapediale AAO:0000580 os columellare AAO:0000580 stilus columellare incus EMAPA:18583 FMA:52752 GAID:866 MA:0001215 MESH:A.09.246.397.247.362 SCTID:272649008 TODO - check develops from and homology The incus or anvil is the anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear. It connects the malleus to the stapes. It was first described by Alessandro Achillin of Bologna. The incus transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes. The incus only exists in mammals, and is derived from a reptilian upper jaw bone, the quadrate bone. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001688 UBERON:FMA_52752-MA_0001215 VHOG:0000689 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray917.png/200px-Gray917.png ncithesaurus:Incus quadrate - incus uberon Wikipedia VHOG:0000689 quadrate - incus cjm The incus or anvil is the anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear. It connects the malleus to the stapes. It was first described by Alessandro Achillin of Bologna. The incus transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes. The incus only exists in mammals, and is derived from a reptilian upper jaw bone, the quadrate bone. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Incus malleus EMAPA:18584 FMA:52753 GAID:867 MA:0001216 MESH:A.09.246.397.247.524 SCTID:264090005 The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. The word is Latin for hammer. It transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus. The malleus is unique to mammals, and evolved from a lower jaw bone in basal amniotes called the articular, which still forms part of the jaw joint in reptiles. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001689 UBERON:FMA_52753-MA_0001216 VHOG:0000690 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray916.png/200px-Gray916.png ncithesaurus:Malleus uberon Wikipedia The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. The word is Latin for hammer. It transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus. The malleus is unique to mammals, and evolved from a lower jaw bone in basal amniotes called the articular, which still forms part of the jaw joint in reptiles. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Malleus cjm Wikipedia ear AAO:0011014 BTO:0000368 EFO:0000826 EHDAA2:0000423 EHDAA:502 EMAPA:16193 EV:0100353 FMA:52780 GAID:62 MA:0000236 MAT:0000138 MESH:A.01.456.313 MIAA:0000138 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1062 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViXS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjL05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:1910005 Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001690 UBERON:FMA_52780-FMA_78500-MA_0000236-MIAA_0000138-XAO_0000189-ZFA_0001138 VHOG:0000330 XAO:0000189 auditory apparatus auris galen:Ear ncithesaurus:Ear uberon BTO:0000368 auris GO:0042471 Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. Wikipedia:Ear external ear AAO:0011037 BTO:0002100 EHDAA2:0000462 EHDAA:3786 EHDAA:5343 EHDAA:5352 EMAPA:16991 EV:0100354 FMA:52781 GAID:104 MA:0000258 MAT:0000147 MESH:A.09.246.272 MIAA:0000147 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1705 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOHtXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO]. SCTID:181176000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001691 UBERON:FMA_52781-MA_0000258-MIAA_0000147-XAO_0000190 VHOG:0000311 XAO:0000190 auricular region auricular region of head auris externa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gray907.png/200px-Gray907.png ncithesaurus:External_Ear outer ear uberon BTO:0002100 auris externa GO:0042473 Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO]. Wikipedia:External_ear basioccipital bone AAO:0000039 EMAPA:18705 FMA:52858 Large median unpaired cartilage bone that contacts the exocciptal, epiotic and pterotic dorsally, and the parasphenoid anteriorly. Forms the posteroventral hind margin of the cranium, articulates with the centrum of the first vertebra. Bears a posteroventral pharyngeal process that is flattened ventrally and opposes the pharyngeal teeth of the fifth pair of ceratobranchials[ZFA]. MA:0001462 SCTID:138976007 TAO:0000472 TODO - check FMA UBERON:0001692 UBERON:FMA_52858-MA_0001462-ZFA_0000472 VHOG:0001152 ZFA:0000472 basilar part of occipital bone basioccipital http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Parsbasilaris%28young%29.PNG/200px-Parsbasilaris%28young%29.PNG uberon definitional Large median unpaired cartilage bone that contacts the exocciptal, epiotic and pterotic dorsally, and the parasphenoid anteriorly. Forms the posteroventral hind margin of the cranium, articulates with the centrum of the first vertebra. Bears a posteroventral pharyngeal process that is flattened ventrally and opposes the pharyngeal teeth of the fifth pair of ceratobranchials[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Basilar_part_of_occipital_bone ZFIN:curator exoccipital bone AAO:0000147 EMAPA:18708 FMA:52859 MA:0001464 Paired cartilage bone that bears a large foramen (lateral occipital foramen). Contacts the supraoccipital dorsally, the epiotic laterally and the basioccipital ventrally. Forms the posterior hind margin of the cranium and borders the lateral and posterior margins of the forum (foramen) magnum. SCTID:139279001 TAO:0000661 TODO - check FMA - currently we place this as both of a zone of bone organ and an (endochondral) bone. Removed endochondral bone classification for now, violates disjointness axiom UBERON:0001693 UBERON:FMA_52859-MA_0001464-ZFA_0000661 VHOG:0001151 ZFA:0000661 exoccipital http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gray131.png/200px-Gray131.png lateral part of occipital bone uberon Paired cartilage bone that bears a large foramen (lateral occipital foramen). Contacts the supraoccipital dorsally, the epiotic laterally and the basioccipital ventrally. Forms the posterior hind margin of the cranium and borders the lateral and posterior margins of the forum (foramen) magnum. Wikipedia:Lateral_parts_of_occipital_bone ZFIN:curator definitional petrous part of temporal bone EHDAA2:0001452 EMAPA:17683 FMA:52871 GAID:234 MA:0001477 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.885.681 SCTID:361733004 The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull. The temporal bone supports that part of the face known as the temple. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001694 UBERON:FMA_52871-MA_0001477 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray137.png/200px-Gray137.png pars petrosa (os temporale) petromastoid part of temporal bone petrosal bone petrous bone temporal bone petrous part uberon The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull. The temporal bone supports that part of the face known as the temple. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Petrous_bone squamous part of temporal bone AAO:0000574 EMAPA:18021 FMA:52883 MA:0001473 SCTID:138672006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001695 UBERON:FMA_52883-MA_0001473 pars squamosa (os temporale) squamosal squamosal bone squamous bone the thin, platelike part of the temporal bone. uberon AAO:0000574 squamosal MP:0004423 the thin, platelike part of the temporal bone. orbit AAO:0000343 BTO:0004687 FMA:53074 GAID:223 MA:0002482 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.690 OpenCyc:Mx4rvW8EgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001697 UBERON:FMA_53074-MA_0002482 XAO:0003171 ZFA:0001410 galen:Orbit ncithesaurus:Orbit orbit of skull the orbital bone is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. uberon Wikipedia:Orbit_(anatomy) the orbital bone is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. foramen ovale of skull AAO:0000169 EHDAA2:0000551 EHDAA:10627 EMAPA:18711 FMA:53155 UBERON:0001698 UBERON:FMA_53155-MA_0001873 VHOG:0001189 foramen ovale foramen ovale (skull) foramen ovale basis cranii galen:ForamenOvaleBasisCranii ncithesaurus:Oval_Foramen one of the larger of the several holes at the base of the skull that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the anterior part of the sphenoid bone, posteriolateral to the foramen rotundum.. uberon FMA:53155 foramen ovale (skull) foramen ovale basis cranii galen:ForamenOvaleBasisCranii Wikipedia:Foramen_ovale_(skull) one of the larger of the several holes at the base of the skull that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the anterior part of the sphenoid bone, posteriolateral to the foramen rotundum.. AAO:0000169 FMA:53155 foramen ovale sensory root of facial nerve FMA:53410 SCTID:279927001 TAO:0000679 The nervus intermedius, or intermediate nerve, is the part of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) located between the motor component of the facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). It contains the sensory and parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve. Upon reaching the facial canal, it joins with the motor root of the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001699 UBERON:FMA_53410-ZFA_0000679 Wrisberg's nerve ZFA:0000679 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray788.png/200px-Gray788.png intermediate nerve nervus intermedius uberon The nervus intermedius, or intermediate nerve, is the part of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) located between the motor component of the facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). It contains the sensory and parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve. Upon reaching the facial canal, it joins with the motor root of the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intermediate_nerve FMA:53410 FMA:TA nervus intermedius geniculate ganglion EFO:0003669 EHDAA2:0000491 EHDAA2:0004623 EHDAA:5567 EHDAA:6644 EMAPA:16983 EMAPA:17569 Editor notes: resolve facial VII vs geniculate (see EHDAA2) FMA:53414 GAID:718 MA:0001076 MESH:A.08.340.390.380 SCTID:279076005 TAO:0001291 The geniculate ganglion is an L-shaped collection of fibers and sensory neurons of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head. It receives fibers from the motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components of the facial nerve and sends fibers that will innervate the lacrimal glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands, tongue, palate, pharynx, external auditory meatus, stapedius, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, and muscles of facial expression. Sensory and parasympathetic inputs are carried into the geniculate ganglion via the nervus intermedius. Motor fibers are carried via the facial nerve proper. The greater petrosal nerve, which carries sensory fibers as well as preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, emerges from the anterior aspect of the ganglion. The geniculate ganglion is one of several ganglia of the head and neck. Like the others, it is a bilaterally distributed structure, with each side of the face having a geniculate ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001700 UBERON:FMA_53414-MA_0001076-ZFA_0001291 VHOG:0000707 ZFA:0001291 facial VII ganglion facial ganglion gVII ganglion genicularum genicular ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray789.png/200px-Gray789.png ncithesaurus:Geniculate_Ganglion uberon The geniculate ganglion is an L-shaped collection of fibers and sensory neurons of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head. It receives fibers from the motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components of the facial nerve and sends fibers that will innervate the lacrimal glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands, tongue, palate, pharynx, external auditory meatus, stapedius, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, and muscles of facial expression. Sensory and parasympathetic inputs are carried into the geniculate ganglion via the nervus intermedius. Motor fibers are carried via the facial nerve proper. The greater petrosal nerve, which carries sensory fibers as well as preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, emerges from the anterior aspect of the ganglion. The geniculate ganglion is one of several ganglia of the head and neck. Like the others, it is a bilaterally distributed structure, with each side of the face having a geniculate ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion ZFA FMA glossopharyngeal ganglion EHDAA2:0000710 EHDAA:2838 EMAPA:16795 FMA:53471 MA:0001077 SCTID:244451008 TAO:0001301 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001701 UBERON:FMA_53471-ZFA_0001301 VHOG:0000702 ZFA:0001301 gIX ganglion of glosspharyngeal nerve glossopharyngeal IX ganglion petrosal ganglion the group of neuron cell bodies associated with the ninth cranial nerve. uberon ZFA ZFA ZFA:0001301 petrosal ganglion MA MA:0001077 glossopharyngeal IX ganglion MP:0001096 the group of neuron cell bodies associated with the ninth cranial nerve. ZFA eyelash An eyelash or simply lash is one of the hairs that grow at the edge of the eyelid. Eyelashes protect the eye from debris and perform some of the same function as whiskers do on a cat or a mouse in the sense that they are sensitive to being touched, thus providing a warning that an object is near the eye (which is then closed reflexively). The greek word for eyelash is "blepharis". This word is often used as a root in biological terms FMA:53669 GAID:73 MA:0002702 MESH:A.01.456.505.420.504.421 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi41pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244201001 UBERON:0001702 UBERON:FMA_53669-MA_0002702 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/N2_Human_eye.jpg/200px-N2_Human_eye.jpg ncithesaurus:Eyelash uberon An eyelash or simply lash is one of the hairs that grow at the edge of the eyelid. Eyelashes protect the eye from debris and perform some of the same function as whiskers do on a cat or a mouse in the sense that they are sensitive to being touched, thus providing a warning that an object is near the eye (which is then closed reflexively). The greek word for eyelash is "blepharis". This word is often used as a root in biological terms Wikipedia:Eyelash neurocranium AAO:0010153 EHDAA2:0000243 FMA:53672 It includes the following bones: Ethmoid bone, Frontal bone, Occipital bone, Parietal bone, Sphenoid bone, Temporal bone. The term cranium can be ambiguous, in that it can refer to the neurocranium, or the neurocranium and the Facial skeleton[WP] It seems MA uses 'neurocranium' as a synonym for chondrocranium. Note there are currently some structures part of both viscero and neurocranium - ethmoid, zyogomatic, ... MA:0000317 Portion of the skull which encloses the brain and special sense organs. The neurocranium arises from paraxial mesoderm in the head (first five somites and the unsegmented somitomeres rostral to the first somite) and from ectoderm via the neural crest. In Chondrichthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates this portion of the cranium does not ossify; it is not replaced via endochondral ossification. SCTID:361731002 TAO:0001580 UBERON:0001703 UBERON:FMA_53672-ZFA_0001580 XAO:0003170 ZFA:0001580 brain box brain case brain pan braincase uberon Grays:Grays Portion of the skull which encloses the brain and special sense organs. The neurocranium arises from paraxial mesoderm in the head (first five somites and the unsegmented somitomeres rostral to the first somite) and from ectoderm via the neural crest. In Chondrichthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates this portion of the cranium does not ossify; it is not replaced via endochondral ossification. Wikipedia:Neuroranium ZFA:0001580 ZFA:0001580 brain case brain pan http://www.thefreedictionary.com/braincase ZFA:0001580 braincase viscerocranium AAO:0010157 EHDAA2:0002206 EHDAA:8361 EMAPA:18022 FMA:53673 Includes: * Inferior nasal concha * Lacrimal bone * Mandible * Maxilla * Nasal bone * Palatine bone * Vomer * Zygomatic bone. The hyoid is sometimes included, and sometimes excluded (FMA includes it)[WP] See also notes for ethmoid bone. MA:0000318 The part of skull that is derived from branchial arches. The facial bones are the bones of the anterior and lower human skull. The splanchnocranium is derived from the neural crest cells (also responsible for the development of the neurocranium or, teeth and adrenal medulla)or from scleratone found in the somite block of the mesoderm. As with the neurocranium, in Chondricthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates, they are not replaced via endochondral ossification. In tetrapods, such as amphibians and reptiles, the columella connecting to the tympanum is derived from the splanchnocranium. in mammals, the splanchnocranium derives the bones of the inner ear, the malleus, the incus and stapes[WP]. the part of the skull that comprises the facial bones[MP]. UBERON:0001704 UBERON:FMA_53673-MA_0000318 VHOG:0000315 XAO:0003176 ZFA:0001216 facial bone facial skeleton http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg/200px-Illu_facial_bones.jpg pharyngeal arch skeleton pharyngeal skeleton splanchnocranium uberon ZFA:0001216 pharyngeal arch skeleton check-me MP:0005274 The part of skull that is derived from branchial arches. The facial bones are the bones of the anterior and lower human skull. The splanchnocranium is derived from the neural crest cells (also responsible for the development of the neurocranium or, teeth and adrenal medulla)or from scleratone found in the somite block of the mesoderm. As with the neurocranium, in Chondricthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates, they are not replaced via endochondral ossification. In tetrapods, such as amphibians and reptiles, the columella connecting to the tympanum is derived from the splanchnocranium. in mammals, the splanchnocranium derives the bones of the inner ear, the malleus, the incus and stapes[WP]. the part of the skull that comprises the facial bones[MP]. Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton ZFA:0001216 pharyngeal skeleton MA:0000318 facial bone Grays PMID:11237469 VHOG:0000315 Wikipedia:Viscerocranium ZFA:0001216 splanchnocranium nail BTO:0001719 EFO:0000956 EMAPA:18734 EMAPA:18735 EMAPA:18736 EMAPA:18737 EMAPA:18738 EMAPA:18739 EMAPA:18740 EMAPA:18741 EMAPA:18742 EMAPA:18743 EV:0100159 FMA:54326 GAID:1320 MA:0002703 MAT:0000158 MESH:A.17.600 MIAA:0000158 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjJv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:72651009 TODO: check claw vs nail. A primate's nail consists of the unguis alone; the subunguis has disappeared. UBERON:0001705 UBERON:FMA_54326-MA_0002703-MIAA_0000158 VHOG:0001361 XAO:0003103 a horn-like keratin structure covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes[WP]. claw galen:Nail ncithesaurus:Nail talon uberon FMA FMA Wikipedia:Nail_(anatomy) a horn-like keratin structure covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes[WP]. nasal septum AAO:0010135 EHDAA2:0001234 EHDAA2:0004104 EHDAA:6809 EMAPA:17608 FMA:54375 GAID:115 MA:0000285 MESH:A.02.165.639 OpenCyc:Mx4rv7e-k5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181197004 The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils. It is depressed by the Depressor septi nasi muscle. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001706 UBERON:FMA_54375-MA_0000285 VHOG:0000017 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray854.png/200px-Gray854.png ncithesaurus:Nasal_Septum uberon The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils. It is depressed by the Depressor septi nasi muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nasal_septum nasal cavity AAO:0000314 BTO:0002096 EHDAA2:0001226 EHDAA:6801 EMAPA:17604 FMA:54378 GAID:350 MA:0000284 MESH:A.04.531.449 SCTID:263481003 TAO:0000130 UBERON:0001707 UBERON:FMA_54378-MA_0000284-ZFA_0000130 VHOG:0000271 ZFA:0000130 a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face[WP]. cavitas nasalis cavitas nasi cavity of nose http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg/200px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg nasal canal nasal fossa nasal pit ncithesaurus:Nasal_Cavity olfactory cavity olfactory pit the cavity includes and starts at the nares and reaches all the way through to the and includes the choanae, the posterior nasal apertures[HP] uberon MA ZFA:0000130 nasal canal MA Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity nasal fossa BTO:0002096 cavitas nasalis Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face[WP]. BTO:0002096 cavitas nasi ZFA:0000130 olfactory pit jaw AAO:0000988 BTO:0001749 Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA[MESH]. Editor notes: in FMA, the jaw is an organism subdivision cluster, and includes mucosal tissue such as the gingiva as parts. It appears to be skeletal in MA. It is reasonable to assume that ZFA and XAO consider the upper and lower jaws to be skeletal elements or clusters. EHDAA2 also considers these clusters. These arbitrary differences in terminology and classification have to be reconciled with the genuine well-known biological differences in the skeletal elements across vertebrates. Development notes: There are cellular contributions from all three embryonic germ layers: pharyngeal mesoderm, endoderm and neural crest that migrates out of the ectoderm (Noden, 1983). Function notes: consider adding a generic grouping class such as 'articulated structure of mouth' FMA:54396 GAID:214 MA:0001905 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.502 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001227 UBERON:0001708 UBERON:FMA_54396-MA_0001905-ZFA_0001227 ZFA:0001227 galen:Jaw jaw cartilage jaws mandibular arch mandibular arch skeleton ncithesaurus:Jaw oral jaw skeleton pharyngeal arch 1 skeleton uberon visceral arch 1 ZFA:0001227 mandibular arch skeleton Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA[MESH]. Wikipedia:Jaw ZFA:0001227 jaw cartilage upper jaw AAO:0000620 EFO:0003659 EHDAA2:0002118 EHDAA:8025 EMAPA:17924 FMA:54397 MA:0001908 Note isa/partof difference MA/FMA TAO:0001272 The dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the upper jaw. UBERON:0001709 UBERON:FMA_54397-MA_0001908-XAO_0003087-ZFA_0001272 VHOG:0000454 XAO:0003087 ZFA:0001272 dorsal mandibular arch dorsal visceral arch 1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gray189.png/200px-Gray189.png ncithesaurus:Upper_Jaw palatoquadrate arch uberon upper pharyngeal jaw upper pharyngeal jaws ZFA:0001272 upper pharyngeal jaw ZFA:0001272 dorsal visceral arch 1 The dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the upper jaw. Wikipedia:Upper_jaw ZFIN:curator lower jaw . AAO:0000272 EFO:0003660 EHDAA2:0001018 EHDAA2:0001059 EHDAA:7995 EMAPA:17906 EMAPA:18290 FMA:54398 MA:0001906 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.502.632 TAO:0001273 UBERON:0001710 UBERON:FMA_54398-MA_0001906-XAO_0003084-ZFA_0001273 VHOG:0000453 XAO:0003084 ZFA:0001273 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray176.png/200px-Gray176.png mandible mandibular series ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw uberon ventral mandibular arch . Wikipedia:Lower_jaw Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence eyelid An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects an eye. With the exception of the prepuce and the labia minora, it has the thinnest skin of the whole body. The levator palpebrae superioris muscle retracts the eyelid to 'open' the eye. This can be either voluntarily or involuntarily. The human eyelid features a row of eyelashes which serve to heighten the protection of the eye from dust and foreign debris, as well as from perspiration. 'Palpebral' (and 'blepharo') means relating to the eyelids. Its key function is to regularly spread the tears and other secretion on the eye surface to keep it moist, since the cornea must be continuously moist. They keep the eyes from drying out when asleep. Moreover, the blink reflex protects the eye from foreign bodies. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002241 EHDAA2:0000487 EHDAA:9037 EMAPA:17829 EV:0100338 FMA:54437 GAID:72 MA:0000268 MESH:A.01.456.505.420.504 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi4m5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:265782007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001711 UBERON:FMA_54437-MA_0000268 VHOG:0000016 blepharon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg/200px-Eye_makeup.jpg ncithesaurus:Eyelid palpebra uberon An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects an eye. With the exception of the prepuce and the labia minora, it has the thinnest skin of the whole body. The levator palpebrae superioris muscle retracts the eyelid to 'open' the eye. This can be either voluntarily or involuntarily. The human eyelid features a row of eyelashes which serve to heighten the protection of the eye from dust and foreign debris, as well as from perspiration. 'Palpebral' (and 'blepharo') means relating to the eyelids. Its key function is to regularly spread the tears and other secretion on the eye surface to keep it moist, since the cornea must be continuously moist. They keep the eyes from drying out when asleep. Moreover, the blink reflex protects the eye from foreign bodies. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Eyelid upper eyelid EHDAA2:0002115 EHDAA:9047 EMAPA:17834 FMA:54439 MA:0001267 OpenCyc:Mx4rvg4ohJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244499008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001712 UBERON:FMA_54439-MA_0001267 VHOG:0000389 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg/200px-Eye_makeup.jpg ncithesaurus:Upper_Eyelid palpebra superior superior eyelid uberon FMA:54439 FMA:TA palpebra superior lower eyelid AAO:0010349 EHDAA2:0001015 EHDAA:9041 EMAPA:17831 FMA:54442 MA:0001263 OpenCyc:Mx4rvW6GtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362528002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001713 UBERON:FMA_54442-MA_0001263-XAO_0000007 VHOG:0000388 XAO:0000007 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg/200px-Eye_makeup.jpg inferior eyelid ncithesaurus:Lower_Eyelid palpebra inferior uberon FMA:54442 FMA:TA palpebra inferior cranial ganglion BTO:0000106 EFO:0000902 EMAPA:16659 Editor note: split out MA ter,. Note the MA term is part of the CNS. This needs to be checked w.r.t relationship between ganglia and the PNS, as the PNS and CNS are spatially disjoint. also meaning of MA term is not clear (appears to be union of nerve and ganglion, but MA 'cranial nerve' is unconnected) FMA:54502 Ganglion of a cranial nerve[cjm]. MA:0000213 MA:0000214 MAT:0000200 MIAA:0000200 SCTID:244448001 TAO:0000013 UBERON:0001714 UBERON:0003213 VHOG:0000076 XAO:0000027 ZFA:0000013 cranial ganglia cranial ganglion cranial ganglion/nerve cranial nerve ganglion cranial neural ganglion cranial neural tree organ ganglion ganglion of cranial nerve ganglion of cranial neural tree organ head ganglion presumptive cranial ganglia uberon OBOL:automatic cranial neural tree organ ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of cranial neural tree organ FMA:54502 ganglion of cranial nerve Ganglion of a cranial nerve[cjm]. Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve_ganglion ZFA:0000013 presumptive cranial ganglia oculomotor nuclear complex ABA:III BM:MB-III EFO:0002468 EHDAA2:0004211 EV:0100250 FMA:54510 MA:0001073 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1240 SCTID:362457000 TAO:0000553 The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle. From this nucleus the fibers pass forward through the tegmentum, the red nucleus, and the medial part of the substantia nigra, forming a series of curves with a lateral convexity, and emerge from the oculomotor sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral peduncle. The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve does not consist of a continuous column of cells, but is broken up into a number of smaller nuclei, which are arranged in two groups, anterior and posterior. Those of the posterior group are six in number, five of which are symmetrical on the two sides of the middle line, while the sixth is centrally placed and is common to the nerves of both sides. The anterior group consists of two nuclei, an antero-medial and an antero-lateral . The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, considered from a physiological standpoint, can be subdivided into several smaller groups of cells, each group controlling a particular muscle. A nearby nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, is responsible for the autonomic functions of the oculomotor nerve, including pupillary constriction and lens accommodation. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001715 UBERON:FMA_54510-ZFA_0000553 VHOG:0001389 ZFA:0000553 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png motor nucleus III nIII ncithesaurus:Oculomotor_Nucleus nucleus nervi oculomotorii nucleus of oculomotor nerve nucleus of third cranial nerve oculomotor III nucleus oculomotor nucleus third cranial nerve nucleus uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA MA:0001073 oculomotor III nucleus ABA ABA The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle. From this nucleus the fibers pass forward through the tegmentum, the red nucleus, and the medial part of the substantia nigra, forming a series of curves with a lateral convexity, and emerge from the oculomotor sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral peduncle. The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve does not consist of a continuous column of cells, but is broken up into a number of smaller nuclei, which are arranged in two groups, anterior and posterior. Those of the posterior group are six in number, five of which are symmetrical on the two sides of the middle line, while the sixth is centrally placed and is common to the nerves of both sides. The anterior group consists of two nuclei, an antero-medial and an antero-lateral . The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, considered from a physiological standpoint, can be subdivided into several smaller groups of cells, each group controlling a particular muscle. A nearby nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, is responsible for the autonomic functions of the oculomotor nerve, including pupillary constriction and lens accommodation. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_of_oculomotor_nerve ABA ABA FMA:54510 FMA:TA nucleus nervi oculomotorii ABA ABA secondary palate BTO:0001779 EMAPA:18948 FMA:54549 GAID:152 MA:0002476 MESH:A.14.521.658 Partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities[GO]. The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior bony hard palate, and the posterior fleshy soft palate or velum. The maxillary nerve branch of the trigeminal nerve (V) supplies sensory innervation to the palate[WP]. UBERON:0001716 UBERON:FMA_54549-FMA_55023-MA_0002476-MA_0002477-MIAA_0000161 definitive palate galen:Palate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg/200px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg ncithesaurus:Palate oral roof palate present in mammals and some reptiles. A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but, in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separate. The secondary palate is formed by bilateral medial extensions of maxillary processes. The extensions (palatine processes) meet at the midline, merging dorsally with nasal septum and rostrally with primary palate. The secondary palate (hard palate) separates nasal and oral cavities. Caudal extension of the secondary palate into the pharynx, forms a soft palate which divides the rostral pharynx into dorsal (nasopharynx) and ventral (oropharynx) chamber. roof of mouth uberon EMAPA:18948 GO:0060021 MA:0002476 palate GO:0060021 Partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities[GO]. The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior bony hard palate, and the posterior fleshy soft palate or velum. The maxillary nerve branch of the trigeminal nerve (V) supplies sensory innervation to the palate[WP]. Wikipedia:Palate Wikipedia:Secondary_palate EMAPA:18948 definitive palate spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve BM:VSp FMA:54565 GAID:605 MA:0001053 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.931.920 SCTID:369033006 The spinal trigeminal nucleus is a nucleus in the medulla that receives information about deep/crude touch, pain, and temperature from the ipsilateral face. The facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves also convey pain information from their areas to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001717 UBERON:FMA_54565-MA_0001053 VHOG:0001357 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png ncithesaurus:Nucleus_of_the_Spinal_Tract_of_the_Trigeminal_Nerve spinal nucleus of cranial nerve v spinal trigeminal nucleus trigeminal nerve spinal tract nucleus trigeminal spinal nucleus trigeminal v spinal sensory nucleus uberon The spinal trigeminal nucleus is a nucleus in the medulla that receives information about deep/crude touch, pain, and temperature from the ipsilateral face. The facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves also convey pain information from their areas to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus MA GO:0021741 spinal trigeminal nucleus MA mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve BM:Pons-5ME EV:0100252 FMA:54568 MA:0001057 Me5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1010 SCTID:369032001 TAO:0000312 The mesencephalic nucleus is involved with proprioception of the face, that is, the feeling of position of the muscles. Unlike many nuclei within the CNS, the mesencephalic nucleus contains no chemical synapses but are electrically coupled. Instead, neurons of this nucleus are pseudounipolar cells receiving proprioceptive information from the jaw, and sending projections to the motor trigeminal nucleus to mediate monosynaptic jaw reflexes. It is also the only structure in the CNS to contain the cell bodies of a primary afferent, which are usually contained within ganglia. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001718 UBERON:FMA_54568-ZFA_0000312 VHOG:0001354 ZFA:0000312 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png mesencephalic nucleus mesencephalic trigeminal V nucleus mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus nucleus of mesencephalic root of v part of midbrain tegmentum in NIF and MA. the neurons of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus are the only centrally located primary sensory neurons in amniotes; all others are extramedullary[PMID:11747082] trigeminal V mesencephalic nucleus trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus trigeminal nerve mesencepahlic nucleus uberon MA Me5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1010 GO:0021739 mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus The mesencephalic nucleus is involved with proprioception of the face, that is, the feeling of position of the muscles. Unlike many nuclei within the CNS, the mesencephalic nucleus contains no chemical synapses but are electrically coupled. Instead, neurons of this nucleus are pseudounipolar cells receiving proprioceptive information from the jaw, and sending projections to the motor trigeminal nucleus to mediate monosynaptic jaw reflexes. It is also the only structure in the CNS to contain the cell bodies of a primary afferent, which are usually contained within ganglia. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve NIF Wikipedia:Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve mesencephalic nucleus MA:0001057 trigeminal V mesencephalic nucleus nucleus ambiguus ABA:AMB BM:Me-AMB EHDAA2:0004305 EV:0100292 FMA:54588 MA:0001050 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2650 SCTID:280184006 The nucleus ambiguus (literally 'ambiguous nucleus') is a region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper medulla. It receives upper motor neuron innervation directly via the corticobulbar tract This nucleus gives rise to the efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve terminating in the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, as well as to the efferent motor fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) terminating in the stylopharyngeus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001719 UBERON:FMA_54588-MA_0001050 ambiguus nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray695.png/200px-Gray695.png ncithesaurus:Nucleus_Ambiguus uberon definitional The nucleus ambiguus (literally 'ambiguous nucleus') is a region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper medulla. It receives upper motor neuron innervation directly via the corticobulbar tract This nucleus gives rise to the efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve terminating in the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, as well as to the efferent motor fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) terminating in the stylopharyngeus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_ambiguus ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA cochlear nucleus FMA:54603 GAID:601 MA:0001012 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.428.600.135 SCTID:362463009 The cochlear nuclei consist of: (a) the dorsal cochlear nucleus, corresponding to the tuberculum acusticum on the dorso-lateral surface of the inferior peduncle; and (b) the ventral or accessory cochlear nucleus, placed between the two divisions of the nerve, on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001720 UBERON:FMA_54603-ZFA_0001638 ZFA:0001638 cochlear VIII nucleus cochlear nucleus of acoustic nerve cochlear nucleus of eighth cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray691.png/200px-Gray691.png ncithesaurus:Cochlear_Nucleus nucleus of cochlear nerve statoacoustic (VIII) nucleus uberon vestibulocochlear nucleus MA:0001012 cochlear VIII nucleus The cochlear nuclei consist of: (a) the dorsal cochlear nucleus, corresponding to the tuberculum acusticum on the dorso-lateral surface of the inferior peduncle; and (b) the ventral or accessory cochlear nucleus, placed between the two divisions of the nerve, on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cochlear_nucleus inferior vestibular nucleus ABA:SPIV BM:Me-VS-VSI BTO:0004369 EV:0100258 FMA:54608 MA:0001054 SCTID:280175006 The inferior vestibular nucleus is the vestibular nucleus which lies near the fourth ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001721 UBERON:FMA_54608-MA_0001054 descending vestibular nucleus ncithesaurus:Spinal_Vestibular_Nucleus spinal vestibular nucleus uberon ABA ABA FMA:54608 descending vestibular nucleus ABA FMA:54608 spinal vestibular nucleus The inferior vestibular nucleus is the vestibular nucleus which lies near the fourth ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_vestibular_nucleus medial vestibular nucleus ABA:MV BM:Me-VS-VSM BTO:0004371 FMA:54611 MA:0001048 SCTID:280174005 The medial vestibular nucleus is one of the vestibular nuclei. It is located in the medulla oblongata. Lateral vestibulo-spinal tract (lateral vestibular nucleus “Deiters”)- via ventrolateral medulla and spinal cord to ventral funiculus (lumbo-sacral segments). Ipsilaterally for posture Medial vestibulo-spinal tract (medial, lateral, inferior, vestibular nuclei), bilateral projection via descending medial longitudinal fasciculus to cervical segments. DESCENDING MLF. Bilaterally for head/neck/eye movements [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001722 UBERON:FMA_54611-MA_0001048 chief vestibular nucleus dorsal vestibular nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray700.png/200px-Gray700.png medial nucleus ncithesaurus:Medial_Vestibular_Nucleus nucleus of schwalbe nucleus triangularis principal vestibular nucleus schwalbe's nucleus triangular nucleus uberon FMA:54611 nucleus of schwalbe FMA:54611 triangular nucleus FMA:54611 chief vestibular nucleus FMA:54611 dorsal vestibular nucleus Wikipedia:Medial_vestibular_nucleus medial nucleus FMA:54611 schwalbe's nucleus The medial vestibular nucleus is one of the vestibular nuclei. It is located in the medulla oblongata. Lateral vestibulo-spinal tract (lateral vestibular nucleus “Deiters”)- via ventrolateral medulla and spinal cord to ventral funiculus (lumbo-sacral segments). Ipsilaterally for posture Medial vestibulo-spinal tract (medial, lateral, inferior, vestibular nuclei), bilateral projection via descending medial longitudinal fasciculus to cervical segments. DESCENDING MLF. Bilaterally for head/neck/eye movements [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_vestibular_nucleus ABA ABA FMA:54611 principal vestibular nucleus FMA:54611 FMA:TA nucleus triangularis ABA tongue AAO:0010360 BTO:0001385 EFO:0000833 EHDAA2:0002062 EHDAA:9144 EMAPA:17185 EMAPA:18870 EV:0100058 FMA:54640 GAID:816 MA:0000347 MAT:0000040 MESH:A.14.549.885 MIAA:0000040 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjmJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA_53KXLq9EdqAAAACs6hnmQ SCTID:181226008 The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech[GO]. UBERON:0001723 UBERON:FMA_54640-MA_0000347-MIAA_0000040-XAO_0000446 VHOG:0000419 XAO:0000446 ZFA:0005333 editor notes - in MA the tongue is part of the oral region, which in uberon is treated as the oral opening. consider revising oral opening - oral region equivalence. Taxon notes: Many species of fish have small folds at the base of their mouths that might informally be called tongues, but they lack a muscular structure like the true tongues found in most tetrapods. Development notes: The tongue has contributions from all pharyngeal arches which changes with time. The tongue initially begins as swelling rostral to foramen cecum, the median tongue bud.. tongue muscles derive from the somites - http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Tongue_Development#Pharyngeal_Arch_Contributions http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tongue.agr.jpg/200px-Tongue.agr.jpg ncithesaurus:Tongue uberon BTO FMA GO:0043586 The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech[GO]. Wikipedia:Tongue definitional MA GO anterior 2/3 Wikipedia Wikipedia sphenoidal sinus FMA:54683 GAID:359 MA:0001795 MESH:A.04.531.621.827 One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating with the highest meatus of the nasal cavity on the same side[MESH]. The sphenoidal sinuses (or sphenoid) contained within the body of the sphenoid vary in size and shape; owing to the lateral displacement of the intervening septum they are rarely symmetrical. The following are their average measurements: vertical height, 2.2 cm. ; transverse breadth, 2 cm. ; antero-posterior depth, 2.2 cm. [WP,unvetted]. OpenCyc:Mx4rwEIoz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181207000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001724 UBERON:FMA_54683-MA_0001795 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gray856.png/200px-Gray856.png ncithesaurus:Sphenoid_Sinus sphenoid sinus uberon MESH:A.04.531.621.827 One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating with the highest meatus of the nasal cavity on the same side[MESH]. The sphenoidal sinuses (or sphenoid) contained within the body of the sphenoid vary in size and shape; owing to the lateral displacement of the intervening septum they are rarely symmetrical. The following are their average measurements: vertical height, 2.2 cm. ; transverse breadth, 2 cm. ; antero-posterior depth, 2.2 cm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sphenoidal_sinus MA cranial synchondrosis FMA:54816 MA:0001502 SCTID:314228003 UBERON:0001725 UBERON:FMA_54816-MA_0001502 the cartilaginous joints of the skull; these include sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis, sphenooccipital synchondrosis, sphenopetrosal synchondrosis, petrooccipital synchondrosis, anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis and posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. uberon FMA http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=87514 the cartilaginous joints of the skull; these include sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis, sphenooccipital synchondrosis, sphenopetrosal synchondrosis, petrooccipital synchondrosis, anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis and posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. papilla of tongue FMA:54819 MA:0001593 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4102 SCTID:368728006 UBERON:0001726 UBERON:FMA_54819-MA_0001593 lingual papilla ncithesaurus:Papilla_of_the_Tongue tongue papilla uberon FMA-modified taste bud AAO:0010573 BTO:0000989 Editor notes: todo - account for non-tongue taste buds. Development notes: arise by inductive interactions between epithelial cells and invading gustatory cells from chorda tympani (facial), glossophrayngeal and vagues nerves ISBN10:1607950324 (todo - request cell terms from CL) Taste buds form in greatest concentration on the dorsal surface of the tongue FMA:54825 GAID:815 MA:0001591 MESH:A.08.800.550.700.120.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4101 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjan5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362099006 TAO:0001074 Taste buds are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis that provide information about the taste of food being eaten. These structures are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (or savory). Via small openings in the tongue epithelium, called taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in saliva come into contact with the taste receptors. These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves. The human tongue has about 10,000 taste buds. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001727 UBERON:FMA_54825-MA_0001591-XAO_0000445-ZFA_0001074 VHOG:0000130 XAO:0000445 ZFA:0001074 caliculus gustatorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gray1018.png/200px-Gray1018.png taste buds taste-bud tastebud tastebuds uberon Wikipedia:Taste_bud caliculus gustatorius Wikipedia Wikipedia:Taste_bud taste-bud Wikipedia:Taste_bud taste buds Wikipedia:Taste_bud tastebuds http://dev.biologists.org/content/128/22/4573.full NIF Taste buds are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis that provide information about the taste of food being eaten. These structures are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (or savory). Via small openings in the tongue epithelium, called taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in saliva come into contact with the taste receptors. These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves. The human tongue has about 10,000 taste buds. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Taste_bud ZFA Wikipedia:Taste_bud tastebud ZFA nasopharynx BTO:0000662 EHDAA2:0001239 EHDAA:7086 EMAPA:17670 EMAPA:25092 EV:0100066 FMA:54878 GAID:339 MA:0000443 MAT:0000447 MESH:A.03.867.557 Nasenrachenraum OpenCyc:Mx4rwUPoDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181200003 UBERON:0001728 UBERON:FMA_54878-MA_0000443 VHOG:0000375 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Illu_pharynx.jpg/200px-Illu_pharynx.jpg nasal part of pharynx ncithesaurus:Nasopharynx rhinopharynx uberon uppermost part of the pharynx. It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate;[1] it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent (open)[WP]. In front it communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. BTO:0000662 Nasenrachenraum Wikipedia:Nasopharynx uppermost part of the pharynx. It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate;[1] it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent (open)[WP]. In front it communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. oropharynx EFO:0001976 EHDAA2:0004082 EMAPA:25094 EV:0100067 FMA:54879 GAID:340 MA:0000351 MAT:0000446 MESH:A.03.867.603 OpenCyc:Mx4rwACoxpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:263376008 The Oropharynx (oral part of the pharynx) reaches from the Uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the two palatine arches, is the palatine tonsil. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001729 UBERON:FMA_54879-MA_0000351 VAO:0000034 VHOG:0000457 XAO:0004048 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Illu_pharynx.jpg/200px-Illu_pharynx.jpg ncithesaurus:Oropharynx oral part of pharynx uberon The Oropharynx (oral part of the pharynx) reaches from the Uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the two palatine arches, is the palatine tonsil. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Oropharynx ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 extrinsic ligament of larynx FMA:54921 MA:0001756 SCTID:279550004 UBERON:0001730 UBERON:FMA_54921-MA_0001756 laryngeal extrinsic ligament uberon cavity of pharynx AAO:0010435 BTO:0002097 EMAPA:18381 EMAPA:18869 FMA:54935 SCTID:180543003 Taxon notes: See notes for pharynx - as a grouping class this is probably too bad. We exclude WBbt:0005790 (pharyngeal lumen) because of the developmental relationship. Development notes: TOODO check UBERON:0001731 UBERON:FMA_54935-XAO_0000105 XAO:0000105 cavitas pharyngis lumen of pharynx pharyngeal cavity uberon XAO BTO:0002097 cavitas pharyngis XAO pharyngeal tonsil Adenoids (or pharyngeal tonsils, or nasopharyngeal tonsils) are a mass of lymphoid tissue situated at the very back of the nose, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the mouth. Normally, in children, they make a soft mound in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx, just above and behind the uvula. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0000777 EFO:0001401 EV:0100054 FMA:54970 GAID:1288 MA:0000774 MESH:A.15.382.520.604.084 Rachenmandel SCTID:181199001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001732 UBERON:FMA_54970-MA_0000774 adenoid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gray994-adenoid.png/200px-Gray994-adenoid.png nasopharyngeal tonsil ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Tonsil tonsil of luschka uberon BTO:0000777 Rachenmandel Adenoids (or pharyngeal tonsils, or nasopharyngeal tonsils) are a mass of lymphoid tissue situated at the very back of the nose, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the mouth. Normally, in children, they make a soft mound in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx, just above and behind the uvula. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_tonsil soft palate EMAPA:18949 FMA:55021 GAID:1284 MA:0002412 MAT:0000039 MESH:A.14.549.617.780 MIAA:0000039 SCTID:245784004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001733 UBERON:FMA_55021-MA_0002412-MIAA_0000039 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tonsils_diagram.jpg/200px-Tonsils_diagram.jpg muscular palate ncithesaurus:Soft_Palate soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth. The soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in that it does not contain bone[WP]. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate[GO]. uberon velum FMA Wikipedia:Soft_palate velum GO:0060023 Wikipedia:Soft_palate soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth. The soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in that it does not contain bone[WP]. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate[GO]. Wikipedia:Soft_palate muscular palate uvula Conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers. The uvula, hanging from the end of the soft palate, is responsible for the sound of snoring. Touching the uvula or the end of the soft palate evokes a strong gag reflex in most people. EFO:0001386 FMA:55022 GAID:1285 MESH:A.14.549.617.780.729 SCTID:362082005 UBERON:0001734 UBERON:FMA_55022-MA_0001006 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tonsils_diagram.jpg/200px-Tonsils_diagram.jpg ncithesaurus:Uvula palatine uvula uberon uvula of palate uvula palatina Conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers. The uvula, hanging from the end of the soft palate, is responsible for the sound of snoring. Touching the uvula or the end of the soft palate evokes a strong gag reflex in most people. Wikipedia:Palatine_uvula FMA:55022 FMA:TA uvula palatina tonsillar ring FMA:55070 MA:0000752 SCTID:56411004 UBERON:0001735 UBERON:FMA_55070-MA_0000752 Waldeyer's ring Waldeyer's tonsillar ring anulus lymphoideus pharyngis lymphoid tissue ring located in the pharynx and to the back of the oral cavity. The ring consists of (from superior to inferior): Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as 'adenoids' when infected) Tubal tonsil (where Eustachian tube opens in the nasopharynx) Palatine tonsils (commonly called 'the tonsils' in the vernacular, less commonly termed 'faucial tonsils') Lingual tonsils Some animals, but not humans, have one or two additional tonsils: Soft palate tonsil Paraepiglottic tonsil[WP]. ncithesaurus:Waldeyers_Tonsillar_Ring oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue pharyngeal lymphatic ring pharyngeal lymphoid ring see also FMA:79771 naso-pharyngeal lymphoid tissue uberon MA Wikipedia:Waldeyer's_ring lymphoid tissue ring located in the pharynx and to the back of the oral cavity. The ring consists of (from superior to inferior): Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as 'adenoids' when infected) Tubal tonsil (where Eustachian tube opens in the nasopharynx) Palatine tonsils (commonly called 'the tonsils' in the vernacular, less commonly termed 'faucial tonsils') Lingual tonsils Some animals, but not humans, have one or two additional tonsils: Soft palate tonsil Paraepiglottic tonsil[WP]. FMA:55070 FMA:TA anulus lymphoideus pharyngis submandibular gland BTO:0001316 EFO:0001387 EMAPA:18812 EV:0100061 FMA:55093 GAID:942 MA:0001589 MESH:A.10.336.779.812 SCTID:181235001 TODO check SSG vs SG The paired submandibular glands (submaxillary glands) are salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. In humans, they account for 70% of the salivary volume and weigh about 15 grams. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001736 UBERON:FMA_55093-MA_0001589 VHOG:0000364 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg ncithesaurus:Submandibular_Gland submandibular salivary gland submaxillary gland uberon The paired submandibular glands (submaxillary glands) are salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. In humans, they account for 70% of the salivary volume and weigh about 15 grams. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submandibular_gland larynx AAO:0000268 BTO:0001208 EFO:0000838 EHDAA2:0004063 EMAPA:18333 EV:0100039 FMA:55097 GAID:108 Heterogeneous cluster that connects the pharynx to the tracheobronchial tree[FMA]. MA:0000414 MAT:0000187 MESH:A.04.329 MIAA:0000187 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViOnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181212004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001737 UBERON:FMA_55097-MA_0000414-MIAA_0000187-XAO_0003081 VHOG:0001279 XAO:0003081 galen:Larynx ncithesaurus:Larynx uberon FMA:55097 Heterogeneous cluster that connects the pharynx to the tracheobronchial tree[FMA]. Wikipedia:Larynx EHDAA2 thyroid cartilage BTO:0003655 EHDAA2:0002030 EHDAA:9395 EMAPA:18698 FMA:55099 GAID:112 MA:0001764 MESH:A.02.165.507.870 SCTID:263483000 The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. It is composed of two plate-like laminae that fuse on the anterior side of the cartilage to form a peak, called the laryngeal prominence. This prominence is often referred to as the 'pomus Adamus' or 'Adam's apple'. The laryngeal prominence is more prominent in adult male than female because of the difference in the size of the angle: 90° in male and 120° in female. The lip of the thyroid cartilage just superior to the laryngeal prominence is called the superior thyroid notch, while the notch inferior to the thyroid angle is called the inferior thyroid notch. Its posterior border is elongated both inferiorly and superiorly to form the superior horn of thyroid cartilage and inferior horn of thyroid cartilage. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001738 UBERON:FMA_55099-MA_0001764 VHOG:0001365 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg/200px-Larynx_external_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Cartilage uberon Wikipedia The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. It is composed of two plate-like laminae that fuse on the anterior side of the cartilage to form a peak, called the laryngeal prominence. This prominence is often referred to as the 'pomus Adamus' or 'Adam's apple'. The laryngeal prominence is more prominent in adult male than female because of the difference in the size of the angle: 90° in male and 120° in female. The lip of the thyroid cartilage just superior to the laryngeal prominence is called the superior thyroid notch, while the notch inferior to the thyroid angle is called the inferior thyroid notch. Its posterior border is elongated both inferiorly and superiorly to form the superior horn of thyroid cartilage and inferior horn of thyroid cartilage. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thyroid_cartilage laryngeal cartilage BTO:0003660 EHDAA:8157 EMAPA:18697 FMA:55108 GAID:107 MA:0001758 MESH:A.02.165.507 SCTID:263482005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001739 UBERON:FMA_55108-MA_0001758 cartilage of larynx larynx cartilage ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Cartilage the cartilaginous structures that support the larynx. uberon FMA BTO MP:0002256 the cartilaginous structures that support the larynx. arytenoid cartilage AAO:0000674 EMAPA:18695 FMA:55109 GAID:109 MA:0001759 MESH:A.02.165.507.083 SCTID:264446005 The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal cords are attached. Each is pyramidal in form, and has three surfaces, a base, and an apex. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001740 UBERON:FMA_55109-MA_0001759 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray950.png/200px-Gray950.png ncithesaurus:Arytenoid_Cartilage uberon Wikipedia The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal cords are attached. Each is pyramidal in form, and has three surfaces, a base, and an apex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Arytenoid_cartilage corniculate cartilage FMA:55110 MA:0001885 SCTID:278989005 Santorini's cartilage The corniculate cartilages (cartilages of Santorini) are two small conical nodules consisting of yellow elastic cartilage, which articulate with the summits of the arytenoid cartilages and serve to prolong them posteriorly and medially. They are situated in the posterior parts of the aryepiglottic folds of mucous membrane, and are sometimes fused with the arytenoid cartilages. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001741 UBERON:FMA_55110-MA_0001885 cartilage of Santorini http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gray952.png/200px-Gray952.png ncithesaurus:Corniculate_Cartilage uberon FMA MA The corniculate cartilages (cartilages of Santorini) are two small conical nodules consisting of yellow elastic cartilage, which articulate with the summits of the arytenoid cartilages and serve to prolong them posteriorly and medially. They are situated in the posterior parts of the aryepiglottic folds of mucous membrane, and are sometimes fused with the arytenoid cartilages. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Corniculate_cartilage epiglottic cartilage FMA:55112 MA:0001763 SCTID:278990001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001742 UBERON:FMA_55112-MA_0001763 ncithesaurus:Epiglottic_Cartilage the most superior of the laryngeal cartilages, which is found at the root of the tongue and folds back over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing. uberon MP:0002259 the most superior of the laryngeal cartilages, which is found at the root of the tongue and folds back over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing. ligament of larynx A ligament that is part of a larynx [Obol]. FMA:55131 MA:0001755 SCTID:279508004 UBERON:0001743 UBERON:FMA_55131-MA_0001755 laryngeal ligament larynx ligament ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Ligament uberon A ligament that is part of a larynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA lymphoid tissue BTO:0000753 FMA:55220 GAID:342 MA:0002436 MESH:A.10.549 Portion of connective tissue with various types of white blood cells enmeshed in it, most numerous being the lymphocytes[WP]. SCTID:181768009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001744 UBERON:FMA_55220-MA_0002436 galen:LymphoidTissue lymphatic tissue lymphocytic tissue ncithesaurus:Lymphoid_Tissue uberon Portion of connective tissue with various types of white blood cells enmeshed in it, most numerous being the lymphocytes[WP]. Wikipedia:Lymphoid_tissue secondary nodular lymphoid tissue BTO:0003671 EV:0100051 FMA:55224 GAID:946 MA:0000744 MESH:A.10.549.250 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001745 UBERON:FMA_55224-MA_0000744 germinal center http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Keimzentrum.jpg/200px-Keimzentrum.jpg lymph node germinal center lymph node secondary follicle ncithesaurus:Germinal_Center peripheral lymphoid tissue secondary lymphoid nodule secondary lymphoid tissue sites within lymph nodes in peripheral lymph tissues where intense mature B lymphocytes, otherwise known as Centrocytes rapidly proliferate, differentiate, mutate through somatic hypermutation and class switch during antibody responses. Germinal centers are an important part of the B-cell humoral immune response. They develop dynamically after the activation of B-cells by T-dependent antigen. Histologically, the GCs describe microscopically distinguishable parts in lymphoid tissues[WP]. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation[GO]. uberon GO:0002467 Wikipedia:Germinal_center sites within lymph nodes in peripheral lymph tissues where intense mature B lymphocytes, otherwise known as Centrocytes rapidly proliferate, differentiate, mutate through somatic hypermutation and class switch during antibody responses. Germinal centers are an important part of the B-cell humoral immune response. They develop dynamically after the activation of B-cells by T-dependent antigen. Histologically, the GCs describe microscopically distinguishable parts in lymphoid tissues[WP]. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation[GO]. fibrous capsule of thyroid gland FMA:55513 MA:0002675 SCTID:176859009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001746 UBERON:FMA_55513-MA_0002675 ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Gland_Capsule thyroid capsule thyroid gland capsule uberon parenchyma of thyroid gland A parenchyma that is part of a thyroid follicle [Obol]. BTO:0004579 FMA:55515 MA:0000730 SCTID:371402001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001747 UBERON:FMA_55515-MA_0000730 parenchyma of thyroid parenchyma of thyroid follicle parenchyma of thyroid gland follicle thyroid follicle parenchyma thyroid gland follicle parenchyma thyroid gland parenchyma thyroid parenchyma uberon OBOL:automatic thyroid follicle parenchyma OBOL:automatic thyroid gland follicle parenchyma OBOL:automatic parenchyma of thyroid OBOL:automatic parenchyma of thyroid follicle OBOL:automatic thyroid parenchyma OBOL:automatic parenchyma of thyroid gland follicle A parenchyma that is part of a thyroid follicle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic capsule of parathyroid gland FMA:55566 MA:0002676 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001748 UBERON:FMA_55566-MA_0002676 ncithesaurus:Parathyroid_Gland_Capsule parathyroid gland capsule uberon parenchyma of parathyroid gland A parenchyma that is part of a parathyroid gland [Obol]. FMA:55569 MA:0002677 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001749 UBERON:FMA_55569-MA_0002677 parathyroid gland parenchyma parathyroid parenchyma parenchyma of parathyroid uberon A parenchyma that is part of a parathyroid gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic parenchyma of parathyroid OBOL:automatic parathyroid parenchyma lacrimal apparatus FMA:55605 GAID:901 MA:0000274 MESH:A.09.371.463 The lacrimal apparatus is the physiologic system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage. It consists of: (a) the lacrimal gland, which secretes the tears, and its excretory ducts, which convey the fluid to the surface of the eye; (b) the lacrimal canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct, by which the fluid is conveyed into the cavity of the nose. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001750 UBERON:FMA_55605-MA_0000274 nasolacrimal drainage system ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Apparatus todo - resolve canaliculus vs tear duct vs lacrimal vs nasolacrimal uberon UBERON:cjm nasolacrimal drainage system The lacrimal apparatus is the physiologic system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage. It consists of: (a) the lacrimal gland, which secretes the tears, and its excretory ducts, which convey the fluid to the surface of the eye; (b) the lacrimal canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct, by which the fluid is conveyed into the cavity of the nose. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_apparatus dentine BTO:0003453 Dentine is found in the fossil record as early as the late Cambrian, in fish, where it may have had a role in electrochemical sensing of the environment as well as assisting in defense[WP]. H&W describe a continuum atubular - meta/orthodentine - mesi/semidentine - cement and without cementoblasts. TODO - odontoid tissue. Editors note: note the asserted dual is_a parentage, as dentine is both skeletal tissue and a substance FMA:55628 GAID:1272 MA:0002542 MESH:A.14.254.900.280 SCTID:362112004 TAO:0005143 UBERON:0001751 UBERON:FMA_55628-MA_0002542-ZFA_0005143 VAO:0000069 XAO:0004051 ZFA:0005143 a tubular mineralized tissue[H&W]. In mammals - substance of tooth produced by odontoblasts; surrounds the pulp of the tooth and is subjacent to enamel and cement[FMA]. Mineralized collagen containing substance that forms the tooth structure[ZFA]. a calcified tissue of the body, and along with enamel, cementum, and pulp is one of the four major components of teeth[WP]. dentin dentine of tooth ncithesaurus:Dentin predentin uberon Wikipedia:Dentin ZFIN:curator a tubular mineralized tissue[H&W]. In mammals - substance of tooth produced by odontoblasts; surrounds the pulp of the tooth and is subjacent to enamel and cement[FMA]. Mineralized collagen containing substance that forms the tooth structure[ZFA]. a calcified tissue of the body, and along with enamel, cementum, and pulp is one of the four major components of teeth[WP]. MA:0002542 dentin GO:0070468 predentin enamel A dentine-like hypermineralized substance that covers the tooth tip. Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins[WP]. BTO:0001844 FMA:55629 MA:0002543 MESH:A.14.254.900.255 SCTID:362113009 TAO:0005142 Tooth enamel is also found in the dermal denticles of sharks UBERON:0000041. For the most part, research has shown that formation in animals is almost identical to formation in humans. The enamel organ, including the dental papilla, and ameloblasts function similarly.[53] The variations of enamel that are present are infrequent but sometimes important. Differences exist, certainly, in the morphology, number, and types of teeth among animals. H&W - highly mineralized, hard, prismatic, avascular outer layer of vertebrate teeth and some scales. Enamel is unique in being the only noncollagenous mineralized vertebrate skeletal tissue (Diekwisch, 2002). The enamel proteins amelogenin, enamelin, tuftelin, MMP-20, and EMSP-1 form a highly conserved family of matrix proteins (Satchell et al., 2002). Like dentine, enamel is both odontogenic and skeletogenic; enamel covers teeth and dermal skeletal tissues. Because of its very high mineral content, enamel is much more resistant to wear than dentine; some 96% of mammalian enamel is inorganic, and only 0.5% organic. // TODO - split enamel and enameloid UBERON:0001752 UBERON:FMA_55629-MA_0002543-ZFA_0005142 VAO:0000065 XAO:0004198 ZFA:0005142 enamel of tooth enameloid ncithesaurus:Enamel tooth enamel uberon A dentine-like hypermineralized substance that covers the tooth tip. Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins[WP]. Wikipedia:Enamel ZFIN:curator cementum A bone-like mineralized tissue secreted by cementoblasts on the surface of root dentine or, in some animals, crown enamel[Diekwisch 2001]. Substance of tooth produced by cementoblasts; surrounds the dentine of the root of the tooth[FMA]. a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. Cementum is excreted by cells called cementoblasts within the root of the tooth and is thickest at the root apex. Its coloration is yellowish and it is softer than enamel and dentin due to being less mineralized[WP]. BTO:0002525 Cementum, the supporting tissue that anchors mammalian and crocodylian teeth into their sockets, differs among species and can have features of dentine, of bone, and of calcified cartilage, as well as unique features. Cementum is deposited by cementoblasts onto existing dentine. As in bone and dentine, cementoblasts produce an organic matrix, the main constituent of which is collagen type I (Bosshardt, 2005), but cementum, dentine, and bone also share a number of important noncollagenous matrix components such as osteopontin, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, a2-HS- glycoprotein, dentine matrix protein, dentine sialoprotein, and den- tine phosphoprotein (McKee et al., 1996; Bosshardt, 2005). it has been argued that in all rodents and ruminants, cementum is a form of calcified cartilage[H&W] FMA:55630 MA:0002541 MESH:A.14.254.646.267 SCTID:362114003 UBERON:0001753 UBERON:FMA_55630-MA_0002541 VAO:0000062 XAO:0004196 cement cement of tooth cementum cementum of tooth ncithesaurus:Cementum uberon A bone-like mineralized tissue secreted by cementoblasts on the surface of root dentine or, in some animals, crown enamel[Diekwisch 2001]. Substance of tooth produced by cementoblasts; surrounds the dentine of the root of the tooth[FMA]. a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. Cementum is excreted by cells called cementoblasts within the root of the tooth and is thickest at the root apex. Its coloration is yellowish and it is softer than enamel and dentin due to being less mineralized[WP]. Wikipedia:Cementum dental pulp BTO:0000339 FMA:55631 GAID:1270 MA:0001599 MESH:A.14.254.900.260 SCTID:362110007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001754 UBERON:FMA_55631-MA_0001599 VHOG:0001469 ZFA:0005141 dental pulp cell http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tooth_Section.svg/200px-Tooth_Section.svg.png ncithesaurus:Dental_Pulp pulp of tooth the part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP]. tooth pulp uberon Wikipedia:Dental_pulp the part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP]. BTO:0000339 dental pulp cell ZFA:0005141 tooth pulp stylohyal A segment in the hyoidean arch between the epihyal and tympanohyal[biology-online]. The interhyal is a small rod-like element that connects the ventral and dorsal parts of the hyoid arch. It articulates laterally with the posterior end of the epihyal and medially at the cartilaginous junction between the hyomandibula and the symplectic. It remains cartilaginous in adult zebrafish and other cypriniforms[ZFA]. FMA:56472 TAO:0001511 TODO - check UBERON:0001755 UBERON:FMA_56472-ZFA_0001511 ZFA:0001511 distal part of styloid process interhyal bone interhyal cartilage uberon A segment in the hyoidean arch between the epihyal and tympanohyal[biology-online]. The interhyal is a small rod-like element that connects the ventral and dorsal parts of the hyoid arch. It articulates laterally with the posterior end of the epihyal and medially at the cartilaginous junction between the hyomandibula and the symplectic. It remains cartilaginous in adult zebrafish and other cypriniforms[ZFA]. ZFIN:curator http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Stylohyal middle ear AAO:0011065 BTO:0002099 EHDAA2:0001181 EHDAA:5693 EMAPA:17000 EV:0100357 FMA:56513 GAID:165 MA:0000253 MAT:0000146 MESH:A.09.246.397 MIAA:0000146 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1695 OpenCyc:Mx4rvbw1j5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181185000 The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO]. UBERON:0001756 UBERON:FMA_56513-MA_0000253-MIAA_0000146-XAO_0000191 VHOG:0000312 XAO:0000191 auris media ncithesaurus:Middle_Ear uberon BTO:0002099 auris media GO:0042474 The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO]. Wikipedia:Middle_ear pinna EHDAA2:0001467 EMAPA:17589 EV:0100355 FMA:56580 MA:0000259 OpenCyc:Mx4rvs_VC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:421159007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001757 UBERON:FMA_56580-MA_0000259 VHOG:0000460 Visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head. The purpose of the pinna is to collect sound. It does so by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the ear canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). The filtering effect of the human pinna preferentially selects sounds in the frequency range of human speech. In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat. auricle auricle of ear auricle of external ear auricula auricula (auris externa) galen:Auricle ncithesaurus:Auricle pinna of ear pinnae uberon Visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head. The purpose of the pinna is to collect sound. It does so by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the ear canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). The filtering effect of the human pinna preferentially selects sounds in the frequency range of human speech. In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat. Wikipedia:Pinna_(anatomy) pinnae Wikipedia:Auricula auricula periodontium BTO:0001021 FMA:56665 GAID:216 MESH:A.14.254.646 The tissues that invest or help to invest and support the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, gingivae, cementum, and alveolar and supporting bone[BTO]. UBERON:0001758 UBERON:FMA_56665-MA_0002467 ncithesaurus:Periodontium note FMA treats periodontium and periodontal ligament as the same paradentium periodontal ligament periodontal membrane tooth supporting structure uberon BTO:0001021 The tissues that invest or help to invest and support the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, gingivae, cementum, and alveolar and supporting bone[BTO]. Wikipedia:Periodontium MESH:A.14.254.646 tooth supporting structure MESH:A.14.254.646 paradentium cjm FMA:56665 periodontal ligament MA:0002467 periodontal membrane cjm vagus nerve AAO:0010475 BTO:0003472 CN-X Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart). EFO:0002549 FMA:5731 GAID:721 MA:0001106 MESH:A.08.800.050.050.925 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_801 OpenCyc:Mx4rviHk2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362466001 TAO:0000453 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001759 UBERON:FMA_5731-MA_0001106-XAO_0003097-ZFA_0000453 VHOG:0000737 Vagus nerve [X] XAO:0003097 ZFA:0000453 cranial nerve X galen:VagusNerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray791.png/200px-Gray791.png ncithesaurus:Vagus_Nerve nervus vagus nervus vagus [x] pneuomgastric nerve tenth cranial nerve uberon vagal nerve vagus vagus X nerve vagus nerve tree MA:0001106 vagus X nerve GO BTO:0003472 pneuomgastric nerve FMA:5731 FMA:TA nervus vagus [x] Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Vagus_nerve BTO:0003472 nervus vagus frontal sinus FMA:57417 GAID:357 MA:0001793 MESH:A.04.531.621.387 OpenCyc:Mx4rvqMUR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181205008 Sinuses are mucosa-lined airspaces within the bones of the face and skull. The frontal sinuses, situated behind the superciliary arches, are absent at birth, but are generally fairly well developed between the seventh and eighth years, only reaching their full size after puberty. The frontal bone is membranous at birth and there is rarely more than a recess until the bone tissue starts to ossify about age two. Consequently this structure does not show on radiographs before that time. Frontal sinuses are rarely symmetrical and the septum between them frequently deviates to one or other side of the middle line. Sinus development begins in the womb, but only the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses are present at birth. Approximately 5% of people have absent frontal sinuses. Their average measurements are as follows: height 28 mm, breadth 24 mm, depth 20 mm, creating a space of 6-7 ml. Each opens into the anterior part of the corresponding middle meatus of the nose through the frontonasal duct which traverses the anterior part of the labyrinth of the ethmoid. These structures then open into the hiatus semilunaris in the middle meatus. The mucous membrane in this sinus is innervated by the supraorbital nerve, which carries the postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers for mucous secretion from the facial nerve and supplied by the supraorbital artery and anterior ethmoidal artery. Through its copious mucus production, the sinus is an essential part of the immune defense/air filtration carried out by the nose. Nasal and sinal mucosae are ciliated and move mucus to the choanae and finally to the stomach. The thick upper layers of nasal mucus trap bacteria and small particles in tissue abundantly provided with immune cells, antibodies, and antibacterial proteins. The layers beneath are thinner and provide a substrate in which the cilia are able to beat and move the upper layer with its debris through the ostia toward the choanae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001760 UBERON:FMA_57417-MA_0001793 cavity of frontal bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nnh_front.svg/200px-Nnh_front.svg.png ncithesaurus:Frontal_Sinus uberon Sinuses are mucosa-lined airspaces within the bones of the face and skull. The frontal sinuses, situated behind the superciliary arches, are absent at birth, but are generally fairly well developed between the seventh and eighth years, only reaching their full size after puberty. The frontal bone is membranous at birth and there is rarely more than a recess until the bone tissue starts to ossify about age two. Consequently this structure does not show on radiographs before that time. Frontal sinuses are rarely symmetrical and the septum between them frequently deviates to one or other side of the middle line. Sinus development begins in the womb, but only the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses are present at birth. Approximately 5% of people have absent frontal sinuses. Their average measurements are as follows: height 28 mm, breadth 24 mm, depth 20 mm, creating a space of 6-7 ml. Each opens into the anterior part of the corresponding middle meatus of the nose through the frontonasal duct which traverses the anterior part of the labyrinth of the ethmoid. These structures then open into the hiatus semilunaris in the middle meatus. The mucous membrane in this sinus is innervated by the supraorbital nerve, which carries the postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers for mucous secretion from the facial nerve and supplied by the supraorbital artery and anterior ethmoidal artery. Through its copious mucus production, the sinus is an essential part of the immune defense/air filtration carried out by the nose. Nasal and sinal mucosae are ciliated and move mucus to the choanae and finally to the stomach. The thick upper layers of nasal mucus trap bacteria and small particles in tissue abundantly provided with immune cells, antibodies, and antibacterial proteins. The layers beneath are thinner and provide a substrate in which the cilia are able to beat and move the upper layer with its debris through the ostia toward the choanae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Frontal_sinus MA FMA:57417 cavity of frontal bone foramen caecum of thyroid EHDAA2:0000550 EHDAA:2150 EHDAA:2977 EMAPA:17069 EMAPA:18828 MA:0000725 UBERON:0001761 UBERON:FMA_57443-MA_0000725 VHOG:0000826 foramen caecum uberon MA:0000725 foramen caecum nasal concha EHDAA2:0004101 EMAPA:25093 GAID:224 In anatomy, a nasal concha (or turbinate) is a long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) which protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose. Turbinate bone refers to any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in vertebrates. In humans, the turbinates divide the nasal airway into three groove-like air passages –and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface of cilia and climate controlling tissue. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000286 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.948 Note that FMA considers nasal concha and nasal concha of ethmoid bone to be synonymous. We disambiguate these here OpenCyc:Mx4rv07bVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361931007 UBERON:0001762 UBERON:FMA_57456-MA_0000286 concha http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray153.png/200px-Gray153.png nasal turbinate ncithesaurus:Nasal_Turbinate turbinate turbinate bone uberon In anatomy, a nasal concha (or turbinate) is a long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) which protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose. Turbinate bone refers to any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in vertebrates. In humans, the turbinates divide the nasal airway into three groove-like air passages –and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface of cilia and climate controlling tissue. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nasal_concha EMAPA:25093 turbinate bone EMAPA:25093 concha dental papilla BTO:0001839 FMA:57662 GAID:1277 MA:0001598 MESH:A.14.254.900.720.250 TAO:0005140 Tissue of the developing tooth. It is composed of pre-odontoblast and undiffentiated mesnchyme cells and connects to the basal lamina[ZFA]. The dental papilla is a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called odontoblasts, seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. The dental papilla appears after 8-10 weeks intra uteral life. The dental papilla gives rise to the dentin and pulp of a tooth. The enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle together forms one unit, called the tooth germ. This is of importance because all the tissues of a tooth and its supporting structures form from these distinct cellular aggregations. UBERON:0001763 UBERON:FMA_57662-MA_0001598-ZFA_0005140 VAO:0000025 VHOG:0001465 XAO:0004045 ZFA:0005140 dentinal papilla http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray1011.png/200px-Gray1011.png papilla dentis pharyngeal tooth mesenchyme todo - add child terms for EMAPA. todo - check if the FMA and MA structures refer to developed structures. todo - check part_of - should perhaps be adjacent_to? tooth mesenchyme uberon ZFA:0005140 tooth mesenchyme FMA ZFA:0005140 pharyngeal tooth mesenchyme MESH BTO:0001839 dentinal papilla Tissue of the developing tooth. It is composed of pre-odontoblast and undiffentiated mesnchyme cells and connects to the basal lamina[ZFA]. The dental papilla is a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called odontoblasts, seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. The dental papilla appears after 8-10 weeks intra uteral life. The dental papilla gives rise to the dentin and pulp of a tooth. The enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle together forms one unit, called the tooth germ. This is of importance because all the tissues of a tooth and its supporting structures form from these distinct cellular aggregations. Wikipedia:Dental_papilla ZFA:0005140 MA BTO:0001839 papilla dentis BTO ZFA maxillary sinus FMA:57715 GAID:358 MA:0001794 MESH:A.04.531.621.578 OpenCyc:Mx4rvp2ZWJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181204007 The maxillary sinus (or Antrum of Highmore) is the largest of the paranasal sinuses, and is pyramidal in shape. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001764 UBERON:FMA_57715-MA_0001794 antrum of highmore http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gray1199.png/200px-Gray1199.png ncithesaurus:Maxillary_Sinus uberon The maxillary sinus (or Antrum of Highmore) is the largest of the paranasal sinuses, and is pyramidal in shape. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Maxillary_sinus mammary duct BTO:0002845 Epithelial tube that transports milk[GO]. FMA:58006 MA:0000791 SCTID:361719004 This structure regresses in most males UBERON:0001765 UBERON:FMA_58006-MA_0000791 ductus lactiferi galactophorous tubule lactiferous duct lactiferous gland duct lactiferous tubule mammary gland duct ncithesaurus:Lactiferous_Duct uberon Obol:automatic lactiferous gland duct BTO:0002845 lactiferous tubule BTO:0002845 ductus lactiferi BTO:0002845 galactophorous tubule FMA:58006 lactiferous duct Epithelial tube that transports milk[GO]. GO:0060603 Wikipedia:Lactiferous_duct anterior chamber of eyeball BTO:0002084 EHDAA2:0000129 EHDAA:9033 EMAPA:18231 FMA:58078 GAID:889 MA:0000262 MESH:A.09.371.060.067 SCTID:181160009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001766 UBERON:FMA_58078-MA_0000262 VHOG:0001431 anterior chamber anterior chamber of eye camera anterior eye anterior chamber http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Chamber_of_the_Eye the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface, the endothelium.[1] Aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the anterior chamber. Hyphema and glaucoma are two main pathologies in this area. In hyphema, blood fills the anterior chamber. In glaucoma, blockage of the canal of Schlemm prevents the normal outflow of aqueous humor, resulting in accumulation of fluid, increased intraocular pressure, and eventually blindness. uberon HP:0000593 MP:0010709 anterior chamber Wikipedia:Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface, the endothelium.[1] Aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the anterior chamber. Hyphema and glaucoma are two main pathologies in this area. In hyphema, blood fills the anterior chamber. In glaucoma, blockage of the canal of Schlemm prevents the normal outflow of aqueous humor, resulting in accumulation of fluid, increased intraocular pressure, and eventually blindness. posterior chamber of eyeball BTO:0002086 FMA:58080 MA:0002460 OpenCyc:Mx4rvnYe8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362504004 The posterior chamber should not be confused with vitreous chamber. UBERON:0001767 UBERON:FMA_58080-MA_0002460 a narrow chink behind the peripheral part of the iris of the lens, and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes the Posterior Chamber consists of small space directly posterior of the Iris but anterior to the lens. camera posterior eye posterior chamber http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray883.png/200px-Gray883.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Chamber_of_the_Eye posterior chamber of eye uberon Wikipedia:Posterior_chamber_of_eyeball a narrow chink behind the peripheral part of the iris of the lens, and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes the Posterior Chamber consists of small space directly posterior of the Iris but anterior to the lens. vascular layer of eyeball FMA:58103 GAID:912 MA:0002480 MESH:A.09.371.894 SCTID:280648000 TODO - check child terms, isa vs partof UBERON:0001768 UBERON:FMA_58103-MA_0002480 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gray869.png/200px-Gray869.png ncithesaurus:Uvea pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye[WP]. The pigmented vascular coat of the eyeball, consisting of the CHOROID; CILIARY BODY; and IRIS, which are continuous with each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)[GAID]. tunica vasculosa of eyeball uberon uvea uveal tract Wikipedia:Uvea pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye[WP]. The pigmented vascular coat of the eyeball, consisting of the CHOROID; CILIARY BODY; and IRIS, which are continuous with each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)[GAID]. iris AAO:0010347 BTO:0000653 EMAPA:19154 EV:0100345 FMA:58235 GAID:917 MA and FMA differ regarding isa vs partof to vascular layer MA:0000273 MESH:A.09.371.894.513 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjbppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181164000 TAO:0001238 UBERON:0001769 UBERON:FMA_58235-MA_0000273-XAO_0000185-ZFA_0001238 VHOG:0000101 XAO:0000185 ZFA:0001238 a membrane in the eye