18:06:2008 13:34 annemaglia amphibanat amphibanat This is an OWL translation of an ontology whose native representational form is .obo. The translation was performed using the oboInOwl xslt library. For details, see http://www.berkeleybop.org/obo-conv.cgi adipose_tissue Tissue that contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat alary_cartilage Paired, cup-shaped cartilage that are dorsal to the septomaxillae and anterior to the oblique cartilage. The anterior, convex face of each alary cartilage is synchondrotically fused to the superior prenasal cartilage and the ventral edge is fused to the superior margin of the crista intermedia. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP alinasal cartilage cartilago alaris cartilago alaris nasi cartilago cupullaris copula anterior naseflngelknorpel processus alaris second upper labial amphibanat alary_process_of_premaxilla Dorsal process that extends toward the nasal bone. The posterior (inner) face of each alary process is concave and is invested dorsomedially by the superior prenasal cartilage and ventromedially by the inferior prenasal cartilage. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP dorsal process of premaxilla pars dorsalis of premaxilla pars facialis of premaxilla pars frontalis of premaxilla pars prenasalis of premaxilla premaxillary spine processus ascendens of premaxilla processus frontalis of premaxilla processus nasalis of premaxilla amphibanat alveolar_foramen Foramen for the R. alveolaris of Nerve VII and the alveolar artery. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP inferior dental foramen amphibanat anatomical_system amphibanat angular postoperculare praearticulare amphibanat angulosplenial_coronoid_process Point of insertion of the adductor mandibulae musculature. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat animal_tissue amphibanat anterior_maxillary_process Process that extends anteriorly from the planum triangulare and invests the medial face of the pars facialis of the maxilla. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat anterior_nasal_wall Paired, vertical, and relatively straight plates that form the anterior limit of the nasal capsule. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP prenasal wall solum anterius amphibanat anterior_process_of_pars_palatina_of_maxilla amphibanat anterior_ramus_of_pterygoid In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends anteriorly towards the maxilla. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP ramus maxillaris of pterygoid amphibanat anterolateral_process_of_frontoparietal amphibanat antorbital_process amphibanat apertura_nasalis_externa Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal cavity with the exterior. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP external naris external nostril nostril amphibanat apertura_nasalis_interna Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal and buccal cavites. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP Choana internal naris internal nostril amphibanat areolar_connective_tissue Also known as loose connective tissue. A pliable, mesh-like tissue with a fluid matrix that functions to cushion and protect body organs. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat articular Endochondral ossification of the posterior articular part of Meckel's cartilage. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP angulaire angulare dermarticulare goniale operculo angulaire amphibanat ascending_process_of_palatoquadrate apophyse ascendens cartilage craniofacial oberste abteilung des zweiten visceralbogens pedicle pediculus processus ascendens of palatoquadrate schlafenflugelknorpel amphibanat auditory_muscles amphibanat autonomic_nervous_system amphibanat axial_skeleton The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, a metameric, semi-flexible, arched bar located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord. AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 spinal column vertebral column amphibanat basal_process_of_palatoquadrate Process that extends medially from the ventromedial corner of the palatoquadrate cartilage and articulates or fuses to the anterior wall of the otic capsule via the basitrabecular process. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP processus basalis amphibanat basicranial_fontanelle Ventral opening of the neurocranium. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat basimandibulare amphibanat basioccipital amphibanat basisphenoid Endochondral ossification of the ventromedial portion of the braincase. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat bidders_organ amphibanat blastoderm amphibanat blastodisc amphibanat blastomere amphibanat blastopore amphibanat blood Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat bone Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs; organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat bottle_cells amphibanat braincase_and_auditory_apparatus The part of the skull that encloses the brain and surrounds the inner ear. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat braincase_and_otic_capsule_opening amphibanat braincase_and_otic_capsule_skeleton amphibanat buccal_cavity amphibanat buccopharyngeal_cavity amphibanat canalis_semircularis_anterior amphibanat canalis_semircularis_posterior amphibanat capsular_process Narrow process of the skeletal support that projects forward. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat cartilage A type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix. Cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, in the throat and between intervertebral disks. It makes up virtually the entire skeleton in chondrichthyes. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat cartilage_bridge amphibanat cartilago_ectochoanalis Lateral cartilaginous border of the fenestra endochoanalis. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat cartilago_infranarina amphibanat cartilago_orbitalis dorsale randspange amphibanat cartilago_prootico-occipitalis amphibanat cartilago_retronarina amphibanat caudal-sacral_region Region of the vertebral column posterior to the sacrum consisting of two to four vertebrae. The last of these vertebrae is distinguished by the possession of a well-developed haemal arch; it supports the posterior part of the cloaca and marks the posterior limit of the trunk. AAO:Duellman_and_Treub_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Treub_1994 amphibanat caudal_muscles amphibanat caudal_region Region of the vertebral column posterior to the caudal-sacral region, that may consists of two or three to more than 100 vertebrae. These vertebrae exhibit a gradual reduction in the sizes of their transverse processes and zygapophyses, but these structures are never entirely absent. All caudal vertebrae bear haemal arches. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 postsacral region tail region amphibanat cavum_inferius Accessory cavity located ventral to the cavum principale and cavum medius. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat cavum_internasale amphibanat cavum_medius Small accessory cavity located between the cavum principale and cavum inferius. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat cavum_praenasale amphibanat cavum_principale Largest and most dorsal of the nasal cavities. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat central_nervous_system amphibanat cervical_muscles amphibanat cervical_region Anterior region of the vertebral column consisting of one to 19 or 20 vertebrae. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat choana Opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat chondrocranium amphibanat cloaca amphibanat connective_tissue One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat connective_tissue_proper amphibanat coronoid amphibanat coronoid_teeth amphibanat cranial_muscles amphibanat cranial_nerves amphibanat cranial_skeleton Bony structure that encases the central nervous system and the primary sense organs of sight, olfaction, hearing, and equilibrium. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat crista_contacta Thin, horizontal ridge that extends medially from the corpus of the septomaxilla; it lays on the lamina inferior. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat crista_dentalis_of_maxilla amphibanat crista_dentalis_of_premaxilla dental ridge of premaxilla amphibanat crista_intermedia Paired, oblique plates of cartilage located ventral to the alary cartilages. The dorsomedial margin of each crista intermedia is fused to the transitional zone between the septum nasi and the tectum nasi, whereas the ventrolateral margin bears two laminae, the lamina superior and the lamina inferior. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat crista_lateralis_of_premaxilla amphibanat crista_parotica processus muscularis capsulae auditivae processus squamosus tegmen tympani amphibanat crista_subnasalis Ventral crest of the paries nasi. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP subnasal crest amphibanat crista_supraorbitalis Short and blunt process that extends posteriorly from the posteromedial margin of the postnasal wall, on the anterodorsal corner of the orbit above the medial orbitonasal foramen. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat cutaneous_muscles amphibanat dense_connective_tissue Also known as fibrous connective tissue. Forms ligaments and tendons and is characterized by densely packed collagen fibers that have great tensile strength. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat dentary Ossified element of intramembranous origin that invests the lateral margin of the mentomeckelian bone and Meckel's cartilage, thus forming the lateral margin of the mandible. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP dentale os dentale sur-angulaire amphibanat dentary_teeth amphibanat dentition Dentition refers to set of teeth, especially with regard to their number, kind, and arrangement, in the mouth. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat dermis amphibanat digestive_system amphibanat digestive_system_glands amphibanat dilatatio_alaris Flange that extends ventrally from about the middle portion of the margo mandibularis. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP ventral flange of anterior ramus of pterygoid amphibanat dorsal_plate amphibanat ductus_endolymphaticus amphibanat ductus_perilymphaticus amphibanat ectoderm amphibanat embryonic_structure amphibanat endoderm amphibanat endolymphatic_system amphibanat epaxial_muscles amphibanat epidermis amphibanat epithelium One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissues composed of layers of cells that cover organ surfaces such as surface of the skin and inner lining of digestive tract. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat esophagus amphibanat eustachian_canal Furrow on the ventral surface of the otic capsule, and occasionally also the parasphenoid, that houses the Eustachian tube. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat exoccipital Endochondral bone that forms the posterior end of the neurocranium and the margin of the foramen magnum. In addition, this bone contributes to the posteromedial portion of the otic capsule and forms the occipital condyle. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP exoccipitale occipitale laterale opisthoticum pleurooccipitale amphibanat extremitas_anterior Large anterior outgrowth of the septomaxilla that is directed into the space between the alary cartilage and the lamina inferior. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP anterior ramus amphibanat eye_muscles amphibanat fat_bodies amphibanat fenestra_dorsalis_nasi amphibanat fenestra_endochoanalis Opening on the ventral aspect of the nasal capsule. It contains the apertura nasalis interna. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP fenestra exochoanalis amphibanat fenestra_endonarina_communis Opening on the anterolateral aspect of the nasal capsule. It contains the apertura nasalis externa. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP apertura nasalis externa fenestra narina narial fenestra amphibanat fenestra_lateralis_nasi Opening on the lateral side of the nasal capsule. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP fenestra infraconchalis fenestra retronarina amphibanat fenestra_nasobasalis Small opening at the anterior tip of the nasal capsule, on the floor of the cavum inferius. It is located medially to the base of the inferior prenasal cartilage and serves for the passage of the ramus medialis narium and arteria orbitonasalis. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP basal fenestra fenestra basalis nasi foramen apicale foramen epiphaniale nasobasal fenestra amphibanat fenestra_nasolateralis Elongated opening located on the lateral side of the nasal capsule. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat fenestra_ovalis fenestra vestibuli foramen ovale amphibanat fenestra_precerebralis amphibanat fenestra_prechoanalis Large opening of the nasal floor anterior to the fenestra endochoanalis. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat flange_of_quadratojugal amphibanat footplate_of_pars_media_plectri Independent, horizontal bar of cartilage located on the anterior part of the fenestra ovalis in front of the pars interna plectri. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP fenestral plate interstapediale otostapes pars otica columellae pseudooperculum amphibanat foramen_acusticum acoustic foramen amphibanat foramen_acusticum_anterius amphibanat foramen_acusticum_maius amphibanat foramen_acusticum_minus amphibanat foramen_acusticum_posterius amphibanat foramen_endolymphaticum endolymphatic foramen amphibanat foramen_orbitonasale_laterale amphibanat foramen_orbitonasale_mediale canalis orbitonasalis canalis orbitonasalis medialis foramen orbitonasale amphibanat foramen_perilymphaticum amphibanat foramen_perilymphaticum_accessorium amphibanat foramen_perilymphaticum_superius foramen rotundum superior perilymphatic formaen amphibanat foramen_perilymphaticus_inferius foramen pro aquaeducto cochleae inferior perilymphatic foramen amphibanat fore_propodium Segment of the forearm corresponding to the humerus. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat fore_epipodium Segment of the forearm corresponding to the radius and ulna. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 antibrachium amphibanat fore_mesopodium Segment of the forearm corresponding to the carpus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the radius and ulna at one end and the metacarpals at the other end. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat forelimb_skeleton Skeletal structure of the paired, anterior appendages. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat forelimb_muscles_proper amphibanat forelimb_muscles amphibanat forelimb Upper limb, which connects the manus with the pectoral girdle. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat frontal amphibanat frontoparietal Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the braincase. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP fronto-parietaux os fronto-parietale parietaux parietofrontal amphibanat frontoparietal_constriction amphibanat frontoparietal_fontanelle Dorsal opening of the neurocranium. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat germ_ring amphibanat glands amphibanat gonad amphibanat hind_epipodium Segment of the leg corresponding to the tibia and fibula. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat hind_limb_skeleton Skeletal structure of the paired, posterior appendages. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat hind_limb_muscles_proper amphibanat hind_limb Lower limb, which connects the pes with the pelvic girdle. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat hind_mesopodium Segment of the leg corresponding to the tarsus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the tibia and fibula at one end and the metatarsals at the other end. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat hind_metapodium Segment of the leg corresponding to the metatarsus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat hindlimb_muscles amphibanat hyobranchial_muscles amphibanat hyoid_apparatus Apparatus located in the floor of the mouth, under the mandibular arcade. The apparatus consists of a central corpus and four pairs of processes. This apparatus serves as the site of insertion for a variety of muscles associated with movements of the tongue and as the origin of the m. hyoglossus. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 hyobranchial apparatus amphibanat hyolaryngeal_complex Complex formed by two units, the hyoid and laryngeal apparatuses, which are both derived from the larval hyobranchial skeleton. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat hypaxial_muscles amphibanat hypoblast amphibanat inferior_prenasal_cartilage Elongate cartilage that extends anteroventrally from the solum nasi to abut the ventral portion of the posterior aspect of the alary process of the premaxilla. It was first discribed by Wiedersheim in 1876. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP inferior prenasal process processus prenasalis inferior processus prenasalis inferior lateralis amphibanat infrarrostral_cartilage amphibanat inner_ear amphibanat integument amphibanat intestines amphibanat jaw_muscles amphibanat jugular_foramen Large foramen that houses the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and is located inside the condyloid fossa. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat kidney amphibanat lagena amphibanat lamella_alaris Dorsal plate of the squamosal. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP horizontal arm of squamosal amphibanat lamina_anterior_of_pars_facialis amphibanat lamina_inferior Lateral expansion of the crista intermedia that serves as the floor of the cavum medium. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP lamina inferior cristae intermediae amphibanat lamina_nariochoanalis Free, dorsal margin of the lamina inferior. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat lamina_orbitonasalis In the larva, structure that is fused to the wall of the braincase, lateral to the olfactory foramen, and separates the nasal capsule and orbit. In the adult frog it constitutes the ventral part of postnasal wall. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat lamina_precerebralis Posterior face of septum nasi. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat lamina_superior Lateral expansion of the crista intermedia that serves as the roof of the cavum medium. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP Lamina superior cristae intermediae amphibanat larval_structure amphibanat laryngeal_apparatus Apparatus located between the lungs and the buccal cavity. This apparatus is composed of a pair of arytenoid cartilages that are supported by the cricoid ring. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat larynx amphibanat lateral_line_system amphibanat lower_jaw Inferior mandibular arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat lower_jaw_opening amphibanat lower_jaw_skeleton amphibanat lungs amphibanat mandibular_symphysis amphibanat margo_mandibularis_of_pterygoid Ventrally directed margin that connects the anterior and posterior rami of the pterygoid. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat margo_orbitalis_of_maxilla Dorsal margin of the maxilla between the frontal and zygomatico-maxillary processes. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat margo_orbitalis_of_pterygoid Margin that connects the anterior and medial rami of the pterygoid. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat margo_orbitalis_of_squamosal Anterior margin of the squamosal that takes part in the formation of the orbit. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat margo_tympanicus_of_pterygoid Margin that connects the posterior and medial rami of the pterygoid. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat maxilla Paired, intramembranous bone located on the lateral sides of the skull, posterior to the premaxillae. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP os maxillaire os maxillare superior os maxillo-jugaux amphibanat maxillary_teeth amphibanat maxillopalatine amphibanat Meckel's_cartilage Paired, rod-shaped elements that extend the length of the mandible and lie between the dentaries and the angulosplenials. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat medial_inferior_prenasal_cartilage amphibanat medial_orbitonasal_foramen Opening on the postnasal wall for the medial branch (= ramus medialis nasi) of the ophthalmicus nerve. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat medial_ramus_of_pterygoid In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends medially towards the otic capsule. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP ramus interior of pterygoid amphibanat median_prenasal_process Anterior projection of the septum nasi that protrudes through the anterior nasal wall. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP processus prenasalis medius amphibanat median_symphysis amphibanat mental_foramen amphibanat mentomeckelian Paired, cylindrical, and small bones of endochondral origin that lie anteromedial to the anterior end of Meckel's cartilage. The precursors of the mentomeckelian bones are the larval infrarostral cartilages. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat mesethmoid Endochondral ossification of the anteromedial portion of the braincase. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat mesoderm amphibanat muscle_tissue One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat muscular_system amphibanat narial_muscles amphibanat naris amphibanat nasal Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the olfactory capsule. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP frontaux anterieurs fronto-nasale fronto-nasaux nasale nasenstirnbein supraethmoid amphibanat nasal_capsule Structure that has both respiratory and olfactory functions and lies anterior to the braincase, in the foremost section of the cranium. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat nasal_cavity Saclike space internal to the nasal capsule lined by respiratory and sensory epithelium and glandular tissue. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat nasal_opening amphibanat nasal_skeleton Structural framework that provides support to the nasal sacs and ducts. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat nasopremaxilla amphibanat nervous_system amphibanat nervous_tissue One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Cells forming the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat notochord Slender rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a core of fluid-filled cells of mesodermal origin; it lies above the gut and directly beneath the spinal cord. The notochord is present during early development and in a few cases it is retained through life; however, usually the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 amphibanat oblique_cartilage Semi-circular cartilaginous sheet that lies lateral to the side of the septum nasi. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP cartilago obliqua cartilago obliqua nasi cartilago obliquo dorsal process lamina obliqua amphibanat occipital_condyle amphibanat oculomotor_foramen amphibanat olfactory_foramen amphibanat olfactory_system amphibanat optic_fenestra amphibanat optic_foramen amphibanat orbit amphibanat orbitonasal_foramen Foramen that forms a passage for one of the branches of the trigeminal nerve into the nasal region. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat orbitosphenoid Endochondral ossification of the lateral sides of the braincase. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat organizer amphibanat os_articulare Ossified posterior articular portion of Meckel's cartilage. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat os_basale amphibanat other_muscles amphibanat otic_ligament amphibanat otic_plate_of_pterygoid Osseous expansion of the posterior and medial rami of the pterygoid. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat otic_process_of_palatoquadrate amphibanat otic_ramus_of_squamosal Ramus (process) that extends medially toward the otic capsule. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP posterior ramus ramus paroticus amphibanat otoccipital Fused prootic and exoccipital bones. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat ovary amphibanat palatine Sliver of bone that invest part of or all the posterior aspect of each antorbital plane. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP neopalatine amphibanat palatine_process_of_pars_palatina_of_premaxilla median palatal squame amphibanat palatine_process_of_the_pars_facialis_of_the_maxilla amphibanat palatine_teeth amphibanat palatoquadrate Column of catilage, remnant in the adult of the larval palatoquadrate cartilage, that is located lateral or antero-lateral to the auditory capsule. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat palatoquadrate_articular_process amphibanat paranasal_commissure Cartilaginous bridge that extends posteriorly to the anterolateral corner of the posterior nasal wall. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP commissura lateralis nasi connection between lamina nariochoanalis and postnasal wall processus lingularis amphibanat parasagittal_crest amphibanat parasphenoid Azygous, median bone of intramembranous origin that underlies the ventral surface of the braincase. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP keilbein os parasphenoidale os sphenoideum parabasale amphibanat cultriform_process Process that extends anteriorly from the orbitotemporal region. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP pars medialis rostrum amphibanat subotic_ala Paired, lateral processes that, when present, support the otic capsules ventrally. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP processus lateralis amphibanat parasphenoid_teeth amphibanat paries_nasi Paired, elongate, ventrolaterally-orieted cartilaginous structures that extend to the premaxilla-maxilla articulation. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat parietal amphibanat pars_amphibiorum amphibanat pars_articularis_of_mandibular_arch Posterior end of Meckel's cartilage that forms the articular head of the mandibular arch. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat pars_basilaris amphibanat pars_dentalis_of_maxilla Tooth-bearing part of the maxilla. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP crista dentalis amphibanat pars_dentalis_of_premaxilla Tooth-bearing part of the premaxilla. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat pars_externa_plectri extracolumellare extrapediale extraplectral extrastapes hyostapes medio-stapedial pars quadrata columellae amphibanat pars_facialis_of_maxilla amphibanat pars_facialis_of_maxillopalatine amphibanat pars_inferior_of_labyrinth amphibanat pars_interna_plectri Plate-like structure that lies in the fenestra ovalis. It arises within the membrana opercularis in the posterior part of the fenestra. AOO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AOO#AOO_LAP operculum auris operculum fenestrae ovalis amphibanat pars_media_plectri amphibanat pars_palatina_of_maxilla Lingual ledge on the inner surface of the maxilla. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP lamina horizontalis amphibanat pars_palatina_of_premaxilla Lingual ledge on the inner surface of the premaxilla. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat pars_superior_of_labyrinth amphibanat pectoral_girdle Skeletal structure immediately behind the head attached to the vertebral column by muscles and supporting the forelimbs. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP shoulder girdle amphibanat pectoral_girdle_muscles amphibanat pelvic_girdle Skeletal structure by which the hind limbs are supported and attached to the vertebral column. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat pelvic_girdle_muscles amphibanat perilymphatic_system amphibanat peripheral_nervous_system amphibanat pigment_cells amphibanat pila_antotica amphibanat pila_metoptica amphibanat pineal_foramen amphibanat planum_antorbitale amphibanat planum_conchale amphibanat planum_internasale amphibanat planum_terminale Vertical plate of cartilage that is fused posterodorsally to the oblique cartilage and anteriorly to the lamina inferior. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP pars terminalis terminal plate amphibanat planum_triangulare Cartilaginous, distal expansion of the lamina orbitonasalis that invests the pars facialis of the maxilla medially. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat plectral_apparatus Complex sound-conducting anatomical structure. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat posterior_condyle amphibanat posterior_maxillary_process Process that extends posteriorly from the planum triangulare and invests the maxilla laterally and the anterior ramus of the pterygoid medially. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat posterior_maxillary_process_dorsal_process amphibanat posterior_mental_process amphibanat posterior_ramus_of_pterygoid In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends posterolaterally towards the jaw articulation. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat posterolateral_vomerine_process amphibanat postnasal_wall Paired, anteriorly concave structures that form the posterior limit of nasal capsule. It consists of two parts: a ventral piece, the lamina orbitonasalis, and a dorsal plate that is part of the tectum nasi. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat prearticular Osseous element of intramembranous origin that extends along the lingual margin of Meckel's cartilage. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat prearticular_coronoid_process Point of insertion of the masticatory musculature. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat prefrontal amphibanat premaxilla Paired, intramembranous bones located at the anterior end of the skull; they form the anterior-most segment of the maxillary arch. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP intermaxillaire premaxillary amphibanat premaxillary_teeth amphibanat preorbital_process_of_the_pars_facialis_of_the_maxilla amphibanat presumptive_blood amphibanat presumptive_central_nervous_system amphibanat presumptive_ectoderm amphibanat presumptive_endoderm amphibanat presumptive_enteric_nervous_system amphibanat presumptive_epidermis amphibanat presumptive_hypochord amphibanat presumptive_integument amphibanat presumptive_mesoderm amphibanat presumptive_nervous_system amphibanat presumptive_notochord amphibanat presumptive_structure amphibanat primary_germ_layer amphibanat processus_ascendens_plectri Cartilaginous or ligamentous connection between the pars externa plectri and the crista parotica. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP laterohyale processus ascendens columellae processus dorsalis columellae processus superior columellae suprastapediale amphibanat processus_infrafenestralis Posterior part of the corpus of the septomaxilla; the posterior surface of the processus infrafenestralis is in contact with the oblique cartilage. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP dorsal crest amphibanat processus_internus amphibanat processus_lingualis_of_pterygoid Dorsolateral process of the of the medial ramus of the pterygoid. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat processus_posterior_of_maxilla Posterior, toothless portion of the maxilla by which it usually comes in contact with the quadratojugal. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat processus_pterygoideus_of_maxilla Posterior end of the pars palatina of the maxilla that is in contact with the anterior ramus of the pterygoid. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat processus_suprafenestralis amphibanat processus_zygomatico-maxillaris Posterodorsal extension of the maxilla by which it establishes contact with the squamosal. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat prootic Paired, endochondral bones that form the lateral borders of the posterior portion of the braincase and the dorsal, anterior, and lateral walls of the otic capsules. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat pseudoangular amphibanat pseudobasal_process amphibanat pseudodentary amphibanat pseudodentary_teeth amphibanat pterygoid Palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie anterior to the otic capsules, lateral to the orbits, and medial to the maxillae. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP pterygoidien amphibanat pterygoid_process_of_palatoquadrate Process that extends anteriorly from the anterolateral margin of the palatoquadrate and articulates or synchondrotically fuses to the posterior end of the posterior maxillary process. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat pterygoquadrate amphibanat quadrate_bone Ossified pars articularis of the palatoquadrate cartilage. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat quadrate_process_of_palatoquadrate amphibanat quadratojugal Paired intramembranous bones that completes the maxillary arch posteriorly; they appear at the end of, or just after, metamorphosis. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP jugau os jugale quadratjochbeine quadrato-jugals quadrato-maxillare quadratojugale tympano maleaux amphibanat recessus_fenestrae_ovalis amphibanat recessus_marsupiatus_of_premaxilla amphibanat recessus_vaginiformis amphibanat respiratory_system amphibanat reticular_connective_tissue Network of reticular fibres (fine collagen) that form a soft skeleton to support the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen). AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat retroarticular_process Point of insertion of the m. interhuoideus posterior. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat rib Endochondral, rodlike element that articulates with the transverse process and parapophysis (double-headed rib), or with the transverse process only (single-headed rib); it extends into the body wall and provides a site for muscle attachment. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 dorsal rib amphibanat rostral_process amphibanat sacculus amphibanat saccus_endolymphaticus amphibanat sacrum Enlarged vertebra with transverse processes (diapophyses), and ocassionally ribs, that are modified and elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat sensory_system amphibanat septomaxilla Paired, intramembranous bones located within the nasal capsules and embedded in the nasal cartilages; it is pierced by the ductus nasolacrimalis. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP internasale intranasal lacrimale le cornet nariale nasale os internasale os nariale septomaxillary turbinale amphibanat septum_nasi Medial, vertical plate that separates the nasal capsules. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat septum_semicircularium_anterior amphibanat septum_semicircularium_laterale amphibanat septum_semircularium_posterior amphibanat seydels_palatal_process amphibanat skeletal_support_for_eminentia_olfactoria Elevation of the dorsal surface of the solum nasi medial to the fenestra endochoanalis that provides support for the eminentia olfactoria. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat skeletal_system System that provides physical support to the organism. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat solum_nasi Unpaired, horizontal plate that forms the floor of the nasal capsule. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP nasal floor planum basale amphibanat spatium_sacculare amphibanat specialized_connective_tissue amphibanat sphenethmoid Azygous, endochondral bone that houses the anterior portion of the brain. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat splenial amphibanat squamosal Paired, intramembranous bones that lie at the posterolateral margins of the skull. These bones are composed of three rami that give the squamosals their characteristic T shape. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP os squamosum os tympanicum paraquadratum squamosum supratemporale supratemporo-squamosum temporo-mastoidien tympanique amphibanat stomach amphibanat stylus_of_pars_media_plectri columella auris columellare interstapediale mediostapediale mesostapediale os columellare os intermedium stapes stelidium stilus columellare amphibanat sulcus_dentalis_of_maxilla Groove located between the pars dentalis and the bases of the maxillary teeth. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat sulcus_dentalis_of_premaxilla amphibanat sulcus_for_Meckels_cartilage amphibanat superior_prenasal_cartilage Paired, elongate cartilages that extend anteroventrally to abut the dorsomedial margin of the posterior face of the alary process of the premaxilla. The function of these cartilages is to transmit the movement of the premaxilla to the alary cartilages during the closure of the apertura nasalis externa. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat supraangular amphibanat supraoccipital amphibanat supraorbital_flange amphibanat suprasphenoid Endochondral ossification of the dorsomedial portion of the braincase. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat suspensorium Apparatus located toward the posterolateral end of the skull, at the level of the anterior margin of the otic capsule that suspends and braces the jaw against the skull. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat symphysis_maxillaris amphibanat taenia_tecti_marginalis amphibanat tectum_nasi Roof of the nasal capsule. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat tectum_synoticum amphibanat tentacular_foramen amphibanat testis amphibanat tissue amphibanat trochlear_foramen amphibanat trunk_muscles amphibanat trunk_region Region of the vertebral column between the atlas and the sacrum consisting of seven to 285 vertebrae. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 presacral region thoracolumbar region amphibanat tympanic_annulus Funnel-like ring structure located lateral to the ventral ramus of the squamosal, beneath the skin; it provides support to the tympanic membrane. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP annulus tympanicus processus basilaris tympanic ring amphibanat tympanosquamosal Central, funnel-shaped, ossified portion of the tympanic annulus fused to the squamosal bone. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat upper_jaw Superior maxillary arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat upper_jaw_opening amphibanat upper_jaw_skeleton amphibanat urinary_bladder amphibanat urogenital_system amphibanat utriculus amphibanat ventral_ramus_of_squamosal Longest of the three squamosal rami; it invests the dorsolateral margin of the palatoquadrate. The distal end of the ventral ramus invests the quadrate and articulates with the quadratojugal. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP processus posterolateralis amphibanat ventrolateral_process_of_palatoquadrate amphibanat vestibuloauditory_system amphibanat visual_system amphibanat vomer Paired, palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie ventral to the olfactory region and help to floor the nasal capsules . AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP praevomer prevomer amphibanat vomerine_canal amphibanat vomerine_teeth amphibanat Wolffian_duct amphibanat zygomatic_ramus_of_squamosal Ramus (process) that forms part of the posterior margin of the orbit. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat arcus_praeoccipitalis Skeletal structure that separates the inferior and superior perilymphatic foramina. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat mandibular_teeth amphibanat maxillopalatine_teeth amphibanat nasolarimal_duct canalis nasolacrimalis ductus nasolacrimalis nasal duct amphibanat processus_lingularis Rod-shaped process that extends caudally from the inferior edge of the planum terminale. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP lingular process amphibanat corpus Basal part of the septomaxilla. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP pars horizontalis amphibanat margo_libera Anterior, rounded portion of the corpus of the septomaxilla. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat crista_interna Sharp ridge that extends medially from the basal part of the processus infrafenestralis; it separates the diverticulum proncipale from the diverticulum medium. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat crista_praeopercularis Synchondrotic or synostotic connection between the footplate of the pars media plectri and the ventral margin of the fenestra ovalis. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat anterior_process_of_vomer Process that extends anterolaterally toward the maxilla-premaxilla articulation. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat processus_frontalis Anterio portion of the maxilla that may contact the nasal and take part in the formation of a groove for the nasolacrimal duct. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP processus praeorbitalis of the pars facialis amphibanat lamina_anterior_of_maxilla Most anterior part of the maxilla, which is in contact with the premaxilla. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat fossa_maxillaris Depression lacated on the inner surface of the maxilla between the palatine process and the pars palatina. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat pars_glenoidalis_of_quadratojugal Portion of the quadratojugal that makes contact dorsally with the distal portion of the squamosal. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat pars_jugalis Anterior part of the quadratojugal that is in contact with the processus posterior of the maxilla. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat processus_dorsalis Dorsal process of the lamella alaris located at the anterior end of the margo orbitalis; a narrow ligament that runs from the frontoparietal is attached to it. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat processus_posterodorsalis Posterior process of the lamella alaris. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat dentigerous_ process Tooth-bearing process of the vomer. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP torus dentigerous amphibanat prechoanal_process Process that extends laterally from the anterior process; its bifurcation from the postchoanal process occurs at the level of the dentigerous process. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP processus choanalis anterior amphibanat postchoanal_process Process that extends laterally from the anterior process; its bifurcation from the prechoanal process occurs at the level of the dentigerous process. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP processus choanalis posterior amphibanat margo_choanalis Margin between the prechoanal and postchoanal process. It bounds the fenestra endochoanalis. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat crista_vomeri Ridge on the dorsal surface of the vomer that runs from the anterior to the postchoanal processes of the vomer; it takes part in the fixation of the bone to the lateral margin of the solum nasi. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat processus_posterior Posterior projection of the median part of the parsphenoid, which may extend over the posterior margins of the subotic alae. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat parahyoid amphibanat hyoid_plate Azygous or paired bone that occurs on the ventral surface of the hyoid plate. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat hyobranchial_skeleton amphibanat ceratohyal Paired elements that lie ventral to the hypobranchials and curve dorsally from their medial articulation with basibranchial toward the suspensorium. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 ceratohyale hyale hyoid keratohyale zungenbeinknorpel amphibanat pars_reuniens Area of fusion of the ceratohyals. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat hypoglossal_sinus amphibanat hyale amphibanat anterior_process_of_hyoid_apparatus amphibanat anterolateral_process_of_hyoid_plate Processes that flank the hyales laterally and extend anterolaterally from the anterolateral margin of the hyoid plate. They are formed as a result of new cartilaginous growth lateral to the basibranchial. AAO:Rocek_2003 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Rocek_2003 processus alaris processus anterolateralis processus lateralis anterior amphibanat posterolateral_process Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterolateral margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are formed as a result of new cartilaginous growth lateral to the basibranchial and hypobranchial plate. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat posteromedial_process Cartilaginous, paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes invest the laryngeal apparatus and are ossified in the adult. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP cornua posteriores hyoid amphibanat arytenoid_cartilage Paired, anteroposteriorly elongated cartilages that are associated with the vocal cords. These cartilages are medially separated and hemispherical, and their concave side faces ventromedially. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 AAO:Rocek_2003 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Rocek_2003 cartilago arytaenoidea amphibanat cricoid_cartilage Cartilaginous ring that provides support for the arytenoid cartilages. Its ventral part is bent posteriorly to form a V. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2003 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2003 AAO:Rocek_2003 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Rocek_2003 cartilago cricoidea cartilago cricotrachealis amphibanat bronchial_process Paired processes that extend posteroventrally from the anterolateral margins of the cricoid ring. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 processus trachealis amphibanat lateral_process amphibanat esophageal_process Median process located on the posterior end of the cricoid cartilage. AAO:Rocek_2003 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Rocek_2003 spina oesophagea amphibanat humerus Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows. AAO:Maglia_et_al_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_1994 amphibanat manubrium Proximal section of the hyale. AAO:Rocek_1993 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Rocek_1993 processus anteriores amphibanat hyoid_apparatus_opening amphibanat hyoid_apparatus_skeleton amphibanat sinus_nervi_hypoglossi Depression that houses the hypoglossus nerve and is located between the anterolateral process and the proximal part of the hyale. AAO:Rocek_2003 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Rocek_2003 amphibanat hyoid_bone Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are the ossified posteromedial processes and invest the laryngeal apparatus. AAO:Rocek_2003 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Rocek_2003 hyoid os postero-mediale ossa thyroidea amphibanat foramen_nervi_hypoglossi Foramen that houses the hypoglossus nerve and is located between the anterolateral process and the proximal part of the hyale. AAO:Rocek_2003 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Rocek_2003 foramen laterale amphibanat basibranchial Medial element to which other parts of the hyoid apparatus are attached. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 copula I amphibanat processus_confluens Strip of cartilage that forms the lateral margin of the foramen nervi hypoglossi. AAO:Rocek_2003 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Rocek_2003 processus alaris amphibanat prominentia_apicalis_dorsalis Anterior end of the arytenoid cartilage. AAO:Rocek_2003 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Rocek_2003 prominentia apicalis anterior amphibanat prominentia_apicalis_ventralis Posterior (cardiac) end of the arytenoid cartilage. AAO:Rocek_2003 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Rocek_2003 prominentia apicalis posterior amphibanat wrisbergi_cartilage Independent cartilage that may occur dorsal or anterior to the prominentiae apicales dorsales of the arytenoid cartilages. AAO:Rocek_2003 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Rocek_2003 cartilago apicalis intermedia cartilago apicalis seu cartilago santoriniana amphibanat vertebra Main component of the vertebral column. It consists of two essential parts, a dorsal neural arch and a ventral centrum. AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 amphibanat pedicel Paired stalks located dorsolateral to the vertebral centrum that provide support to the lateral margins of the neural arch laminae. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat neural_canal Canal formed by the vertebral centra ventrally, the pedicels laterally, and the neural arches dorsally that encloses and protects the spinal cord. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP foramen vertebrale spinal canal amphibanat atlantal_cotyle Anterior, single or paired concave facets for articulation with the condyle(s) of the urostyle. AAO:Francis_1934 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Francis_1934 cavitas glenoidalis amphibanat neural_arch_lamina Paired plates that form the neural arch. The lateral margin of each lamina rests dorsal to the superior end of the pedicel, and the medial end fuses to the medial end of the opposite lamina. AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 amphibanat posterior_intervertebral_notch Indentation on the anterior margin of the pedicel. When two vertebrae articulate, the anterior notch of one vertebra and the posterior notch of the other create a bilateral intervertebral space. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat centrum Cylindrical body of bone, round or oval in cross section, which functionally replaces the notochord. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_2008 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_2008 corpus amphibanat transverse_process Projections on each side of the vertebra from the point where the neural arch lamina joins the pedicel for the articulation with the head of a single-headed rib or the upper head of a double-headed rib. Also called diapophyses. They provide surfaces for the attachment of muscles. In anurans, the term transverse process is used in reference to the processes associated with the presacral and postsacral vertebrae. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 AAO:Trueb_1973 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Trueb_1973 amphibanat vertebral_column_skeleton amphibanat vertebral_column_opening amphibanat intervertebral_space Space formed by the anterior and posterior intervertebral notches. The intervertebral spaces accommodate the spinal nerves as they emerge from the spinal canal. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP intervertebral space amphibanat postzygapophysis Paired processes at the caudal end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the postzygapophyses face lateroventrally and articulate with the dorsomedially facing facets of the prezygapophyses of the succeeding vertebra. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP processus obliquus posterior amphibanat prezygapophysis Paired processes at the cephalic end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially and articulate with the lateroventrally facing facets of the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra. AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 processus obliquus anterior amphibanat anterior_intervertebral_notch Indentation on the posterior margin of the pedicel. When two vertebrae articulate, the anterior notch of one vertebra and the posterior notch of the other create a bilateral intervertebral space. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat neural_spine Elaboration of the mid-dorsal keel into a posterior or posterolateral process. AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 processus spinosus amphibanat diapophysis Paired processes that arise near the midpoint of the neural arch lamina, for the attachment of the tuberculum of two-headed ribs. Also called transverse processes. In anurans, the term diapophysis is used in reference to the modified transverse processes of the sacral vertebra elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 amphibanat pleurapophysis Paired processes that represent the rib attachments to the vertebra plus the ribs. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat parapophysis Paired processes, which arise near the dorsolateral part of the vertebral centrum, for the attachment of the capitulum of two-headed ribs. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat atlas First postcranial vertebra, which is modified anteriorly to articulate with the skull. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 presacral I amphibanat zygapophysis Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region. AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 processus articularis amphibanat procoelous Holochordal vertebral centra that are concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly; they bear a condyle on the posterior end for the articulation with the posterior adjacent vertebral centrum, forming a ball-and-socket joint that allows extensive motion in most directions. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 AAO:Trueb_1973 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Trueb_1973 amphibanat opisthocoelous Ectochordal or stegochordal vertebral centra that are convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly; they bear a condyle on the anterior end for the articulation with the posterior adjacent vertebral centrum, forming a ball-and-socket joint that allows extensive motion in most directions. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 AAO:Trueb_1973 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Trueb_1973 amphibanat epichordal Vertebral centrum that originates from ossification of the dorsal portion of the perichordal tube; the resulting element tends to be depressed in cross section. AAO:Kluge_and_Farris_1969 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Kluge_and_Farris_1969 amphibanat perichordal Vertebral centrum that originates from ossification of the entire perichordal tube; the resulting element is cylindrical in cross section and may have an open (notochord retained) or solid center. AAO:Kluge_and_Farris_1969 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Kluge_and_Farris_1969 amphibanat heterocoelous Vertebral centrum that bears saddle-shaped articular surfaces at both ends, having a convexity in the right-left axis and a concavity in the dorsoventral axis. This morphology allows great lateral and vertical flexion. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat acoelous Vertebral centrum with flat ends. Between successive vertebrae there is a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral body with a gel-like core, the nucleus pulposus, which is derived from the embryonic notochord. Acoelous vertebrae seem especially suited to receive and distribute compressive forces within the vertebral column. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat amphicoelous Ectochordal, biconcave or terminally flat vertebral centrum. This design seems to allow limited motion in most directions. An intervertebral body (which may or may not be independent from the adjacent centra) fills the cavity between successive centra. The intervertebral body usually is formed by soft material that may be derived, at least in part, from the embryonic notochord. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 AAO:Trueb_1973 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Trueb_1973 amphibanat ectochordal Spool-shaped vertebral centrum with an open center in which the notochord lies. AAO:Griffiths_1959 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Griffiths_1959 amphibanat holochordal Spool-shaped vertebral centrum with a solid center. All traces of the notochord dissapear. AAO:Griffiths_1959 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Griffiths_1959 amphibanat stegochordal Vertebral centrum that is depressed dorsoventrally and solid. All traces of the notochord dissapear. AAO:Griffiths_1959 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Griffiths_1959 amphibanat odontoid_process Anterior process located between the atlantal cotyles that projects into the foramen magnum of the skull and bears facets that articulate with the lateral walls of the foramen. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 tuberculum interglenoideum amphibanat tuberculum Dorsal head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the diapophysis. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat capitulum_of_rib Ventral head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the parapophysis. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat sacral_region Region of the vertebral column represented by one or two vertebrae. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat neural_arch Bony arch perched on the vertebral centrum; successive arches enclose the neural canal that surrounds and protects the spinal cord dorsally. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 carina neuralis amphibanat haemal_arch Bony canal attached to the ventral surface or the vertebral centrum that encloses and protects the caudal artery and vein ventrally. The arch consists of right and left halves, which are fused ventrally to give a V- or Y-shape to the ventral aspect of the vertebra. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 ventral arch amphibanat haemal_arch_lamina Paired plates that form the haemal arch. The lateral margin of each lamina is firmly attached to the ventral surface of the caudal vertebral centrum and the medial end fuses to the medial end of the opposite lamina. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 amphibanat nucal_keel Longitudinal process found in all cervical vertebrae, except the atlas, for the attachment of dorsal head musculature. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat spinal_foramen Opening on the vertebra for a spinal nerve as it emerges from the spinal canal. AAO:Francis_1934 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Francis_1934 amphibanat foramen_nutritium Opening on the lateral side of the vertebra for the passage of blood vessels. AAO:Francis_1934 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Francis_1934 amphibanat coccyx Small, bony element consisting of several fused, rudimentary caudal vertebrae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 amphibanat urostyle Rodlike caudal bony structure unique to anurans that lies within a compartment formed by the elongated, anteriorly oriented pelvic girdle. The urostyle is formed by the fusion of the coccyx and the hypochord. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 os coccygei amphibanat hypochord Unsegmented ventral structure in the caudal region of anuran larvae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 amphibanat vertebral_column amphibanat mid-dorsal_keel Ridge-shaped structure present on the dorsomedial surface of the neural arch lamina; this structure is produced at the point of junction of the contralateral sides of each neural arch. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 amphibanat crista_ventralis Ridge on the ventral aspect of the humeral shaft that extends from the level of the glenoid head to about one-third to one-half the lenfth of the shaft. It serves for the attachment of the mm pectoralis and supra-coracoideus. AAO:Francis_1934 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Francis_1934 crista_ventralis_humeri deltoid crest amphibanat perichordal_tube Coat around the notochord that originates from cells derived from the sclerotomes. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 amphibanat perichordal_ring Segmental sections of the perichordal tube that give rise to vertebrae. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 amphibanat spinous_process Small, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina; it is not a neural spine. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 amphibanat synsacrum Complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 amphibanat uncinate_process Posteriorly directed process (occasionally directed anteriorly) usually associated with the rib (sometimes with the transverse process) of the third vertebra; they provide the origin of the mm serratus superior, medius, and inferior. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 amphibanat epiphysis Cartilaginous expansion at the distal end of an anterior rib or transverse process that serves for the attachment of muscles suspending the pectoral girdle to the vertebral column. AAO:Pugener_2002 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_2002 amphibanat sacral_condyle Anterior, paired convex facets for articulation with the cotyle(s) of the urostyle. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat urostyle_cotyle Anterior, single or paired concave facets for articulation with the sacral condyle(s). AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP fossa condyloidea ossis coccygei amphibanat webbing_of_bone In anurans, pair of bony plates that connect the posteromedial margins of the sacral diapophyses with the lateral margins of the anterior portion of the urostyle. AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 amphibanat urostyle_ridge Longitudinal crest on the dorsal side of the urostyle formed by the caudal neural arches. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 crista ossi coccygei amphibanat appendicular_skeleton The pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hind limbs, form the appendicular skeleton. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat suprascapula Paired, cartilaginous elements located in the dorsolateral shoulder region. Each suprascapula is a flat broad blade that extends medially. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 adscapulum episcapulum omolita scapula major amphibanat glenoid_fossa Cavity for the articulation of the forelimb formed by the scapula, coracoid, and clavicle. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 glenoid cavity amphibanat cleithrum Paired bones of intramembranous origin. Each cleithrum extends medially from a point near the suprascapular-scapular articulation to invest the anterior margin of the suprascapula, and occasionoally it may extend to the dorsal (medial) surface. Usually, this bone is bifurcate. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 amphibanat scapula Paired bony elements of endochondral origin. They are situated at the level of the jaw articulation, in a vertical position, with the suprascapular margin being dorsal and the glenoid end being ventral. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 collum scapulae lower shoulder blade omoplate scapula minor amphibanat pars_acromialis Prominent structure (anteromedial head) that forms the anterior section of the ventral margin of the scapula. AAO:Trueb_1973 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Trueb_1973 amphibanat pars_glenoidalis_of_scapula Concave structure (posteromedial head) that forms the posterior head of the ventral margin of the scapula. The pars glenoidalis articulates with the humerus, and comprises the dorsal portion of the glenoid fossa. AAO:Trueb_1973 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Trueb_1973 amphibanat pectoral_girdle_skeleton amphibanat pectoral_girdle_opening amphibanat crista_dorsalis Small hooked process on the dorsal aspect of the humeral shaft; it does not extend on to the glenoid head. The m subscapularis is inserted on it. AAO:Francis_1934 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Francis_1934 crista_dorsalis_humeri amphibanat zonal_area All those parts of the pectoral girdle ventral and medial to the glenoid fossa. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat lateral_epicondyle Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus (larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle) and lateral to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the mm extensor antebrachii et carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis, and in part to the m extensor antebrachii et carpi ulnaris. AAO:Francis_1934 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Francis_1934 AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP epicondylus_lateralis_humeri amphibanat omosternum Proximal portion of the prezonal element of the pectoral girdle. It may be a flat, midventral cartilaginous structure or a calcified or bony element elaborated into a stylum. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 episternum interclavicle prezonal element prezonal sternum sternum superior amphibanat procoracoid Cartilaginous, paired structures located on the anterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 precoracoid amphibanat clavicle Slender, paired bones of intramembranous origin that invest the anterior margins of the procoracoids. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 acromial furcula os thoracale amphibanat epicoracoid Paired, flat cartilaginous arches that compose the central portion of the zonal area, unites the clavicle and coracoid of each half of the pectoral girdle, and form the medial margins of the pectoral fenestrae. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 coracoid cartilage corpus sterni entosternal infracoracoid sterni ossa media amphibanat epicoracoid_bridge A pair of cartilaginous expansions (one from each epicoracoid cartilage) that project anteriorly. They articulate anteriorly with the omosternum. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 procoracoid bridge amphibanat coracoid Paired cartilaginous structures or endochondral bones located on the posterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 clavicula clavicula posterior clavicula vera coracoideum coracoidien pars sternalis scapulae amphibanat sternum Single element that constitutes the postzonal area of the pectoral girdle. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 cartilaginula quadrata intermedia hyposternum sternum inferius amphibanat pelvic_girdle_opening amphibanat pelvic_girdle_skeleton amphibanat pelvic_girdle_symphisis Medial attachement of the two halves of the pelvic girdle. AAO:Francis_1934 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Francis_1934 amphibanat acetabulum Cavity for the articulation of the proximal bone of the hind limb. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 cavite cotyloide amphibanat acetabular_depression Central, most concave portion of the acetabulum, which remains open. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 amphibanat ilium Paired, rodlike endochondral bones that constitute the anterior pelvic girdle. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 os ischii amphibanat ilial_ridge Longitudinal crest on the dorsal side of the shaft of the ilium. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 ala ossis ilei amphibanat ilial_shaft Anterior rod that articulates with the sacrum. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 amphibanat ilial_corpus Posterior body of the illium that forms the anterior half of the acetabulum. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 amphibanat glenoid_foramen Opening on the glenoid fossa. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat epicoracoid_horn A pair of cartilaginous expansions (one from each epicoracoid cartilage) that project posteriorly. They articulate with the sternum by means of grooves, pouches or fossae in the dorsal surface of the sternum and provide a site for the insertion of a pair of muscles derived from the m. rectus abdominis. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat supracoracoid_foramen Opening on the scapulocoracoid bone through which passes the n. supracoracoideus and the corresponding artery and vein. AAO:Francis_1934 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Francis_1934 foramen supracoracoideum amphibanat pectoral_fenestra Ovoid space on the pectoral girdle limited anteriorly by the procoracoid, medially by the epicoracoid, and posteriorly by the coracoid. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 fenestra between procoracoid and coracoid amphibanat incisura_coracoidea Notch that separates the cartilaginous regions of the procoracoid and coracoid. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat scapulocoracoid Fused, ossified portions of the scapula, procoracoid, and coracoid. AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 amphibanat medial_epicondyle Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus and medial to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the flexor muscles antogonistic to those that attach to the lateral epicondyle. AAO:Francis_1934 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Francis_1934 AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP epicondylus_medialis_humeri amphibanat fovea_capitis Ovoid roughened pit, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and serves as a site of attachment for ligaments. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat ulnar_condyle Semi-elliptical ball located at the lower end of the humerus, adjacent to the humeral ball. AAO:Francis_1934 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Francis_1934 amphibanat trochlear_groove_of_humerus Furrow between the humeral head and the ulnar condyle. AAO:Francis_1934 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Francis_1934 amphibanat fossa_cubitalis_ventralis Depresion on the distal end of the humerus, just anterior to the humeral head, in which the end of the radius fits when the forelimb is flexed. AAO:Francis_1934 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Francis_1934 LAP:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/LAP#LAP_Maglia_et_al_2007 amphibanat collum_antibrachii In a fused radio-ulna, the proximal portion of the compound bone (where the sulcus longitudinalis is barely evident or absent) is a cylindrical pillar. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat radius One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the lateral side of the ulna. Its upper end articulates with both the humerus and the ulna, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat ulna One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the medial (inner) side of the radius. The upper end of the ulna articulates with the lower end of the humerus forming a strong hinge joint with the carpals, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat radiale One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates proximally with the radius, mesially with the ulnare (or pars intermedia of the ulnare when the ulnare is fused to the intermedium) and distally with the centrale (also recognized by some authors as element Y). This element originates from one or two condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the ulnare, or other elements. AAO:Fabrezi_1992 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Fabrezi_1992 AAO:Fabrezi_and_Alberch_1996 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Fabrezi_and_Alberch_1996 AAO:Francis_1934 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Francis_1934 amphibanat episternum Distal, flat, cartilaginous element of the prezonal element of the pectoral girdle. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat anterior_ramus_of cleithrum Subdivision of the cleithrum that extends along the anterior edge of the suprascapula. AAO:Trueb_1973 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Trueb_1973 amphibanat anomocoelous Stegochordal slightly biconcave or flat terminally vertebral centrum. Each intervertebral cartilage is subdivided anteriorly and posteriorly, producing a free intervertebral element between adjacent vertebrae. This element subsequently ossifies and remains free. AAO:Trueb_1973 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Trueb_1973 amphibanat displasiocoelous Vertebral column in which the first seven vertebrae have holochordal centra and the intervertebral cartilages are posteriorly subdivided in the procoelous manner. The eighth presacral vertebra has a holochordal centrum and the intervertebral cartilage is subdivided in the opisthocoelous manner. Thus, the first seven presacral vertebrae are concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly, whereas the eighth is biconcave. AAO:Trueb_1973 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Trueb_1973 amphibanat intervertebral_cartilage Block of cartilage, which usually ossifies, that lies between successive vertebral centra. AAO:Trueb_1973 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Trueb_1973 amphibanat imbricate_neural_arch Overlapping neural arches that obscure the spinal cord dorsally. AAO:Trueb_1973 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Trueb_1973 amphibanat non-imbricate_neural_arch Neural arches that do not overlap, thus exposing the spinal cord dorsally. AAO:Trueb_1973 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Trueb_1973 amphibanat presacral_shield Dorsal, dermal plate of bone that overlies the presacral vertebrae. Such shield usually has irregular, sculptured surfaces, frequently is broadly expanded, and may be composed of several separate plates. AAO:Trueb_1973 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Trueb_1973 amphibanat cartilago_paraglenoidalis Strip of cartilage that separates the coracoid from the scapula. AAO:Stephenson_1952 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Stephenson_1952 amphibanat intercotylar_space Space between the atlantal cotyles. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP spatium interglenoidale amphibanat caput_glenoidale Convex articular facet of the vertebral centrum for the articulation with the adjacent centrum. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat fossa_glenoidalis Concave articular facet of the vertebral centrum for the articulation with the adjacent centrum. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat sulcus_articularis_lateralis In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the lateral canal between the carina distalis and the carina medialis. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat sulcus_articularis_medialis In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the medial canal between the carina medialis and the carina proximalis. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat carina_proximalis In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the proximal ridge. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat carina_medialis In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the medial ridge. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat carina_distalis In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the distal ridge. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat parasagittal_processes Paired, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina. AAO:Cannatella_1985 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Cannatella_1985 amphibanat accessory_articulation Paired, additional vertebral articulations located medial to the intervertebral space, adjacent to the vertebral centrum. AAO:Cannatella_1985 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Cannatella_1985 amphibanat fissura_sagittalis Medial groove in the longitudinal ridge of the urostyle formed by the incomplete dorsal fusion of the caudal neural arches. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 amphibanat glenoid_end_of_clavicle Lateral end of the clavicle, which usually lies in close proximity to the pars acromialis of the scapula, and occassionally may fuse to it. AAO:Cannatella_1985 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Cannatella_1985 extremitas glenoidalis amphibanat sternal_end_of_clavicle Medial end of the clavicle, which usually lies on the ventral side of the epicoracoid cartilage, just posterior to the epicoracoid bridge. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 extremitas medialis medial end amphibanat sulcus_pro_cartilagine_praecoracoidealis Canal on the posterior aspect of the clavicle that accomodates the anterior margin of the procoracoid cartilage. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat glenoid_head_of_coracoid Lateral end of the coracoid, which forms the medial portion of the glenoid fossa. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 intumescentia_glenoidalis amphibanat sternal_head_of_coracoid Medial end of the coracoid, which is synchondrotically fused to the epicoracoid cartilage. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_Maglia_et_al_2007 pars epicoracoidealis amphibanat margo_fenestralis Anterior margin of the coracoid, which forms the posterior edge of the pectoral fenestra. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat margo_posterior Posterior margin of the coracoid. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat margo_anterior_of_scapula Anterior margin of the scapula. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat margo_clavicularis Inferior margin of the pars acromialis of the scapula, which articulates with the clavicule. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat margo_posterior_of_scapula Posterior margin of the scapula. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat margo_suprascapularis Superior margin of the scapula, which articulates with the suprascapula. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat pars_suprascapularis Superior portion of the scapula, which is thinner than the rest of the shaft. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat sinus_interglenoidalis Notch or indentation between the pars glenoidalis and pars acromialis of the scapula. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat tenuitas_cristaeformis Leading (anterior) portion of the scapula, which is thinner than the rest of the shaft. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat crista_longitudinalis Longitudinal ridge on the medial (inner) face of the scapula. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat acromion Anterior rounded projection of the pars acromialis of the scapula. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat margo_anterior_of_cleithrum Anterior margin of the anterior ramus of the cleithrum. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat margo_posterior_of_cleithrum Posterior margin of the posterior ramus of the cleithrum. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat margo_scapularis Lateral margin of the suprascapula, which articulates with the scapula. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat margo_vertebralis Medial margin of the suprascapula, which lies dorsal to the vertebral column. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat spina_acromioidea Small process of the lamina recurvata that extends laterally toward the scapular-suprascapular articulation. AAO:LAP http://purl.org/obo/owl/AAO#AAO_LAP amphibanat