GO:0000001 mitochondrion inheritance The distribution of mitochondria, including the mitochondrial genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton. mitochondrial inheritance GO:0000002 mitochondrial genome maintenance The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome. GO:0000003 reproduction The production by an organism of new individuals that contain some portion of their genetic material inherited from that organism. reproductive physiological process GO:0000011 vacuole inheritance The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton. GO:0000012 single strand break repair The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair. GO:0000017 alpha-glucoside transport The directed movement of alpha-glucosides into, out of, within or between cells. Alpha-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar moiety is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in an alpha configuration. GO:0000018 regulation of DNA recombination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. GO:0000019 regulation of mitotic recombination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination during mitosis. regulation of recombination within rDNA repeats GO:0000020 negative regulation of recombination within rDNA repeats OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of genetic recombination within the DNA of the genes coding for ribosomal RNA. GO:0000022 mitotic spindle elongation Lengthening of the distance between poles of the mitotic spindle. spindle elongation during mitosis GO:0000023 maltose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch. malt sugar metabolic process; malt sugar metabolism; maltose metabolism GO:0000024 maltose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose). malt sugar biosynthesis; malt sugar biosynthetic process; maltose anabolism; maltose biosynthesis; maltose formation; maltose synthesis GO:0000025 maltose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose). malt sugar catabolic process; malt sugar catabolism; maltose breakdown; maltose degradation; maltose hydrolysis GO:0000027 ribosomal large subunit assembly and maintenance The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form and maintain the large ribosomal subunit. GO:0000028 ribosomal small subunit assembly and maintenance The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form and maintain the small ribosomal subunit. GO:0000032 cell wall mannoprotein biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall mannoproteins, any cell wall protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid. cell wall mannoprotein anabolism; cell wall mannoprotein biosynthesis; cell wall mannoprotein formation; cell wall mannoprotein synthesis GO:0000038 very-long-chain fatty acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater. very-long-chain fatty acid metabolism GO:0000040 low-affinity iron ion transport The directed, low-affinity movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells. In low affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is only present at very low concentrations. low affinity iron ion transport GO:0000041 transition metal ion transport The directed movement of transition metal ions into, out of, within or between cells. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver. transition metal transport GO:0000042 protein targeting to Golgi The process of directing proteins towards the Golgi using signals contained within the protein. protein-Golgi targeting GO:0000044 ascorbate stabilization OBSOLETE. The reduction of the ascorbate free radical to a stable form. vitamin C stabilization GO:0000045 autophagic vacuole formation The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm. autophagosome biosynthesis; autophagosome formation; PAS formation GO:0000046 autophagic vacuole fusion The fusion of an autophagic vacuole with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. fusion of autophagosome with lysosome GO:0000050 urea cycle A cyclic metabolic pathway that converts waste nitrogen in the form of ammonium to urea. ornithine cycle; urea biosynthesis; urea biosynthetic process GO:0000051 urea cycle intermediate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the intermediate compounds involved in the urea cycle, a cyclic metabolic pathway that converts waste nitrogen in the form of ammonium to urea. urea cycle intermediate metabolism GO:0000052 citrulline metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins. citrulline metabolism GO:0000053 argininosuccinate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving argininosuccinate, 2-(Nw-arginino)succinate, an intermediate in the ornithine-urea cycle, where it is synthesized from citrulline and aspartate. argininosuccinate metabolism GO:0000054 ribosome export from nucleus The directed movement of a ribosome from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. ribosome export out of nucleus; ribosome transport from nucleus to cytoplasm; ribosome-nucleus export GO:0000055 ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. ribosomal large subunit export out of nucleus; ribosomal large subunit transport from nucleus to cytoplasm; ribosomal large subunit-nucleus export GO:0000056 ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. ribosomal small subunit export out of nucleus; ribosomal small subunit transport from nucleus to cytoplasm; ribosomal small subunit-nucleus export GO:0000059 protein import into nucleus, docking The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins. protein docking during protein import into nucleus; protein docking during protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus; protein docking during protein-nucleus import; protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus, docking; protein-nucleus import, docking GO:0000060 protein import into nucleus, translocation The vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, through the nuclear pore and across the nuclear envelope. protein translocation during protein import into nucleus; protein translocation during protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus; protein translocation during protein-nucleus import; protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus, translocation; protein-nucleus import, translocation GO:0000061 protein import into nucleus, substrate release The disaggregation of a protein complex composed of the nuclear localization sequence and the importin alpha, and importin beta proteins. protein substrate release during protein import into nucleus; protein substrate release during protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus; protein substrate release during protein-nucleus import; protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus, substrate release; protein-nucleus import, substrate release GO:0000066 mitochondrial ornithine transport The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a mitochondrion. GO:0000067 DNA replication and chromosome cycle OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). GO:0000070 mitotic sister chromatid segregation The cell cycle process whereby replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets. mitotic chromosome segregation; mitotic sister-chromatid adhesion release GO:0000072 M phase specific microtubule process A microtubule-based process that occurs only during M phase of the cell cycle. M-phase specific microtubule process GO:0000073 spindle pole body separation A largely uncharacterized process involving the release of duplicated spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and their migration away from each other within the nuclear membrane. Duplicated SPBs are connected by a bridge structure that may be severed in order to release the SPBs from one another. Following liberation, SPBs diffuse through the nuclear membrane until they are across from each other. SPB separation must take place in order for a bipolar mitotic spindle to assemble. spindle pole body separation (sensu Fungi); spindle pole body separation (sensu Saccharomyces) GO:0000075 cell cycle checkpoint A point in the eukaryotic cell cycle where progress through the cycle can be halted until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage. GO:0000076 DNA replication checkpoint A signal transduction based surveillance mechanism that prevents the initiation of mitosis until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome. GO:0000077 DNA damage checkpoint A signal transduction pathway, induced by DNA damage, that blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slows the rate at which S phase proceeds. DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in cell cycle arrest GO:0000078 cell morphogenesis checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint observed when aspects of polarity control are defective, which maintains coordination between the process of cellular morphogenesis and the nuclear events of the cell cycle. For example, in budding yeast cell-cycle delay or arrest is induced when aspects of bud formation are defective. GO:0000079 regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity. regulation of CDK activity GO:0000080 G1 phase of mitotic cell cycle Progression through G1 phase, one of two 'gap' phases in the mitotic cell cycle; G1 is the interval between the completion of mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis. GO:0000082 G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle. GO:0000083 G1/S-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed during the G1/S phase of the mitotic cell cycle. GO:0000084 S phase of mitotic cell cycle Progression through S phase, the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which DNA synthesis takes place. GO:0000085 G2 phase of mitotic cell cycle Progression through G2 phase, one of two 'gap' phases in the mitotic cell cycle; G2 is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitosis. GO:0000086 G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle Progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. GO:0000087 M phase of mitotic cell cycle Progression through M phase, the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis takes place. M-phase of mitotic cell cycle GO:0000088 mitotic prophase Progression through prophase, the initial stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes are condensed but are not yet attached to a mitotic spindle. GO:0000089 mitotic metaphase Progression through metaphase, the stage of mitosis at which chromosomes are firmly attached to the mitotic spindle at its equator but have not yet segregated to opposite poles. GO:0000090 mitotic anaphase Progression through anaphase, the stage of mitosis during which the two sets of chromosomes separate and move away from each other. GO:0000091 mitotic anaphase A Progression through anaphase A, the part of mitotic anaphase in which the kinetochore microtubules shorten as chromosomes move toward the spindle poles. GO:0000092 mitotic anaphase B Progression through anaphase B, the part of mitotic anaphase in which the polar microtubules elongate and the two poles of the spindle move farther apart. GO:0000093 mitotic telophase Progression through telophase, the last of the stages of mitosis; in the canonical cell cycle, telophase begins when the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts. GO:0000094 septin assembly and septum formation OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). GO:0000096 sulfur amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine. sulfur amino acid metabolism; sulphur amino acid metabolic process; sulphur amino acid metabolism GO:0000097 sulfur amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine. sulfur amino acid anabolism; sulfur amino acid biosynthesis; sulfur amino acid formation; sulfur amino acid synthesis; sulphur amino acid biosynthesis; sulphur amino acid biosynthetic process GO:0000098 sulfur amino acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine. sulfur amino acid breakdown; sulfur amino acid catabolism; sulfur amino acid degradation; sulphur amino acid catabolic process; sulphur amino acid catabolism GO:0000101 sulfur amino acid transport The directed movement of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine, methionine and their derivatives) into, out of, within or between cells. sulphur amino acid transport GO:0000103 sulfate assimilation The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds. sulphate assimilation GO:0000105 histidine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid. histidine anabolism; histidine biosynthesis; histidine formation; histidine synthesis GO:0000114 G1-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed during the G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle. GO:0000115 S-phase-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle A cell cycle process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed during the S phase of the mitotic cell cycle. S-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle GO:0000116 G2-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed during the G2 phase of the mitotic cell cycle. GO:0000117 G2/M-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed during the G2/M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. GO:0000122 negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; negative regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter GO:0000128 flocculation The non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms. GO:0000132 establishment of mitotic spindle orientation A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures. establishment of spindle orientation during mitosis; mitotic spindle orientation; mitotic spindle orientation (sensu Fungi); mitotic spindle orientation (sensu Saccharomyces); orienting of mitotic spindle GO:0000135 septin checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that detects septin defects and responds by inhibiting the mitotic CDK. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, correct formation of a functional septin cytoskeleton permits the cell to switch to isotropic bud growth and the onset of mitotic chromosome segregation. In the presence of septin defects, the mitotic CDK is inhibited and both the switch to isotropic bud growth and the onset of mitotic chromosome segregation is delayed. GO:0000147 actin cortical patch assembly Assembly of an actin cortical patch, a discrete actin-containing structure found at the plasma membrane of fungal cells. GO:0000154 rRNA modification The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an rRNA molecule to produce an rRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically. rRNA editing GO:0000160 two-component signal transduction system (phosphorelay) A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins. histidyl-aspartyl phosphorelay GO:0000161 MAPKKK cascade during osmolarity sensing MAPKKK cascade involved in signal transduction in response to change in osmotic conditions. osmolarity sensing, MAPKKK cascade GO:0000162 tryptophan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid; tryptophan is synthesized from chorismate via anthranilate. aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process, anthranilate pathway; tryptophan anabolism; tryptophan biosynthesis; tryptophan formation; tryptophan synthesis GO:0000165 MAPKKK cascade Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways. ERK/MAPK cascade; MAP kinase cascade; MAP kinase kinase kinase cascade; MAPK cascade; MAPK signaling; MAPK signalling; MAPKKK cascade during sporulation (sensu Fungi); MAPKKK cascade during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces) GO:0000167 activation of MAPKKK activity during osmolarity sensing Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing. activation of MAP kinase kinase kinase activity during osmolarity sensing; osmolarity sensing, activation of MAP kinase kinase kinase activity; osmolarity sensing, activation of MAPKKK activity GO:0000168 activation of MAPKK activity during osmolarity sensing Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing. activation of MAP kinase kinase activity during osmolarity sensing; activation of Pbs2 kinase; osmolarity sensing, activation of MAP kinase kinase activity; osmolarity sensing, activation of MAPKK activity GO:0000169 activation of MAPK activity during osmolarity sensing Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase activity during osmolarity sensing. osmolarity sensing, activation of MAPK activity GO:0000173 inactivation of MAPK activity during osmolarity sensing Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase during osmolarity sensing. osmolarity sensing, inactivation of MAPK; osmolarity sensing, termination of MAPK activity; termination of MAPK activity during osmolarity sensing GO:0000174 inactivation of MAPK (mating sensu Saccharomyces) OBSOLETE. Downregulation of MAP kinase activity in the context of transduction of mating pheromone signal, as described for Saccharomyces. GO:0000183 chromatin silencing at rDNA Repression of transcription of ribosomal DNA by the formation of heterochromatin. chromatin silencing at ribosomal DNA; heterochromatic silencing at rDNA GO:0000184 nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins. mRNA breakdown, nonsense-mediated decay; mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated; mRNA catabolism, nonsense-mediated; mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated decay; nonsense-mediated mRNA decay; nuclear mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay GO:0000185 activation of MAPKKK activity Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase. activation of MAP kinase kinase kinase; activation of MAPKKK during sporulation (sensu Fungi); activation of MAPKKK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces); positive regulation of MAP kinase kinase kinase activity; positive regulation of MAPKKK activity GO:0000186 activation of MAPKK activity The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKKK. activation of MAP kinase kinase activity; activation of MAP/ERK kinase kinase; activation of MAPKK during sporulation (sensu Fungi); activation of MAPKK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces); positive regulation of MAPKK activity GO:0000187 activation of MAPK activity The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK. activation of MAP kinase; activation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Fungi); activation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces); MAPK activation GO:0000188 inactivation of MAPK activity Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase. inactivation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Fungi); inactivation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces); termination of MAPK activity GO:0000189 nuclear translocation of MAPK The directed movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus upon activation. GO:0000190 MAPKKK cascade (pseudohyphal growth) OBSOLETE. MAPKKK cascade involved in transduction of signal promoting pseudohyphal or invasive growth. GO:0000191 activation of MAPKKK (pseudohyphal growth) OBSOLETE. Upregulation of MAPKKK activity in the context of regulating pseudohyphal or invasive growth. GO:0000192 activation of MAPKK (pseudohyphal growth) OBSOLETE. Upregulation of a MAP kinase kinase in the context of regulating pseudohyphal or invasive growth. GO:0000193 activation of MAPK (pseudohyphal growth) OBSOLETE. Upregulation of MAP kinase activity in the context of regulating pseudohyphal or invasive growth. GO:0000194 inactivation of MAPK (pseudohyphal growth) OBSOLETE. Downregulation of MAP kinase activity in the context of regulating pseudohyphal or invasive growth. GO:0000195 nuclear translocation of MAPK (pseudohyphal growth) OBSOLETE. Movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus in the context of regulating pseudohyphal or invasive growth. GO:0000196 MAPKKK cascade during cell wall biogenesis Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase that occurs during cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells. cell wall biogenesis, MAPKKK cascade GO:0000197 activation of MAPKKK activity during cell wall biogenesis Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase during cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells. activation of MAP kinase kinase kinase activity during cell wall biogenesis; cell wall biogenesis, activation of MAP kinase kinase kinase activity; cell wall biogenesis, activation of MAPKKK activity GO:0000198 activation of MAPKK activity during cell wall biogenesis Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase during cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells. activation of MAP kinase kinase activity during cell wall biogenesis; cell wall biogenesis, activation of MAP kinase kinase activity; cell wall biogenesis, activation of MAPKK activity GO:0000199 activation of MAPK activity during cell wall biogenesis Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase during cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells. cell wall biogenesis, activation of MAPK activity GO:0000200 inactivation of MAPK activity during cell wall biogenesis Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase during cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells. cell wall biogenesis, inactivation of MAPK activity; cell wall biogenesis, termination of MAPK activity; termination of MAPK activity during cell wall biogenesis GO:0000201 nuclear translocation of MAPK during cell wall biogenesis The directed movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus during cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells. cell wall biogenesis, nuclear translocation of MAPK GO:0000202 MAPKKK cascade during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces) OBSOLETE. MAPKKK cascade involved in transduction of signal promoting sporulation. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4930). GO:0000203 activation of MAPKKK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces) OBSOLETE. Upregulation of MAPKKK activity in the context of sporulation. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4930). GO:0000204 activation of MAPKK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces) OBSOLETE. Upregulation of a MAP kinase kinase in the context of sporulation. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4930). GO:0000205 activation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces) OBSOLETE. Upregulation of MAP kinase activity in the context of sporulation. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4930). GO:0000206 inactivation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces) OBSOLETE. Downregulation of MAP kinase activity in the context of sporulation. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4930). GO:0000207 nuclear translocation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces) OBSOLETE. Movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus in the context of sporulation. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4930). GO:0000208 nuclear translocation of MAPK during osmolarity sensing The directed movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus during osmolarity sensing. osmolarity sensing, nuclear translocation of MAPK GO:0000209 protein polyubiquitination Addition of multiple ubiquitin moieties to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain. polyubiquitin; protein polyubiquitinylation; protein polyubiquitylation GO:0000212 meiotic spindle organization and biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle. meiotic spindle organisation and biogenesis; spindle organization and biogenesis during meiosis GO:0000216 M/G1 transition of mitotic cell cycle Progression from M phase to G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle. GO:0000226 microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GO:0000236 mitotic prometaphase Progression through prometaphase, the stage following prophase in mitosis (in higher eukaryotes) during which the nuclear envelope is disrupted and breaks into membrane vesicles, and the spindle microtubules enter the nuclear region. Kinetochores mature on each centromere and attach to some of the spindle microtubules. Kinetochore microtubules begin the process of aligning chromosomes in one plane halfway between the poles. GO:0000237 leptotene Progression through the first stage of prophase I in meiosis, in which chromosomes first become visible. GO:0000238 zygotene Progression through the second stage of prophase I in meiosis, in which each chromosome pairs with its homolog; the two become aligned and crossing over may occur. GO:0000239 pachytene Progression through the third stage of prophase I in meiosis, in which crossing over occurs between a chromatid in one partner and another chromatid in the homologous chromosome. GO:0000240 diplotene Progression through the fourth stage of prophase I in meiosis, in which the homologous chromosomes begin to separate and the synaptonemal complex dissolves. GO:0000241 diakinesis Progression through the final stage of prophase I in meiosis; the transition to meiotic metaphase I. GO:0000244 assembly of spliceosomal tri-snRNP The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex. assembly of spliceosomal tri-snRNP U4/U6.U5; assembly of spliceosomal tri-snRNP U4atac/U6atac.U5; snRNP recycling; spliceosomal tri-snRNP assembly; spliceosomal tri-snRNP U4/U6.U5 assembly; spliceosomal tri-snRNP U4atac/U6atac.U5 assembly GO:0000245 spliceosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions. GO:0000255 allantoin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, an intermediate or end product of purine catabolism. allantoin metabolism GO:0000256 allantoin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea. allantoin breakdown; allantoin catabolism; allantoin degradation GO:0000266 mitochondrial fission The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. mitochondrial division; mitochondrial proliferation GO:0000270 peptidoglycan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found only in bacterial cell walls and consisting of strands of glycosaminoglycan cross-linked by oligopeptides to form a huge and rigid network. murein metabolic process; murein metabolism; peptidoglycan metabolism GO:0000271 polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages. glycan biosynthesis; glycan biosynthetic process; polysaccharide anabolism; polysaccharide biosynthesis; polysaccharide formation; polysaccharide synthesis GO:0000272 polysaccharide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages. polysaccharide breakdown; polysaccharide catabolism; polysaccharide degradation GO:0000273 lipoic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoic acid, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid, a coenzyme involved in oxidative decarboxylation of keto acids. lipoic acid metabolism GO:0000278 mitotic cell cycle Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. GO:0000279 M phase Progression through M phase, the part of the cell cycle comprising nuclear division. M-phase GO:0000280 nuclear division The partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. karyokinesis GO:0000281 cytokinesis after mitosis A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells. GO:0000282 cellular bud site selection The specification of the site where a daughter cell will form, in organisms that reproduce by budding. bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity (sensu Saccharomyces) GO:0000284 shmoo orientation OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). GO:0000288 nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps: poly(A) tail shortening, deadenylylation-dependent decapping, and decay of the transcript body, and that can regulate mRNA stability. deadenylation-dependent mRNA decay; mRNA breakdown, deadenylation-dependent decay; mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent; mRNA catabolic process, deadenylylation-dependent; mRNA catabolism, deadenylation-dependent; mRNA catabolism, deadenylylation-dependent; mRNA degradation, deadenylation-dependent decay; nuclear mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay GO:0000289 nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length. 3' to 5' mRNA deadenylation; mRNA deadenylation; nuclear mRNA poly(A) tail shortening GO:0000290 deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear mRNA triggered by shortening of the poly(A) tail to below a minimum functional length. deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear mRNA; deadenylylation-dependent decapping GO:0000291 nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, exonucleolytic The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 5'-cap or the 3'-poly(A) tail. exonucleolytic degradation of mRNA; mRNA breakdown, exonucleolytic; mRNA degradation, exonucleolytic; nuclear mRNA catabolic process, exonucleolytic GO:0000292 RNA fragment catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fragment of RNA, such as excised introns or sequences removed from ribosomal RNA during processing. RNA fragment breakdown; RNA fragment catabolism; RNA fragment degradation GO:0000294 nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent decay A minor degradation pathway nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that begins with an endonucleolytic cleavage to generate unprotected ends. endonucleolytic mRNA decay; mRNA breakdown, endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent decay; mRNA catabolic process, endonucleolytic; mRNA catabolism, endonucleolytic; mRNA degradation, endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent decay; nuclear mRNA catabolic process, endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent decay GO:0000296 spermine transport The directed movement of spermine, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a polyamine formed by the transfer of a propylamine group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to spermidine, into, out of, within or between cells. GO:0000301 retrograde transport, vesicle recycling within Golgi The retrograde movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by COP I vesicles. Cis-Golgi vesicles are constantly moving forward through the Golgi stack by cisternal progression, eventually becoming trans-Golgi vesicles. They then selectively transport membrane and luminal proteins from the trans- to the medial-Golgi while leaving others behind in the trans-Golgi cisternae; similarly, they selectively move proteins from the medial- to the cis-Golgi. retrograde (vesicle recycling within Golgi) transport GO:0000302 response to reactive oxygen species A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals. response to active oxygen species; response to AOS; response to reactive oxidative species; response to reactive oxygen intermediate; response to ROI; response to ROS GO:0000303 response to superoxide A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion. GO:0000304 response to singlet oxygen A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a singlet oxygen stimulus. Singlet oxygen is a dioxygen (O2) molecule in which two 2p electrons have similar spin. Singlet oxygen is more highly reactive than the form in which these electrons are of opposite spin, and it is produced in mutant chloroplasts lacking carotenoids and by leukocytes during metabolic burst. GO:0000305 response to oxygen radical A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion. GO:0000316 sulfite transport The directed movement of sulfite into, out of, within or between cells. sulphite transport GO:0000320 re-entry into mitotic cell cycle The resumption of the mitotic cell division cycle by cells that were in a quiescent or other non-dividing state. GO:0000321 re-entry into mitotic cell cycle after pheromone arrest The resumption of the mitotic cell division cycle by pheromone-arrested cells that have not mated. re-entry into mitotic cell cycle after pheromone arrest (sensu Saccharomyces) GO:0000335 negative regulation of transposition, DNA-mediated Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition. down regulation of DNA transposition; down-regulation of DNA transposition; downregulation of DNA transposition; inhibition of DNA transposition; negative regulation of DNA transposition GO:0000336 positive regulation of transposition, DNA-mediated Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition. activation of DNA transposition; positive regulation of DNA transposition; stimulation of DNA transposition; up regulation of DNA transposition; up-regulation of DNA transposition; upregulation of DNA transposition GO:0000337 regulation of transposition, DNA-mediated Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition, the process of transposing (moving to a different location) a segment of a chromosome or a piece of a DNA molecule. regulation of DNA transposition GO:0000338 protein deneddylation The removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein. GO:0000348 nuclear mRNA branch site recognition Recognition of the pre-mRNA branch site sequence by components of the assembling spliceosome. spliceosomal A complex biosynthesis; spliceosomal A complex formation; spliceosomal B complex biosynthesis; spliceosomal B complex formation; U12-type nuclear mRNA branch site recognition; U2-type nuclear mRNA branch site recognition GO:0000349 generation of catalytic spliceosome for first transesterification step Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome. catalytic spliceosome assembly for first transesterification step; formation of catalytic spliceosome for first transesterification step; spliceosomal A2-2 complex biosynthesis; spliceosomal A2-2 complex formation; spliceosomal C1 complex biosynthesis; spliceosomal C1 complex formation; U12-type catalytic spliceosome formation for first transesterification step; U2-type catalytic spliceosome formation for first transesterification step GO:0000350 generation of catalytic spliceosome for second transesterification step Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing. catalytic spliceosome assembly for second transesterification step; formation of catalytic spliceosome for second transesterification step; formation of catalytic U12-type spliceosome for second transesterification step; formation of catalytic U2-type spliceosome for second transesterification step; formation of spliceosomal A2-2 complex; formation of spliceosomal C1 complex; lariat formation, 5'-splice site cleavage; spliceosomal A2-3 complex biosynthesis; spliceosomal A2-3 complex formation; spliceosomal C2 complex biosynthesis; spliceosomal C2 complex formation GO:0000352 trans assembly of SL containing precatalytic spliceosome Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the SL RNA and the pre-mRNA to be joined, as well as all the spliceosomal snRNPs involved in trans leader splicing. Formation of the trans leader spliceosome brings together the quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP and the complex of the U2 snRNP with the splice site of the pre-mRNA. GO:0000353 formation of quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP Formation of a quadruple snRNP complex composed of the spliced leader (SL) RNA along with the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex. Interactions that may facilitate this include a duplex between the SL and U6 RNAs and interactions between the U5 RNA and the exon sequence at the 5' splice site within the SL RNA. GO:0000354 cis assembly of pre-catalytic spliceosome Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner. cis assembly of U12-type pre-catalytic spliceosome; cis assembly of U2-type pre-catalytic spliceosome; formation of spliceosomal A2-1 complex; formation of spliceosomal B1 complex; spliceosomal A2-1 complex biosynthesis; spliceosomal A2-1 complex formation; spliceosomal B1 complex biosynthesis; spliceosomal B1 complex formation GO:0000365 nuclear mRNA trans splicing, via spliceosome The joining together of exons from two different primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. nuclear mRNA trans splicing, via U2-type spliceosome GO:0000366 intergenic nuclear mRNA trans splicing The joining together of two independently transcribed RNAs from two different genes, each of which also produces mRNA(s) via cis-splicing. GO:0000372 Group I intron splicing The splicing of Group I introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group I introns and involved in determining the locations of the splice sites (there do not appear to be consensu thes splice site sequences) as well as having a role in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions, generally with exogenous guanosine as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a linear piece (though it may subsequently circularize). mRNA splicing GO:0000373 Group II intron splicing The splicing of Group II introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group II introns and containing splice site consensu thes sequences, that is involved in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions (mechanistically similar to those for splicing of nuclear mRNAs) initiated by a bulged adenosine residue within the intron sequence as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a lariat. mRNA splicing GO:0000374 Group III intron splicing The splicing of Group III introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group III introns, that is involved in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions begun by a bulged adenosine residue within the intron sequence as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a lariat. Though very similar in structure and mechanism to Group II introns, Group III introns are smaller and more streamlined and the splice site consensu thes sequences are not as well conserved. mRNA splicing GO:0000375 RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions. GO:0000376 RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with guanosine as nucleophile Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with exogenous guanosine as the initiating nucleophile. GO:0000377 RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with bulged adenosine as nucleophile Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with a bulged adenosine residue from the intron branch point as the initiating nucleophile. When the initial RNA for the splicing reaction is a single molecule (cis splicing), the excised intron is released in a lariat structure. lariat RNA biosynthesis; lariat RNA formation GO:0000378 RNA exon ligation The process of joining two exons, each of which has free ends that were generated by endonucleolytic cleavages, by a ligation reaction. GO:0000379 tRNA-type intron splice site recognition and cleavage The process of recognition of the tertiary structure of a tRNA type intron and the endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA at both the 5' and 3' splice sites. GO:0000380 alternative nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition. splice site selection GO:0000381 regulation of alternative nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alternative splicing of nuclear mRNAs. splice site selection GO:0000387 spliceosomal snRNP biogenesis The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome. GO:0000388 spliceosome conformational change to release U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11). 3'-splice site cleavage, exon ligation; spliceosomal A1 complex biosynthesis; spliceosomal A1 complex formation; spliceosomal B2 complex biosynthesis; spliceosomal B2 complex formation; U12-type spliceosome conformational change to release U4atac and U11; U2-type spliceosome conformational change to release U4 and U1 GO:0000389 nuclear mRNA 3'-splice site recognition Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome. U12-type nuclear mRNA 3'-splice site recognition; U2-type nuclear mRNA 3'-splice site recognition GO:0000390 spliceosome disassembly Disassembly of the spliceosome with the ATP-dependent release of the product RNAs, one of which is composed of the joined exons. In cis splicing, the other product is the excised sequence, often a single intron, in a lariat structure. spliceosome complex disassembly; U12-type spliceosome disassembly; U2-type spliceosome disassembly GO:0000393 spliceosomal conformational changes to generate catalytic conformation Structural rearrangements of the spliceosome complex, containing RNA to be spliced, to generate a catalytic conformation. 3'-splice site cleavage, exon ligation GO:0000394 RNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation Splicing of RNA via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons. mRNA splicing GO:0000395 nuclear mRNA 5'-splice site recognition Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome. nuclear mRNA 5' splice site recognition; spliceosomal CC complex biosynthesis; spliceosomal CC complex formation; spliceosomal commitment complex biosynthesis; spliceosomal commitment complex formation; spliceosomal E complex biosynthesis; spliceosomal E complex formation; U12-type nuclear mRNA 5' splice site recognition; U12-type nuclear mRNA 5'-splice site recognition; U2-type nuclear mRNA 5' splice site recognition; U2-type nuclear mRNA 5'-splice site recognition GO:0000398 nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. mRNA splicing; nuclear mRNA splicing via U12-type spliceosome; nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome; pre-mRNA splicing; splicing AT-AC intron; splicing GT-AG intron GO:0000409 regulation of transcription by galactose Any process involving galactose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent or transcription. GO:0000410 negative regulation of transcription by galactose Any process involving galactose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription. down regulation of transcription by galactose; down-regulation of transcription by galactose; downregulation of transcription by galactose; inhibition of transcription by galactose GO:0000411 positive regulation of transcription by galactose Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription. activation of transcription by galactose; stimulation of transcription by galactose; up regulation of transcription by galactose; up-regulation of transcription by galactose; upregulation of transcription by galactose GO:0000412 histone peptidyl-prolyl isomerization The modification of a histone by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue. histone proline isomerization GO:0000413 protein peptidyl-prolyl isomerization The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue. protein proline isomerization GO:0000414 regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3. GO:0000415 negative regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3. down regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation; down-regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation; downregulation of histone H3-K36 methylation; inhibition of histone H3-K36 methylation GO:0000416 positive regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3. activation of histone H3-K36 methylation; stimulation of histone H3-K36 methylation; up regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation; up-regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation; upregulation of histone H3-K36 methylation GO:0000422 mitochondrion degradation The process by which mitochondria are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions, autophagy of mitochondria. mitophagy GO:0000423 macromitophagy Degradation of a mitochondrion by macroautophagy. GO:0000424 micromitophagy Degradation of a mitochondrion by microautophagy. GO:0000425 macropexophagy Degradation of a peroxisome by macropexophagy. GO:0000426 micropexophagy Degradation of a peroxisome by micropexophagy. GO:0000429 regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites Any process involving carbon catabolites that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. GO:0000430 regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose Any process involving glucose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. GO:0000431 regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose Any process involving galactose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. GO:0000432 positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose; stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose; up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose; up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose; upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose GO:0000433 negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose Any process involving glucose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose; down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose; downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose; inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose GO:0000434 negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose Any process involving galactose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose; down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose; downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose; inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose GO:0000435 positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose; stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose; up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose; up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose; upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose GO:0000436 positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites Any process involving carbon catabolites that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites; stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites; up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites; up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites; upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites GO:0000437 negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites Any process involving carbon catabolites that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites; down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites; downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites; inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites GO:0000447 endonucleolytic cleavage in ITS1 to separate SSU-rRNA from 5.8S rRNA and LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Endonucleolytic cleavage beween the SSU-rRNA and the 5.8S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. endonucleolytic cleavage at A2 GO:0000448 cleavage in ITS2 between 5.8S rRNA and LSU-rRNA of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Endonucleolytic cleavage within ITS2 between the 5.8S rRNA and the LSU-rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. cleavage at C2; cleavage in ITS2 of tricistronic rRNA transcript to separate 5.8S and LSU rRNAs (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) GO:0000449 endonucleolytic cleavage of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 5S) Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA, and the 5S rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. For example, primary ribosomal RNA transcripts containing three genes, in this order, are produced in E. coli and other prokaryotic species. Note that the use of the word tricistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript. GO:0000450 cleavage of bicistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-rRNAs originally produced as a bicistronic rRNA transcript that contains the SSU-rRNA and the LSU-rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with two genes in this order are produced in Archaeal species. GO:0000451 rRNA 2'-O-methylation The addition of a methyl group to the 2'-oxygen atom of a nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis. GO:0000452 snoRNA guided rRNA 2'-O-methylation The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to the 2'-oxygen atom of nucleotide residues in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis using a snoRNA guide that targets the position of methylation. GO:0000453 enzyme-directed rRNA 2'-O-methylation The addition of methyl groups to the 2'-oxygen atom of nucleotide residues in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis where the methylase specifies the site that becomes methylated without using a guide RNA. GO:0000454 snoRNA guided rRNA pseudouridine synthesis The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis using a snoRNA guide that targets the position of pseudouridylation. GO:0000455 enzyme-directed rRNA pseudouridine synthesis The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine during ribosome biogenesis where the enzyme specifies the site that becomes pseudouridylated without using a guide RNA. GO:0000456 dimethylation during SSU-rRNA biogenesis Dimethyation of the N6 amino groups of two consecutive adenosine residues near the 3'-end of the SSU rRNA. This process has been conserved from bacteria to eukaryotes. GO:0000457 endonucleolytic cleavage between SSU-rRNA and LSU-rRNA of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 5S) Endonucleolytic cleavage to separate a pre-SSU-rRNA from a pre-LSU-rRNA originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA, and the 5S rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Note that the use of the word tricistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript. GO:0000458 endonucleolytic cleavage between LSU-rRNA and 5S rRNA of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 5S) Endonucleolytic cleavage to separate a pre-LSU-rRNA from a pre-5S rRNA originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA, and the 5S rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Note that the use of the word tricistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript. GO:0000459 exonucleolytic trimming during rRNA processing Exonucleolytic digestion of a pre-rRNA molecule in the process to generate a mature rRNA molecule. GO:0000460 maturation of 5.8S rRNA Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5.8S rRNA molecule. GO:0000461 endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 3'-end of SSU-rRNA from (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Endonucleolytic cleavage at the 3'-end of the SSU-rRNA from an originally tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript, to produce the mature end of the SSU-rRNA. endonucleolytic cleavage at site D GO:0000462 maturation of SSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000463 maturation of LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000464 endonucleolytic cleavage in ITS1 upstream of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Endonucleolytic cleavage within Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) upstream of the 5.8S rRNA derived from an originally tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. In S. cerevisiae, this endonucleolytic cleavage within ITS1 initiates the maturation of the LSU and the 5.8S rRNAs. endonucleolytic cleavage at A3 GO:0000465 exonucleolytic trimming to generate mature 5'-end of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Exonucleolytic digestion of a pre-rRNA molecule to generate the mature 5'-end of a 5.8S rRNA molecule derived from an originally tricistronic pre-rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000466 maturation of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Any process involved in the maturation of an rRNA molecule originally produced as part of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000467 exonucleolytic trimming to generate mature 3'-end of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Exonucleolytic digestion of a pre-rRNA molecule to generate the mature 3'-end of a 5.8S rRNA molecule derived from an originally tricistronic pre-rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000468 generation of mature 3'-end of LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Any process involved in generating the mature 3'-end of an LSU-rRNA derived from a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. processing at B2 GO:0000469 cleavages during rRNA processing Any cleavage involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule. GO:0000470 maturation of LSU-rRNA Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule. GO:0000471 endonucleolytic cleavage in 3'-ETS of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 3'-External Transcribed Spacer (ETS) of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. In S. cerevisiae, endonucleolytic cleavage within the 3'-ETS of the pre-RNA, which may occur cotranscriptionally, is the first step in rRNA processing, and initiates a cascade of subsequent processing and modification events. GO:0000472 endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 5'-end of SSU-rRNA from (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Endonucleolytic cleavage between the 5'-External Transcribed Spacer (5'-ETS) and the 5' end of the SSU-rRNA of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript, to produce the mature end of the SSU-rRNA. endonucleolytic cleavage at A1 GO:0000473 maturation of LSU-rRNA from tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8 S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000474 maturation of SSU-rRNA from tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8 S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000475 maturation of 2S rRNA Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 2S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 2S rRNA molecule. GO:0000476 maturation of 4.5S rRNA Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 4.5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 4.5S rRNA molecule. GO:0000477 generation of mature 5'-end of LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Cleavage within ITS2 to generate the mature 5'-end of an LSU-rRNA derived from a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. processing at C1 GO:0000478 endonucleolytic cleavages during rRNA processing Any endonucleolytic cleavage involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule. Some endonucleolytic cleavages produce the mature end, while others are a step in the process of generating the mature end from the pre-rRNA. GO:0000479 endonucleolytic cleavage of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with three genes, in this order, are produced in the nuclei of many eukaryotic species, including S. cerevisiae. GO:0000480 endonucleolytic cleavage in 5'-ETS of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-External Transcribed Spacer (ETS) of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-ETS of the pre-RNA is conserved as one of the early steps of rRNA processing in all eukaryotes, but the specific position of cleavage is variable. endonucleolytic cleavage at A-prime; endonucleolytic cleavage at A0 GO:0000481 maturation of 5S rRNA Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5S rRNA molecule. GO:0000482 maturation of 5S rRNA from tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5S rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000483 endonucleolytic cleavage of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with four genes, in this order, are produced in the nuclei of D. melanogaster as well as in those of other dipteran species. GO:0000484 cleavage between SSU-rRNA and 5.8S rRNA of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Endonucleolytic cleavage beween the SSU-rRNA and the 5.8S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000485 cleavage between 2S rRNA and LSU-rRNA of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Endonucleolytic cleavage beween the LSU-rRNA and the 2S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000486 cleavage between 5.8S rRNA and 2S rRNA of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Endonucleolytic cleavage beween the 5.8S rRNA and the 2S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000487 maturation of 5.8S rRNA from tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5.8S rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 8.8S rRNA, the 2S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000488 maturation of LSU-rRNA from tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 4.5S-rRNA, 5S-rRNA) Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000489 maturation of SSU-rRNA from tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 4.5S-rRNA, 5S-rRNA) Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. GO:0000491 snoRNP assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a snoRNA to form a small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex. small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex assembly GO:0000492 box C/D snoRNP assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a box C/D snoRNA to form a box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex. box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex assembly GO:0000493 box H/ACA snoRNP assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a box H/ACA snoRNA to form a box H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex. box H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex assembly GO:0000494 box C/D snoRNA 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a box C/D snoRNA molecule. box C/D snoRNA 3' end processing GO:0000495 box H/ACA snoRNA 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a box H/ACA snoRNA molecule. box H/ACA snoRNA 3' end processing GO:0000501 flocculation via cell wall protein-carbohydrate interaction Mannose-sensitive, nonsexual aggregation of cells mediated by protein-carbohydrate (flocculin-mannan) interaction present in the cell wall. This process is pH- and calcium-dependent and reversible. flocculation (sensu Saccharomyces) GO:0000578 embryonic axis specification Axis specification in the embryo. embryonic axis determination GO:0000705 achiasmate meiosis I The first division of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, occurring in the constitutive absence of chiasmata. GO:0000706 meiotic DNA double-strand break processing The cell cycle process whereby the 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang occurs. This takes place during meiosis. GO:0000707 meiotic DNA recombinase assembly During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA. GO:0000708 meiotic strand invasion The cell cycle process whereby the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules. This occurs during meiosis. meiotic D-loop biosynthesis; meiotic D-loop formation GO:0000709 meiotic joint molecule formation The conversion of the paired broken DNA and homologous duplex DNA into a four-stranded branched intermediate, known as a joint molecule, formed during meiotic recombination. These joint molecules contain Holliday junctions on either side of heteroduplex DNA. GO:0000710 meiotic mismatch repair A system for the identification and correction of base-base mismatches, small insertion-deletion loops, and regions of heterology that are present in duplex DNA formed with strands from two recombining molecules. Correction of the mismatch can result in non-Mendelian segregation of alleles following meiosis. GO:0000711 meiotic DNA repair synthesis During meiosis, the synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template. GO:0000712 resolution of meiotic joint molecules as recombinants The cleavage and rejoining of Holliday junctions formed during meiotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged. crossover biosynthesis; crossover formation; formation of chiasmata; homologous chromosome separation at meiosis I; meiotic homologous chromosome separation GO:0000713 meiotic heteroduplex formation During meiosis, the formation of a stable duplex DNA that contains one strand from each of the two recombining DNA molecules. GO:0000714 meiotic strand displacement The cell cycle process whereby the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA is rejected. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules. This occurs during meiosis. GO:0000715 nucleotide-excision repair, DNA damage recognition The identification of lesions in DNA, such as pyrimidine-dimers, intrastrand cross-links, and bulky adducts. The wide range of substrate specificity suggests the repair complex recognizes distortions in the DNA helix. pyrimidine-dimer repair, DNA damage recognition GO:0000716 transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair, DNA damage recognition The identification of lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex as well as a small subset of lesions not recognized by the general nucleotide-excision repair pathway. pyrimidine-dimer repair, DNA damage recognition GO:0000717 nucleotide-excision repair, DNA duplex unwinding The unwinding, or local denaturation, of the DNA duplex to create a bubble around the site of the DNA damage. GO:0000718 nucleotide-excision repair, DNA damage removal The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage. GO:0000719 photoreactive repair The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers by directly reversing the damage to restore the original pyrimidines. pyrimidine-dimer repair by photolyase GO:0000720 pyrimidine dimer repair via nucleotide-excision repair The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T, and C-C dimers by the recognition and removal of the damaged DNA strand from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. GO:0000722 telomere maintenance via recombination Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length. telomerase-independent telomere maintenance GO:0000723 telomere maintenance Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences. GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule. homologous recombinational repair; HRR; Rhp51-dependent recombinational repair GO:0000725 recombinational repair The repair of damaged DNA that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA. GO:0000726 non-recombinational repair The repair of damaged DNA that does not require the exchange of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA. GO:0000727 double-strand break repair via break-induced replication The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the centromere-proximal end of a broken chromosome searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template, and progresses to the end of the chromosome. GO:0000728 gene conversion at mating-type locus, DNA double-strand break formation The site-specific endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA at the mating-type locus which initiates the conversion of one mating-type allele to another. GO:0000729 DNA double-strand break processing The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang. GO:0000730 DNA recombinase assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) into higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA. GO:0000731 DNA synthesis during DNA repair Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template. DNA repair synthesis GO:0000732 strand displacement The rejection of the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules. GO:0000733 DNA strand renaturation The identification and annealing of complementary base pairs in single-strand DNA. GO:0000734 gene conversion at mating-type locus, DNA repair synthesis Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template during gene conversion at the mating-type locus. GO:0000735 removal of nonhomologous ends The removal of nonhomologous sequences at the broken 3' single-strand DNA end before DNA repair synthesis can occur. GO:0000736 double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing, removal of nonhomologous ends During DSBR via single-strand annealing, the removal of nonhomologous sequences at the broken 3' single-strand DNA end before DNA repair synthesis can occur. GO:0000737 DNA catabolic process, endonucleolytic The hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides. DNA breakdown, endonucleolytic; DNA degradation, endonucleolytic; endonucleolytic degradation of DNA GO:0000738 DNA catabolic process, exonucleolytic The hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides. DNA breakdown, exonucleolytic; DNA degradation, exonucleolytic; exonucleolytic degradation of DNA GO:0000740 nuclear membrane fusion The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus. GO:0000741 karyogamy The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei. nuclear fusion; nuclear fusion during karyogamy GO:0000742 karyogamy during conjugation with cellular fusion During sexual reproduction, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei. This occurs after cytogamy. GO:0000743 nuclear migration during conjugation with cellular fusion The net movement of nuclei towards one another as a prelude to karyogamy in organisms undergoing conjugation with cellular fusion. nuclear congression GO:0000744 karyogamy during conjugation without cellular fusion During sexual reproduction, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei. This occurs after the mutual exchange of nuclei. GO:0000745 nuclear migration during conjugation without cellular fusion The net movement of nuclei towards one another, leading to the bilateral transfer of genetic material in organisms undergoing conjugation without cellular fusion. nuclear exchange during conjugation without cellular fusion GO:0000746 conjugation The union or introduction of genetic information from compatible mating types that results in a genetically different individual. Conjugation requires direct cellular contact between the organisms. GO:0000747 conjugation with cellular fusion A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. cell fusion (mating sensu Saccharomyces); conjugation (sensu Fungi); conjugation (sensu Saccharomyces); mating (sensu Fungi); mating (sensu Saccharomyces) GO:0000748 conjugation with mutual genetic exchange A conjugation process that results in the mutual exchange and union of only genetic information between compatible mating types. Conjugation without cellular fusion requires direct cellular contact between the organisms without plasma membrane fusion. The organisms involved in conjugation without cellular fusion separate after nuclear exchange. conjugation without cellular fusion GO:0000749 response to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus during the process of conjugation with cellular fusion. pheromone response (sensu Fungi); pheromone response (sensu Saccharomyces) GO:0000750 pheromone-dependent signal transduction during conjugation with cellular fusion A signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion. MAPKKK cascade (mating sensu Fungi); MAPKKK cascade (mating sensu Saccharomyces); signal transduction of mating signal (sensu Saccharomyces); transduction of mating signal (sensu Fungi) GO:0000751 cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) as a result of a pheromone stimulus. cell cycle arrest (sensu Saccharomyces) GO:0000752 agglutination during conjugation with cellular fusion During conjugation with cellular fusion, the aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions. agglutination (sensu Saccharomyces); cell-cell adhesion during conjugation with cellular fusion; cell-cell adhesion during mating GO:0000753 cellular morphogenesis during conjugation with cellular fusion The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo conjugation cellular fusion. shmoo orientation; shmooing GO:0000754 adaptation to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion In organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. adaptation to mating signal (sensu Fungi); adaptation to mating signal (sensu Saccharomyces); desensitization to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion GO:0000755 cytogamy During conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in creating a single cell from complementary mating types. The localized remodeling and dissolution of external protective structures allow the fusion of the plasma membranes and cytoplasmic mixing. zygote formation (sensu Fungi) GO:0000756 response to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus during the process of conjugation without cellular fusion. GO:0000757 signal transduction during conjugation without cellular fusion A signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation without cellular fusion. GO:0000758 agglutination during conjugation without cellular fusion During conjugation without cellular fusion, the aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions. GO:0000759 cellular morphogenesis during conjugation without cellular fusion The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo conjugation without cellular fusion. GO:0000760 adaptation to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion In organisms that undergo conjugation without cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion GO:0000761 conjugant formation During conjugation without cellular fusion, the process that results in pairing complementary mating types. Localized morphological, cytological, and cytoskeletal changes connect the mating types without cytoplasmic mixing. GO:0000762 pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation The process of unidirectional (polarized) transfer of genetic information in response to a pheromone. It involves direct cellular contact between a donor and recipient cell; the contact is followed by the formation of a cellular bridge that physically connects the cells; some or all of the chromosome(s) of one cell ('male') is then transferred into the other cell ('female'); unidirectional conjugation occurs between cells of different mating types. GO:0000763 cellular morphogenesis during unidirectional conjugation The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo unidirectional conjugation. GO:0000764 cellular morphogenesis during pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation. GO:0000765 response to pheromone during pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus during the process of pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation. GO:0000766 adaptation to pheromone during pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation In organisms that undergo pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation, the process involved in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that acts to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. desensitization to pheromone during pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation GO:0000767 cellular morphogenesis during conjugation The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types. GO:0000768 syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. cell fusion; cell-cell fusion GO:0000769 syncytium formation by mitosis without cell division The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by one or more rounds of nuclear division without cell division. GO:0000770 peptide pheromone export The directed movement of a peptide pheromone out of a cell by a secretion or export pathway used solely for the export of peptide pheromones. a-factor export GO:0000771 agglutination The aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions prior to the formation of irreversible cellular contacts during conjugation. GO:0000819 sister chromatid segregation The process by which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. GO:0000820 regulation of glutamine family amino acid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline. regulation of glutamine family amino acid metabolism GO:0000821 regulation of arginine metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid. regulation of arginine metabolism GO:0000902 cell morphogenesis Any process that modulates the size or shape of a cell. cellular morphogenesis; negative regulation of cell shape and cell size; positive regulation of cell shape and cell size; regulation of cell shape and cell size GO:0000903 cellular morphogenesis during vegetative growth The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the development of a cell as it progresses through a mitotic cell cycle when it is not undergoing terminal differentiation. GO:0000904 cellular morphogenesis during differentiation The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. GO:0000905 sporocarp development involved in asexual reproduction The formation of a spore-bearing structure by fungus where spores will arise from asexual reproduction. conidium development; fruiting body formation during asexual reproduction (sensu Fungi); haploid fruiting; homokaryotic fruiting; imperfect stage fruitng body development; monokaryotic fruiting GO:0000909 sporocarp development involved in sexual reproduction The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a fruiting body organ over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruiting body is a spore bearing structure. In fungi, the sporocarp (also known as fruiting body) is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruiting body is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cycle, with the rest of the life cycle being characterized by vegetative mycelial growth. The sporocarp of a basidiomycete is known as a basidiocarp, while the fruiting body of an ascomycete is known as an ascocarp. A significant range of different shapes and morphologies is found in both basidiocarps and ascocarps; these features play an important role in the identification and taxonomy of fungi. ascus development; fruiting body development during sexual reproduction (sensu Fungi); fruiting body formation during sexual reproduction (sensu Fungi); perfect stage fruiting body development GO:0000910 cytokinesis A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components. GO:0000911 cytokinesis by cell plate formation The process of dividing the cytoplasm of a parent cell where a structure forms in the cytoplasm and grows until reaching the plasma membrane, thereby completely separating the cytoplasms of adjacent progeny cells. cytokinesis (sensu Viridiplantae) GO:0000912 formation of actomyosin apparatus involved in cytokinesis The formation of an apparatus composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis. cytokinesis, formation of actomyosin apparatus GO:0000913 preprophase band formation The process of marking the position in the cell where cytokinesis will occur in cells that perform cytokinesis by cell plate formation. GO:0000914 phragmoplast formation The formation of a structure composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis in cells that perform cytokinesis by cell plate formation. The structure usually contains antiparallel microtubules and membrane (often visible as vesicles). GO:0000915 cytokinesis, contractile ring formation The process of formation of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis. constriction ring assembly; cytokinesis, actomyosin ring biosynthesis; cytokinesis, actomyosin ring formation; cytokinesis, contractile ring assembly GO:0000916 contractile ring contraction involved in cytokinesis The process of an actomyosin ring, which functions in cytokinesis, getting smaller in diameter. cytokinesis, actomyosin ring contraction; cytokinesis, contractile ring contraction GO:0000917 barrier septum formation The process of making a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a barrier septum are not able to exchange intracellular material. formation of barrier septum; septation; septin assembly and septum biosynthesis; septin assembly and septum formation GO:0000918 selection of site for barrier septum formation The process of marking the site where a barrier septum will form. selection of site for barrier cell septum biosynthesis; selection of site for barrier cell septum formation; septin assembly and septum biosynthesis; septin assembly and septum formation; septum positioning GO:0000919 cell plate formation The process of assembly, maturation, and growth of the cell plate to the cell periphery in cells that divide by cell plate formation; often involves deposition of cell wall material in and around the phragmoplast. GO:0000920 cell separation during cytokinesis The process of physically separating progeny cells during cytokinesis; this may involve enzymatic digestion of septum or cell wall components. rotokinesis GO:0000921 septin ring assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of septins and associated proteins to form an organized structure resembling a ring at the cell cortex. septin assembly and septum biosynthesis; septin assembly and septum formation GO:0000947 amino acid catabolic process to alcohol via Ehrlich pathway The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols. GO:0000948 amino acid catabolic process to carboxylic acid via Ehrlich pathway The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce carboxylic acids with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of carboxylic acids, sometimes collectively referred to as fusel acids. Depending on the redox state of the cells, alcohol derivatives may be produced instead of carboxylic acids. GO:0000949 aromatic amino acid family catabolic process to alcohol via Ehrlich pathway The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of aromatic amino acids to produce aromatic alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When an aromatic family amino acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, is used as the substrate, 2-phenylethanol, 4-hydroxyphenylethanol, or tryptophol, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols. GO:0000950 branched chain family amino acid catabolic process to alcohol via Ehrlich pathway The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of branched chain amino acids to produce branched chain alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When a branched chain family amino acid, leucine, isoleucine, or valine, is used as the substrate, 3-methylbutanol, 2-methylbutanol, or 2-methylpropanol, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols. GO:0000951 methionine catabolic process to 3-methylthiopropanol The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of branched chain amino acids to produce branched chain alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When methionine is used as the substrate, 3-methylthiopropanol is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols. GO:0000952 aromatic amino acid family catabolic process to carboxylic acid via Ehrlich pathway The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce carboxylic acids with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When an aromatic family amino acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, is used as the substrate, 2-phenylethanoate, 4-hydroxyphenylethanoate, or 2-(Indol-3-yl)-ethanoate, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of carboxylic acids, sometimes collectively referred to as fusel acids. Depending on the redox state of the cells, alcohol derivatives may be produced instead of carboxylic acids. GO:0000953 branched chain family amino acid catabolic process to carboxylic acid via Ehrlich pathway The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce carboxylic acids with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When a branched chain family amino acid, leucine, isoleucine, or valine, is used as the substrate, 3-methylbutanoate, 2-methylbutanoate, or 2-methylpropanoate, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of carboxylic acids, sometimes collectively referred to as fusel acids. Depending on the redox state of the cells, alcohol derivatives may be produced instead of carboxylic acids. GO:0000954 methionine catabolic process to 3-methylthiopropanoate The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce carboxylic acids with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When methionine is used as the substrate, 3-methylthiopropanoate is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of carboxylic acids, sometimes collectively referred to as fusel acids. Depending on the redox state of the cells, alcohol derivatives may be produced instead of carboxylic acids. GO:0000955 amino acid catabolic process via Ehrlich pathway The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce alcohols or carboxylic acids containing one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives, sometimes referred to as fusel acids, may be produced instead of alcohols. GO:0000956 nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. nuclear mRNA breakdown; nuclear mRNA catabolism; nuclear mRNA degradation GO:0000957 mitochondrial RNA catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA within the mitochondrion. GO:0000958 mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA within the mitochondrion. GO:0000959 mitochondrial RNA metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA in the mitochondrion. GO:0000960 regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism of RNA within the mitochondrion. GO:0000961 negative regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism of RNA within the mitochondrion. GO:0000962 positive regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism of RNA within the mitochondrion. GO:0000963 mitochondrial RNA processing The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules. GO:0000964 mitochondrial RNA 5'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome. mitochondrial RNA 5' end processing GO:0000965 mitochondrial RNA 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome. mitochondrial RNA 3' end processing GO:0000966 RNA 5'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule. RNA 5' end processing GO:0000967 rRNA 5'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an rRNA molecule. rRNA 5'-end processing GO:0001100 negative regulation of exit from mitosis Any process involved in the inhibition of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity). down regulation of exit from mitosis; down-regulation of exit from mitosis; downregulation of exit from mitosis; inhibition of exit from mitosis GO:0001101 response to acid A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acid stimulus. GO:0001300 chronological cell aging The process associated with progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan that occurs when the cell is in a non-dividing, or quiescent, state. chronological cell ageing GO:0001301 progressive alteration of chromatin during cell aging The process that occurs during the lifespan of the cell that results in changes in chromatin structure. Such changes may lead to gene dysregulation and ultimately to a loss in cell homeostasis, bringing about an aging phenotype. age-dependent accumulation of genetic damage; progressive alteration of chromatin during cell ageing GO:0001302 replicative cell aging The process associated with progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan that occurs as the cell continues cycles of growth and division. replicative cell ageing GO:0001303 nucleolar fragmentation during replicative aging Process of enlargement and fragmentation of the nucleolus into multiple rounded structures that occurs in conjunction with increasing age in dividing cells. nucleolar fragmentation during replicative ageing GO:0001304 progressive alteration of chromatin during replicative cell aging The process that occurs in dividing cells as they age that results in changes to chromatin structure. progressive alteration of chromatin during replicative cell ageing GO:0001305 progressive alteration of chromatin during chronological cell aging The process that occurs in non-dividing cells as they age that results in changes to chromatin structure. progressive alteration of chromatin during chronological cell ageing GO:0001306 age-dependent response to oxidative stress A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism. GO:0001307 extrachromosomal circular DNA accumulation during replicative cell aging Increase in abundance of circular DNA molecules in dividing cells as they age. These molecules originate in the chromosome but are excised and circularized, often by intramolecular homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, and then replicated independently of chromosomal replication. extrachromosomal circular DNA accumulation during replicative cell ageing GO:0001308 loss of chromatin silencing during replicative cell aging The process, which occurs as a dividing cell ages, leading to expression of genes that are typically not expressed due to silencing by regulatory proteins. loss of chromatin silencing during replicative cell ageing GO:0001309 age-dependent telomere shortening Progressive reduction in length of the telomeres, the termini of eukaryotic chromosomes, that occurs as part of the cellular aging process. GO:0001310 extrachromosomal rDNA circle accumulation during replicative cell aging Increase in abundance of circular DNA molecules containing ribosomal DNA repeats in dividing cells as they age. These molecules originate in the chromosome but are excised and circularized, often by intramolecular homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, and then replicated independently of chromosomal replication. extrachromosomal rDNA circle accumulation during replicative cell ageing; extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circle accumulation during replicative cell aging GO:0001311 formation of extrachromosomal circular rDNA by homologous recombination during replicative cell aging Excision from the chromosome and circularization of DNA molecules encoding ribosomal RNA in dividing cells as they age. formation of extrachromosomal circular rDNA by homologous recombination during replicative cell ageing; formation of extrachromosomal circular ribosomal DNA by homologous recombination during replicative cell aging GO:0001312 replication of extrachromosomal rDNA circles during replicative cell aging Replication of rDNA following its excision from the chromosome of dividing cells as they age. Extrachromosomal rDNA forms a circle that contains at least one autonomously replicating sequence (ARS), which supports replication independent of chromosomal replication. replication of extrachromosomal rDNA circles during replicative cell ageing; replication of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles during replicative cell aging GO:0001313 formation of extrachromosomal circular DNA during replicative cell aging Excision from the chromosome and circularization of a region of chromosomal DNA, generally, but not always, via homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, in dividing cells as they age. formation of extrachromosomal circular DNA during replicative cell ageing GO:0001314 replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA during replicative cell aging Replication of circular DNA following excision from the chromosome of dividing cells as they age; replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA generally occurs independently of chromosomal replication. replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA during replicative cell ageing GO:0001315 age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism. age-dependent response to active oxygen species; age-dependent response to AOS; age-dependent response to reactive oxidative species; age-dependent response to reactive oxygen intermediate; age-dependent response to ROI; age-dependent response to ROS GO:0001316 age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species during replicative cell aging A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism occurring during the process of replicative cell aging as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism. age-dependent response to active oxygen species during replicative cell aging; age-dependent response to AOS during replicative cell aging; age-dependent response to reactive oxidative species during replicative cell aging; age-dependent response to reactive oxygen intermediate during replicative cell aging; age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species during replicative cell ageing; age-dependent response to ROI during replicative cell aging; age-dependent response to ROS during replicative cell aging GO:0001317 accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins during replicative cell aging Accumulation of proteins that have undergone reactions with reactive oxygen species in aging dividing cells and exhibit modifications such as increased protein carbonyl content, oxidized methionine, protein hydrophobicity, and cross-linking. accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins during replicative cell ageing GO:0001318 formation of oxidatively modified proteins during replicative cell aging Chemical reaction, between proteins and reactive oxygen species, that occurs in dividing cells as they age and leads to a variety of changes in the affected proteins, including increases in protein carbonyl content, oxidized methionine, protein hydrophobicity, and cross-linking. formation of oxidatively modified proteins during replicative cell ageing GO:0001319 inheritance of oxidatively modified proteins during replicative cell aging Process by which progeny cells acquire, or are barred from acquiring, proteins that have been altered by reaction with reactive oxygen species in dividing aging cells. inheritance of oxidatively modified proteins during replicative cell ageing GO:0001320 age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species during chronological cell aging A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism. age-dependent response to active oxygen species during chronological cell aging; age-dependent response to AOS during chronological cell aging; age-dependent response to reactive oxidative species during chronological cell aging; age-dependent response to reactive oxygen intermediate during chronological cell aging; age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species during chronological cell ageing; age-dependent response to ROI during chronological cell aging; age-dependent response to ROS during chronological cell aging GO:0001321 age-dependent general metabolic decline during replicative cell aging The process, arising in dividing cells as they age, that alters cellular metabolism and thus causes a decline in cell function. age-dependent general metabolic decline during replicative cell ageing GO:0001322 age-dependent response to oxidative stress during replicative cell aging A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism occurring in dividing cells as they age as a result of oxidative stress, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism. age-dependent response to oxidative stress during replicative cell ageing GO:0001323 age-dependent general metabolic decline during chronological cell aging The process, arising in non-dividing cells as they age, that alters cellular metabolism and thus causes a decline in cell function. age-dependent general metabolic decline during chronological cell ageing GO:0001324 age-dependent response to oxidative stress during chronological cell aging A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of oxidative stress, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism. age-dependent response to oxidative stress during chronological cell ageing GO:0001325 formation of extrachromosomal circular DNA Excision from the chromosome and circularization of a region of chromosomal DNA, generally, but not always, via homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats. GO:0001326 replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA Replication of circular DNA following excision from the chromosome; replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA generally occurs independently of chromosomal replication. GO:0001402 signal transduction during filamentous growth Relaying of environmental signals promoting filamentous growth. MAPKKK cascade (pseudohyphal growth) GO:0001403 invasive growth in response to glucose limitation A growth pattern exhibited by budding haploid cells under certain growth conditions, in which cells retain the typical axial budding pattern of haploids, but become elongated and fail to separate after division; during growth on a solid substrate, this results in penetration of cells into the agar medium. colony morphology; invasive growth (sensu Saccharomyces) GO:0001404 invasive growth OBSOLETE. Growth of a pathogenic organism that results in penetration into cells or tissues of the host organism. This often (but not necessarily) includes a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down host tissue. tissue invasion GO:0001407 glycerophosphodiester transport The directed movement of glycerophosphodiesters into, out of, within or between cells. Glycerophosphodiesters are small molecules composed of glycerol-3-phosphate and an alcohol, for example, glycerophosphoinositol. GO:0001408 guanine nucleotide transport The directed movement of guanine nucleotides, GTP, GDP, and/or GMP, into, out of, within or between cells. GO:0001410 chlamydospore formation The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the chlamydospore over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A chlamydospores is a mitotic (asexual) one-celled spore, produced primarily for survival, not dispersal, originating endogenously and singly within part of a pre-existing cell and possessing an inner secondary and often thickened cell wall. chlamydospore development; chlamydospore development (sensu Candida albicans) GO:0001501 skeletal development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). bone development GO:0001502 cartilage condensation The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes. GO:0001503 ossification The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. bone biosynthesis; bone formation; osteogenesis GO:0001504 neurotransmitter uptake The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. It does not occur during cholinergic synaptic transmission. Instead, acetylcholine is enzymatically degraded in the synaptic cleft. neurotransmitter import into glial cell; neurotransmitter import into neuron; neurotransmitter recycling; neurotransmitter reuptake GO:0001505 regulation of neurotransmitter levels Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter. GO:0001506 neurotransmitter biosynthetic process and storage OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neurotransmitters and the storage of the synthesized molecules. neurotransmitter anabolism and storage; neurotransmitter formation and storage; neurotransmitter synthesis and storage GO:0001507 acetylcholine catabolic process in synaptic cleft The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine that occurs in the synaptic cleft during synaptic transmission. acetylcholine breakdown in synaptic cleft; acetylcholine degradation in synaptic cleft GO:0001508 regulation of action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell. GO:0001510 RNA methylation Posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to either a nucleotide or 2'-O ribose in an polyribonucleotide. Usually uses S-adenosylmethionine as a cofactor. GO:0001514 selenocysteine incorporation The incorporation of selenocysteine into a peptide; uses a special tRNA that recognizes the UGA codon as selenocysteine, rather than as a termination codon. Selenocysteine is synthesized from serine before its incorporation, it is not a posttranslational modification of peptidyl-cysteine. GO:0001516 prostaglandin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring. prostaglandin anabolism; prostaglandin biosynthesis; prostaglandin formation; prostaglandin synthesis GO:0001519 peptide amidation The posttranslational conversion of C-terminal glycine-extended peptides to C-terminal alpha-amidated peptides. Occurs to over half of all peptide hormones to give bioactive peptides. This is a two step process catalyzed by a peptidyl-glycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase and a peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase. In some organisms, this process is catalyzed by two separate enzymes, whereas in higher organisms, one polypeptide catalyzes both reactions. GO:0001522 pseudouridine synthesis The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. This posttranscriptional base modification occurs in tRNA, rRNA, and snRNAs. pseudouridylation GO:0001523 retinoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoids, any member of a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity. retinoid metabolism GO:0001525 angiogenesis Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels GO:0001526 proteoglycan sulfate transfer OBSOLETE. Transfer of sulfate to a proteoglycan (a glycoprotein whose carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans) using 3'-phosphoadenyl sulfate. proteoglycan sulphate transfer GO:0001539 ciliary or flagellar motility Locomotion due to movement of cilia or flagella. ciliary/flagellar motility GO:0001541 ovarian follicle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. follicular phase GO:0001542 ovulation from ovarian follicle The process leading to the rupture of the follicle, releasing the centrally located oocyte into the oviduct. ovulation (sensu Mammalia) GO:0001543 ovarian follicle rupture Disruption of theca cell layer releasing follicular fluid and/or the oocyte. GO:0001544 initiation of primordial ovarian follicle growth Increase in size of primordial follicles including proliferation and shape changes of granulosa and/or theca cells until oocyte is surrounded by one layer of cuboidal shaped granulosa cells (primary follicle). GO:0001545 primary ovarian follicle growth Increase in size of primary follicles including oocyte growth and granulosa and/or theca cell proliferation until more than one layer of granulosa cells is present (preantral follicle). GO:0001546 preantral ovarian follicle growth Increase in size of follicles surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells up to the onset of antrum formation. GO:0001547 antral ovarian follicle growth Increase in size of antral follicles due to cell proliferation and/or growth of the antral cavity. GO:0001548 follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum Formation of one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells. ovarian follicle antrum/follicular fluid biosynthesis; ovarian follicle antrum/follicular fluid formation GO:0001549 cumulus cell differentiation The process whereby a subpopulation of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte acquires the specialized features of an ovarian cumulus cell. ovarian cumulus cell differentiation GO:0001550 ovarian cumulus expansion Increase in size of the cumulus surrounding the oocyte including change in morphology due to proliferation and dispersion of cumulus cells. ovarian cumulus growth GO:0001551 ovarian follicle endowment Association of oocytes with supporting epithelial granulosa cells to form primordial follicles. GO:0001552 ovarian follicle atresia Ovarian follicle demise mediated by apoptosis. GO:0001553 luteinization The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation. luteal phase GO:0001554 luteolysis Regression of ovarian corpora lutea. GO:0001555 oocyte growth The process by which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. GO:0001556 oocyte maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization. GO:0001557 metabolic process resulting in cell growth OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that result in an increase in the mass (size) of a cel