AAO:0000001 adipose_tissue Tissue that contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage. AAO:0000002 alary_cartilage Paired, cup-shaped cartilage that are dorsal to the septomaxillae and anterior to the oblique cartilage. The anterior, convex face of each alary cartilage is synchondrotically fused to the superior prenasal cartilage and the ventral edge is fused to the superior margin of the crista intermedia. alinasal cartilage; cartilago alaris; cartilago alaris nasi; cartilago cupullaris; copula anterior; naseflngelknorpel; processus alaris; second upper labial AAO:0000003 alary_process_of_premaxilla Dorsal process that extends toward the nasal bone. The posterior (inner) face of each alary process is concave and is invested dorsomedially by the superior prenasal cartilage and ventromedially by the inferior prenasal cartilage. dorsal process of premaxilla; pars dorsalis of premaxilla; pars facialis of premaxilla; pars frontalis of premaxilla; pars prenasalis of premaxilla; premaxillary spine; processus ascendens of premaxilla; processus frontalis of premaxilla; processus nasalis of premaxilla AAO:0000006 alveolar_foramen Foramen for the R. alveolaris of Nerve VII and the alveolar artery. inferior dental foramen AAO:0000007 anatomical_system AAO:0000010 angular postoperculare; praearticulare AAO:0000012 angulosplenial_coronoid_process Point of insertion of the adductor mandibulae musculature. AAO:0000013 animal_tissue AAO:0000015 anterior_maxillary_process Process that extends anteriorly from the planum triangulare and invests the medial face of the pars facialis of the maxilla. AAO:0000016 anterior_nasal_wall Paired, vertical, and relatively straight plates that form the anterior limit of the nasal capsule. prenasal wall; solum anterius AAO:0000017 anterior_process_of_pars_palatina_of_maxilla AAO:0000018 anterior_ramus_of_pterygoid In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends anteriorly towards the maxilla. ramus maxillaris of pterygoid AAO:0000020 anterolateral_process_of_frontoparietal AAO:0000022 antorbital_process AAO:0000024 apertura_nasalis_externa Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal cavity with the exterior. external naris; external nostril; nostril AAO:0000025 apertura_nasalis_interna Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal and buccal cavites. Choana; internal naris; internal nostril AAO:0000027 areolar_connective_tissue Also known as loose connective tissue. A pliable, mesh-like tissue with a fluid matrix that functions to cushion and protect body organs. AAO:0000028 articular Endochondral ossification of the posterior articular part of Meckel's cartilage. angulaire; angulare; dermarticulare; goniale; operculo angulaire AAO:0000031 ascending_process_of_palatoquadrate apophyse ascendens; cartilage craniofacial; oberste abteilung des zweiten visceralbogens; pedicle; pediculus; processus ascendens of palatoquadrate; schlafenflugelknorpel AAO:0000032 auditory_muscles AAO:0000033 autonomic_nervous_system AAO:0000034 axial_skeleton The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, a metameric, semi-flexible, arched bar located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord. spinal column; vertebral column AAO:0000036 basal_process_of_palatoquadrate Process that extends medially from the ventromedial corner of the palatoquadrate cartilage and articulates or fuses to the anterior wall of the otic capsule via the basitrabecular process. processus basalis AAO:0000037 basicranial_fontanelle Ventral opening of the neurocranium. AAO:0000038 basimandibulare AAO:0000039 basioccipital AAO:0000040 basisphenoid Endochondral ossification of the ventromedial portion of the braincase. AAO:0000041 bidders_organ AAO:0000042 blastoderm AAO:0000043 blastodisc AAO:0000044 blastomere AAO:0000045 blastopore AAO:0000046 blood Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma. AAO:0000047 bone Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs; organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage. AAO:0000049 bottle_cells AAO:0000050 braincase_and_auditory_apparatus The part of the skull that encloses the brain and surrounds the inner ear. AAO:0000051 braincase_and_otic_capsule_opening AAO:0000052 braincase_and_otic_capsule_skeleton AAO:0000053 buccal_cavity AAO:0000054 buccopharyngeal_cavity AAO:0000057 canalis_semircularis_anterior AAO:0000058 canalis_semircularis_posterior AAO:0000059 capsular_process Narrow process of the skeletal support that projects forward. AAO:0000060 cartilage A type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix. Cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, in the throat and between intervertebral disks. It makes up virtually the entire skeleton in chondrichthyes. AAO:0000061 cartilage_bridge AAO:0000068 cartilago_ectochoanalis Lateral cartilaginous border of the fenestra endochoanalis. AAO:0000069 cartilago_infranarina AAO:0000074 cartilago_orbitalis dorsale randspange AAO:0000078 cartilago_prootico-occipitalis AAO:0000079 cartilago_retronarina AAO:0000080 caudal-sacral_region Region of the vertebral column posterior to the sacrum consisting of two to four vertebrae. The last of these vertebrae is distinguished by the possession of a well-developed haemal arch; it supports the posterior part of the cloaca and marks the posterior limit of the trunk. AAO:0000081 caudal_muscles AAO:0000082 caudal_region Region of the vertebral column posterior to the caudal-sacral region, that may consists of two or three to more than 100 vertebrae. These vertebrae exhibit a gradual reduction in the sizes of their transverse processes and zygapophyses, but these structures are never entirely absent. All caudal vertebrae bear haemal arches. postsacral region; tail region AAO:0000085 cavum_inferius Accessory cavity located ventral to the cavum principale and cavum medius. AAO:0000086 cavum_internasale AAO:0000087 cavum_medius Small accessory cavity located between the cavum principale and cavum inferius. AAO:0000088 cavum_praenasale AAO:0000089 cavum_principale Largest and most dorsal of the nasal cavities. AAO:0000090 central_nervous_system AAO:0000091 cervical_muscles AAO:0000092 cervical_region Anterior region of the vertebral column consisting of one to 19 or 20 vertebrae. AAO:0000093 choana Opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx. AAO:0000094 chondrocranium AAO:0000095 cloaca AAO:0000098 connective_tissue One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue. AAO:0000099 connective_tissue_proper AAO:0000103 coronoid AAO:0000104 coronoid_teeth AAO:0000107 cranial_muscles AAO:0000108 cranial_nerves AAO:0000109 cranial_skeleton Bony structure that encases the central nervous system and the primary sense organs of sight, olfaction, hearing, and equilibrium. AAO:0000110 crista_contacta Thin, horizontal ridge that extends medially from the corpus of the septomaxilla; it lays on the lamina inferior. AAO:0000111 crista_dentalis_of_maxilla AAO:0000112 crista_dentalis_of_premaxilla dental ridge of premaxilla AAO:0000113 crista_intermedia Paired, oblique plates of cartilage located ventral to the alary cartilages. The dorsomedial margin of each crista intermedia is fused to the transitional zone between the septum nasi and the tectum nasi, whereas the ventrolateral margin bears two laminae, the lamina superior and the lamina inferior. AAO:0000115 crista_lateralis_of_premaxilla AAO:0000116 crista_parotica processus muscularis capsulae auditivae; processus squamosus; tegmen tympani AAO:0000117 crista_subnasalis Ventral crest of the paries nasi. subnasal crest AAO:0000118 crista_supraorbitalis Short and blunt process that extends posteriorly from the posteromedial margin of the postnasal wall, on the anterodorsal corner of the orbit above the medial orbitonasal foramen. AAO:0000119 cutaneous_muscles AAO:0000121 dense_connective_tissue Also known as fibrous connective tissue. Forms ligaments and tendons and is characterized by densely packed collagen fibers that have great tensile strength. AAO:0000124 dentary Ossified element of intramembranous origin that invests the lateral margin of the mentomeckelian bone and Meckel's cartilage, thus forming the lateral margin of the mandible. dentale; os dentale; sur-angulaire AAO:0000125 dentary_teeth AAO:0000126 dentition Dentition refers to set of teeth, especially with regard to their number, kind, and arrangement, in the mouth. AAO:0000128 dermis AAO:0000129 digestive_system AAO:0000130 digestive_system_glands AAO:0000131 dilatatio_alaris Flange that extends ventrally from about the middle portion of the margo mandibularis. ventral flange of anterior ramus of pterygoid AAO:0000132 dorsal_plate AAO:0000135 ductus_endolymphaticus AAO:0000136 ductus_perilymphaticus AAO:0000137 ectoderm AAO:0000138 embryonic_structure AAO:0000139 endoderm AAO:0000141 endolymphatic_system AAO:0000142 epaxial_muscles AAO:0000143 epidermis AAO:0000144 epithelium One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissues composed of layers of cells that cover organ surfaces such as surface of the skin and inner lining of digestive tract. AAO:0000145 esophagus AAO:0000146 eustachian_canal Furrow on the ventral surface of the otic capsule, and occasionally also the parasphenoid, that houses the Eustachian tube. AAO:0000147 exoccipital Endochondral bone that forms the posterior end of the neurocranium and the margin of the foramen magnum. In addition, this bone contributes to the posteromedial portion of the otic capsule and forms the occipital condyle. exoccipitale; occipitale laterale; opisthoticum; pleurooccipitale AAO:0000155 extremitas_anterior Large anterior outgrowth of the septomaxilla that is directed into the space between the alary cartilage and the lamina inferior. anterior ramus AAO:0000156 eye_muscles AAO:0000157 fat_bodies AAO:0000160 fenestra_dorsalis_nasi AAO:0000161 fenestra_endochoanalis Opening on the ventral aspect of the nasal capsule. It contains the apertura nasalis interna. fenestra exochoanalis AAO:0000162 fenestra_endonarina_communis Opening on the anterolateral aspect of the nasal capsule. It contains the apertura nasalis externa. apertura nasalis externa; fenestra narina; narial fenestra AAO:0000164 fenestra_lateralis_nasi Opening on the lateral side of the nasal capsule. fenestra infraconchalis; fenestra retronarina AAO:0000166 fenestra_nasobasalis Small opening at the anterior tip of the nasal capsule, on the floor of the cavum inferius. It is located medially to the base of the inferior prenasal cartilage and serves for the passage of the ramus medialis narium and arteria orbitonasalis. basal fenestra; fenestra basalis nasi; foramen apicale; foramen epiphaniale; nasobasal fenestra AAO:0000167 fenestra_nasolateralis Elongated opening located on the lateral side of the nasal capsule. AAO:0000169 fenestra_ovalis fenestra vestibuli; foramen ovale AAO:0000170 fenestra_precerebralis AAO:0000171 fenestra_prechoanalis Large opening of the nasal floor anterior to the fenestra endochoanalis. AAO:0000177 flange_of_quadratojugal AAO:0000178 footplate_of_pars_media_plectri Independent, horizontal bar of cartilage located on the anterior part of the fenestra ovalis in front of the pars interna plectri. fenestral plate; interstapediale; otostapes; pars otica columellae; pseudooperculum AAO:0000179 foramen_acusticum acoustic foramen AAO:0000180 foramen_acusticum_anterius AAO:0000181 foramen_acusticum_maius AAO:0000182 foramen_acusticum_minus AAO:0000183 foramen_acusticum_posterius AAO:0000185 foramen_endolymphaticum endolymphatic foramen AAO:0000189 foramen_orbitonasale_laterale AAO:0000190 foramen_orbitonasale_mediale canalis orbitonasalis; canalis orbitonasalis medialis; foramen orbitonasale AAO:0000192 foramen_perilymphaticum AAO:0000193 foramen_perilymphaticum_accessorium AAO:0000194 foramen_perilymphaticum_superius foramen rotundum; superior perilymphatic formaen AAO:0000195 foramen_perilymphaticus_inferius foramen pro aquaeducto cochleae; inferior perilymphatic foramen AAO:0000199 fore_propodium Segment of the forearm corresponding to the humerus. AAO:0000200 fore_epipodium Segment of the forearm corresponding to the radius and ulna. antibrachium AAO:0000201 fore_mesopodium Segment of the forearm corresponding to the carpus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the radius and ulna at one end and the metacarpals at the other end. AAO:0000202 forelimb_skeleton Skeletal structure of the paired, anterior appendages. AAO:0000203 forelimb_muscles_proper AAO:0000204 forelimb_muscles AAO:0000205 forelimb Upper limb, which connects the manus with the pectoral girdle. AAO:0000206 frontal AAO:0000207 frontoparietal Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the braincase. fronto-parietaux; os fronto-parietale; parietaux; parietofrontal AAO:0000208 frontoparietal_constriction AAO:0000209 frontoparietal_fontanelle Dorsal opening of the neurocranium. AAO:0000211 germ_ring AAO:0000212 glands AAO:0000213 gonad AAO:0000216 hind_epipodium Segment of the leg corresponding to the tibia and fibula. AAO:0000217 hind_limb_skeleton Skeletal structure of the paired, posterior appendages. AAO:0000218 hind_limb_muscles_proper AAO:0000219 hind_limb Lower limb, which connects the pes with the pelvic girdle. AAO:0000220 hind_mesopodium Segment of the leg corresponding to the tarsus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the tibia and fibula at one end and the metatarsals at the other end. AAO:0000221 hind_metapodium Segment of the leg corresponding to the metatarsus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end. AAO:0000222 hindlimb_muscles AAO:0000224 hyobranchial_muscles AAO:0000225 hyoid_apparatus Apparatus located in the floor of the mouth, under the mandibular arcade. The apparatus consists of a central corpus and four pairs of processes. This apparatus serves as the site of insertion for a variety of muscles associated with movements of the tongue and as the origin of the m. hyoglossus. hyobranchial apparatus AAO:0000226 hyolaryngeal_complex Complex formed by two units, the hyoid and laryngeal apparatuses, which are both derived from the larval hyobranchial skeleton. AAO:0000228 hypaxial_muscles AAO:0000229 hypoblast AAO:0000234 inferior_prenasal_cartilage Elongate cartilage that extends anteroventrally from the solum nasi to abut the ventral portion of the posterior aspect of the alary process of the premaxilla. It was first discribed by Wiedersheim in 1876. inferior prenasal process; processus prenasalis inferior; processus prenasalis inferior lateralis AAO:0000237 infrarrostral_cartilage AAO:0000238 inner_ear AAO:0000239 integument AAO:0000246 intestines AAO:0000247 jaw_muscles AAO:0000249 jugular_foramen Large foramen that houses the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and is located inside the condyloid fossa. AAO:0000250 kidney AAO:0000253 lagena AAO:0000254 lamella_alaris Dorsal plate of the squamosal. horizontal arm of squamosal AAO:0000255 lamina_anterior_of_pars_facialis AAO:0000259 lamina_inferior Lateral expansion of the crista intermedia that serves as the floor of the cavum medium. lamina inferior cristae intermediae AAO:0000260 lamina_nariochoanalis Free, dorsal margin of the lamina inferior. AAO:0000262 lamina_orbitonasalis In the larva, structure that is fused to the wall of the braincase, lateral to the olfactory foramen, and separates the nasal capsule and orbit. In the adult frog it constitutes the ventral part of postnasal wall. AAO:0000263 lamina_precerebralis Posterior face of septum nasi. AAO:0000264 lamina_superior Lateral expansion of the crista intermedia that serves as the roof of the cavum medium. Lamina superior cristae intermediae AAO:0000265 larval_structure AAO:0000267 laryngeal_apparatus Apparatus located between the lungs and the buccal cavity. This apparatus is composed of a pair of arytenoid cartilages that are supported by the cricoid ring. AAO:0000268 larynx AAO:0000269 lateral_line_system AAO:0000272 lower_jaw Inferior mandibular arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull. AAO:0000273 lower_jaw_opening AAO:0000274 lower_jaw_skeleton AAO:0000275 lungs AAO:0000277 mandibular_symphysis AAO:0000280 margo_mandibularis_of_pterygoid Ventrally directed margin that connects the anterior and posterior rami of the pterygoid. AAO:0000281 margo_orbitalis_of_maxilla Dorsal margin of the maxilla between the frontal and zygomatico-maxillary processes. AAO:0000282 margo_orbitalis_of_pterygoid Margin that connects the anterior and medial rami of the pterygoid. AAO:0000283 margo_orbitalis_of_squamosal Anterior margin of the squamosal that takes part in the formation of the orbit. AAO:0000284 margo_tympanicus_of_pterygoid Margin that connects the posterior and medial rami of the pterygoid. AAO:0000285 maxilla Paired, intramembranous bone located on the lateral sides of the skull, posterior to the premaxillae. os maxillaire; os maxillare superior; os maxillo-jugaux AAO:0000287 maxillary_teeth AAO:0000288 maxillopalatine AAO:0000289 Meckel's_cartilage Paired, rod-shaped elements that extend the length of the mandible and lie between the dentaries and the angulosplenials. AAO:0000290 medial_inferior_prenasal_cartilage AAO:0000291 medial_orbitonasal_foramen Opening on the postnasal wall for the medial branch (= ramus medialis nasi) of the ophthalmicus nerve. AAO:0000292 medial_ramus_of_pterygoid In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends medially towards the otic capsule. ramus interior of pterygoid AAO:0000294 median_prenasal_process Anterior projection of the septum nasi that protrudes through the anterior nasal wall. processus prenasalis medius AAO:0000295 median_symphysis AAO:0000298 mental_foramen AAO:0000301 mentomeckelian Paired, cylindrical, and small bones of endochondral origin that lie anteromedial to the anterior end of Meckel's cartilage. The precursors of the mentomeckelian bones are the larval infrarostral cartilages. AAO:0000303 mesethmoid Endochondral ossification of the anteromedial portion of the braincase. AAO:0000304 mesoderm AAO:0000306 muscle_tissue One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories. AAO:0000307 muscular_system AAO:0000309 narial_muscles AAO:0000311 naris AAO:0000312 nasal Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the olfactory capsule. frontaux anterieurs; fronto-nasale; fronto-nasaux; nasale; nasenstirnbein; supraethmoid AAO:0000313 nasal_capsule Structure that has both respiratory and olfactory functions and lies anterior to the braincase, in the foremost section of the cranium. AAO:0000314 nasal_cavity Saclike space internal to the nasal capsule lined by respiratory and sensory epithelium and glandular tissue. AAO:0000316 nasal_opening AAO:0000320 nasal_skeleton Structural framework that provides support to the nasal sacs and ducts. AAO:0000323 nasopremaxilla AAO:0000324 nervous_system AAO:0000325 nervous_tissue One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Cells forming the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. AAO:0000327 notochord Slender rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a core of fluid-filled cells of mesodermal origin; it lies above the gut and directly beneath the spinal cord. The notochord is present during early development and in a few cases it is retained through life; however, usually the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column. AAO:0000329 oblique_cartilage Semi-circular cartilaginous sheet that lies lateral to the side of the septum nasi. cartilago obliqua; cartilago obliqua nasi; cartilago obliquo; dorsal process; lamina obliqua AAO:0000330 occipital_condyle AAO:0000332 oculomotor_foramen AAO:0000333 olfactory_foramen AAO:0000334 olfactory_system AAO:0000341 optic_fenestra AAO:0000342 optic_foramen AAO:0000343 orbit AAO:0000344 orbitonasal_foramen Foramen that forms a passage for one of the branches of the trigeminal nerve into the nasal region. AAO:0000345 orbitosphenoid Endochondral ossification of the lateral sides of the braincase. AAO:0000346 organizer AAO:0000347 os_articulare Ossified posterior articular portion of Meckel's cartilage. AAO:0000348 os_basale AAO:0000362 other_muscles AAO:0000363 otic_ligament AAO:0000364 otic_plate_of_pterygoid Osseous expansion of the posterior and medial rami of the pterygoid. AAO:0000365 otic_process_of_palatoquadrate AAO:0000367 otic_ramus_of_squamosal Ramus (process) that extends medially toward the otic capsule. posterior ramus; ramus paroticus AAO:0000368 otoccipital Fused prootic and exoccipital bones. AAO:0000371 ovary AAO:0000372 palatine Sliver of bone that invest part of or all the posterior aspect of each antorbital plane. neopalatine AAO:0000374 palatine_process_of_pars_palatina_of_premaxilla median palatal squame AAO:0000375 palatine_process_of_the_pars_facialis_of_the_maxilla AAO:0000376 palatine_teeth AAO:0000379 palatoquadrate Column of catilage, remnant in the adult of the larval palatoquadrate cartilage, that is located lateral or antero-lateral to the auditory capsule. AAO:0000380 palatoquadrate_articular_process AAO:0000381 paranasal_commissure Cartilaginous bridge that extends posteriorly to the anterolateral corner of the posterior nasal wall. commissura lateralis nasi; connection between lamina nariochoanalis and postnasal wall; processus lingularis AAO:0000384 parasagittal_crest AAO:0000385 parasphenoid Azygous, median bone of intramembranous origin that underlies the ventral surface of the braincase. keilbein; os parasphenoidale; os sphenoideum; parabasale AAO:0000386 cultriform_process Process that extends anteriorly from the orbitotemporal region. pars medialis; rostrum AAO:0000387 subotic_ala Paired, lateral processes that, when present, support the otic capsules ventrally. processus lateralis AAO:0000388 parasphenoid_teeth AAO:0000389 paries_nasi Paired, elongate, ventrolaterally-orieted cartilaginous structures that extend to the premaxilla-maxilla articulation. AAO:0000390 parietal AAO:0000393 pars_amphibiorum AAO:0000394 pars_articularis_of_mandibular_arch Posterior end of Meckel's cartilage that forms the articular head of the mandibular arch. AAO:0000395 pars_basilaris AAO:0000396 pars_dentalis_of_maxilla Tooth-bearing part of the maxilla. crista dentalis AAO:0000397 pars_dentalis_of_premaxilla Tooth-bearing part of the premaxilla. AAO:0000399 pars_externa_plectri extracolumellare; extrapediale; extraplectral; extrastapes; hyostapes; medio-stapedial; pars quadrata columellae AAO:0000400 pars_facialis_of_maxilla AAO:0000401 pars_facialis_of_maxillopalatine AAO:0000405 pars_inferior_of_labyrinth AAO:0000406 pars_interna_plectri Plate-like structure that lies in the fenestra ovalis. It arises within the membrana opercularis in the posterior part of the fenestra. operculum auris; operculum fenestrae ovalis AAO:0000408 pars_media_plectri AAO:0000413 pars_palatina_of_maxilla Lingual ledge on the inner surface of the maxilla. lamina horizontalis AAO:0000414 pars_palatina_of_premaxilla Lingual ledge on the inner surface of the premaxilla. AAO:0000420 pars_superior_of_labyrinth AAO:0000422 pectoral_girdle Skeletal structure immediately behind the head attached to the vertebral column by muscles and supporting the forelimbs. shoulder girdle AAO:0000423 pectoral_girdle_muscles AAO:0000426 pelvic_girdle Skeletal structure by which the hind limbs are supported and attached to the vertebral column. AAO:0000427 pelvic_girdle_muscles AAO:0000428 perilymphatic_system AAO:0000429 peripheral_nervous_system AAO:0000430 pigment_cells AAO:0000431 pila_antotica AAO:0000432 pila_metoptica AAO:0000433 pineal_foramen AAO:0000434 planum_antorbitale AAO:0000437 planum_conchale AAO:0000438 planum_internasale AAO:0000440 planum_terminale Vertical plate of cartilage that is fused posterodorsally to the oblique cartilage and anteriorly to the lamina inferior. pars terminalis; terminal plate AAO:0000441 planum_triangulare Cartilaginous, distal expansion of the lamina orbitonasalis that invests the pars facialis of the maxilla medially. AAO:0000443 plectral_apparatus Complex sound-conducting anatomical structure. AAO:0000446 posterior_condyle AAO:0000448 posterior_maxillary_process Process that extends posteriorly from the planum triangulare and invests the maxilla laterally and the anterior ramus of the pterygoid medially. AAO:0000449 posterior_maxillary_process_dorsal_process AAO:0000450 posterior_mental_process AAO:0000451 posterior_ramus_of_pterygoid In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends posterolaterally towards the jaw articulation. AAO:0000453 posterolateral_vomerine_process AAO:0000454 postnasal_wall Paired, anteriorly concave structures that form the posterior limit of nasal capsule. It consists of two parts: a ventral piece, the lamina orbitonasalis, and a dorsal plate that is part of the tectum nasi. AAO:0000458 prearticular Osseous element of intramembranous origin that extends along the lingual margin of Meckel's cartilage. AAO:0000459 prearticular_coronoid_process Point of insertion of the masticatory musculature. AAO:0000460 prefrontal AAO:0000461 premaxilla Paired, intramembranous bones located at the anterior end of the skull; they form the anterior-most segment of the maxillary arch. intermaxillaire; premaxillary AAO:0000464 premaxillary_teeth AAO:0000467 preorbital_process_of_the_pars_facialis_of_the_maxilla AAO:0000468 presumptive_blood AAO:0000469 presumptive_central_nervous_system AAO:0000470 presumptive_ectoderm AAO:0000471 presumptive_endoderm AAO:0000472 presumptive_enteric_nervous_system AAO:0000473 presumptive_epidermis AAO:0000474 presumptive_hypochord AAO:0000475 presumptive_integument AAO:0000476 presumptive_mesoderm AAO:0000477 presumptive_nervous_system AAO:0000478 presumptive_notochord AAO:0000479 presumptive_structure AAO:0000480 primary_germ_layer AAO:0000486 processus_ascendens_plectri Cartilaginous or ligamentous connection between the pars externa plectri and the crista parotica. laterohyale; processus ascendens columellae; processus dorsalis columellae; processus superior columellae; suprastapediale AAO:0000492 processus_infrafenestralis Posterior part of the corpus of the septomaxilla; the posterior surface of the processus infrafenestralis is in contact with the oblique cartilage. dorsal crest AAO:0000493 processus_internus AAO:0000494 processus_lingualis_of_pterygoid Dorsolateral process of the of the medial ramus of the pterygoid. AAO:0000500 processus_posterior_of_maxilla Posterior, toothless portion of the maxilla by which it usually comes in contact with the quadratojugal. AAO:0000505 processus_pterygoideus_of_maxilla Posterior end of the pars palatina of the maxilla that is in contact with the anterior ramus of the pterygoid. AAO:0000509 processus_suprafenestralis AAO:0000512 processus_zygomatico-maxillaris Posterodorsal extension of the maxilla by which it establishes contact with the squamosal. AAO:0000514 prootic Paired, endochondral bones that form the lateral borders of the posterior portion of the braincase and the dorsal, anterior, and lateral walls of the otic capsules. AAO:0000515 pseudoangular AAO:0000516 pseudobasal_process AAO:0000518 pseudodentary AAO:0000519 pseudodentary_teeth AAO:0000521 pterygoid Palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie anterior to the otic capsules, lateral to the orbits, and medial to the maxillae. pterygoidien AAO:0000523 pterygoid_process_of_palatoquadrate Process that extends anteriorly from the anterolateral margin of the palatoquadrate and articulates or synchondrotically fuses to the posterior end of the posterior maxillary process. AAO:0000524 pterygoquadrate AAO:0000525 quadrate_bone Ossified pars articularis of the palatoquadrate cartilage. AAO:0000527 quadrate_process_of_palatoquadrate AAO:0000532 quadratojugal Paired intramembranous bones that completes the maxillary arch posteriorly; they appear at the end of, or just after, metamorphosis. jugau; os jugale; quadratjochbeine; quadrato-jugals; quadrato-maxillare; quadratojugale; tympano maleaux AAO:0000538 recessus_fenestrae_ovalis AAO:0000539 recessus_marsupiatus_of_premaxilla AAO:0000540 recessus_vaginiformis AAO:0000541 respiratory_system AAO:0000542 reticular_connective_tissue Network of reticular fibres (fine collagen) that form a soft skeleton to support the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen). AAO:0000543 retroarticular_process Point of insertion of the m. interhuoideus posterior. AAO:0000545 rib Endochondral, rodlike element that articulates with the transverse process and parapophysis (double-headed rib), or with the transverse process only (single-headed rib); it extends into the body wall and provides a site for muscle attachment. dorsal rib AAO:0000547 rostral_process AAO:0000550 sacculus AAO:0000551 saccus_endolymphaticus AAO:0000552 sacrum Enlarged vertebra with transverse processes (diapophyses), and ocassionally ribs, that are modified and elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle. AAO:0000555 sensory_system AAO:0000556 septomaxilla Paired, intramembranous bones located within the nasal capsules and embedded in the nasal cartilages; it is pierced by the ductus nasolacrimalis. internasale; intranasal; lacrimale; le cornet; nariale; nasale; os internasale; os nariale; septomaxillary; turbinale AAO:0000559 septum_nasi Medial, vertical plate that separates the nasal capsules. AAO:0000560 septum_semicircularium_anterior AAO:0000561 septum_semicircularium_laterale AAO:0000562 septum_semircularium_posterior AAO:0000563 seydels_palatal_process AAO:0000565 skeletal_support_for_eminentia_olfactoria Elevation of the dorsal surface of the solum nasi medial to the fenestra endochoanalis that provides support for the eminentia olfactoria. AAO:0000566 skeletal_system System that provides physical support to the organism. AAO:0000569 solum_nasi Unpaired, horizontal plate that forms the floor of the nasal capsule. nasal floor; planum basale AAO:0000570 spatium_sacculare AAO:0000571 specialized_connective_tissue AAO:0000572 sphenethmoid Azygous, endochondral bone that houses the anterior portion of the brain. AAO:0000573 splenial AAO:0000574 squamosal Paired, intramembranous bones that lie at the posterolateral margins of the skull. These bones are composed of three rami that give the squamosals their characteristic T shape. os squamosum; os tympanicum; paraquadratum; squamosum; supratemporale; supratemporo-squamosum; temporo-mastoidien; tympanique AAO:0000579 stomach AAO:0000580 stylus_of_pars_media_plectri columella auris; columellare; interstapediale; mediostapediale; mesostapediale; os columellare; os intermedium; stapes; stelidium; stilus columellare AAO:0000581 sulcus_dentalis_of_maxilla Groove located between the pars dentalis and the bases of the maxillary teeth. AAO:0000582 sulcus_dentalis_of_premaxilla AAO:0000583 sulcus_for_Meckels_cartilage AAO:0000586 superior_prenasal_cartilage Paired, elongate cartilages that extend anteroventrally to abut the dorsomedial margin of the posterior face of the alary process of the premaxilla. The function of these cartilages is to transmit the movement of the premaxilla to the alary cartilages during the closure of the apertura nasalis externa. AAO:0000587 supraangular AAO:0000588 supraoccipital AAO:0000590 supraorbital_flange AAO:0000591 suprasphenoid Endochondral ossification of the dorsomedial portion of the braincase. AAO:0000596 suspensorium Apparatus located toward the posterolateral end of the skull, at the level of the anterior margin of the otic capsule that suspends and braces the jaw against the skull. AAO:0000597 symphysis_maxillaris AAO:0000599 taenia_tecti_marginalis AAO:0000601 tectum_nasi Roof of the nasal capsule. AAO:0000602 tectum_synoticum AAO:0000605 tentacular_foramen AAO:0000606 testis AAO:0000607 tissue AAO:0000610 trochlear_foramen AAO:0000611 trunk_muscles AAO:0000612 trunk_region Region of the vertebral column between the atlas and the sacrum consisting of seven to 285 vertebrae. presacral region; thoracolumbar region AAO:0000615 tympanic_annulus Funnel-like ring structure located lateral to the ventral ramus of the squamosal, beneath the skin; it provides support to the tympanic membrane. annulus tympanicus; processus basilaris; tympanic ring AAO:0000619 tympanosquamosal Central, funnel-shaped, ossified portion of the tympanic annulus fused to the squamosal bone. AAO:0000620 upper_jaw Superior maxillary arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull. AAO:0000621 upper_jaw_opening AAO:0000622 upper_jaw_skeleton AAO:0000623 urinary_bladder AAO:0000624 urogenital_system AAO:0000625 utriculus AAO:0000628 ventral_ramus_of_squamosal Longest of the three squamosal rami; it invests the dorsolateral margin of the palatoquadrate. The distal end of the ventral ramus invests the quadrate and articulates with the quadratojugal. processus posterolateralis AAO:0000629 ventrolateral_process_of_palatoquadrate AAO:0000631 vestibuloauditory_system AAO:0000632 visual_system AAO:0000633 vomer Paired, palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie ventral to the olfactory region and help to floor the nasal capsules . praevomer; prevomer AAO:0000634 vomerine_canal AAO:0000635 vomerine_teeth AAO:0000637 Wolffian_duct AAO:0000639 zygomatic_ramus_of_squamosal Ramus (process) that forms part of the posterior margin of the orbit. AAO:0000640 arcus_praeoccipitalis Skeletal structure that separates the inferior and superior perilymphatic foramina. AAO:0000641 mandibular_teeth AAO:0000642 maxillopalatine_teeth AAO:0000643 nasolarimal_duct canalis nasolacrimalis; ductus nasolacrimalis; nasal duct AAO:0000644 processus_lingularis Rod-shaped process that extends caudally from the inferior edge of the planum terminale. lingular process AAO:0000645 corpus Basal part of the septomaxilla. pars horizontalis AAO:0000646 margo_libera Anterior, rounded portion of the corpus of the septomaxilla. AAO:0000647 crista_interna Sharp ridge that extends medially from the basal part of the processus infrafenestralis; it separates the diverticulum proncipale from the diverticulum medium. AAO:0000648 crista_praeopercularis Synchondrotic or synostotic connection between the footplate of the pars media plectri and the ventral margin of the fenestra ovalis. AAO:0000649 anterior_process_of_vomer Process that extends anterolaterally toward the maxilla-premaxilla articulation. AAO:0000650 processus_frontalis Anterio portion of the maxilla that may contact the nasal and take part in the formation of a groove for the nasolacrimal duct. processus praeorbitalis of the pars facialis AAO:0000651 lamina_anterior_of_maxilla Most anterior part of the maxilla, which is in contact with the premaxilla. AAO:0000652 fossa_maxillaris Depression lacated on the inner surface of the maxilla between the palatine process and the pars palatina. AAO:0000653 pars_glenoidalis_of_quadratojugal Portion of the quadratojugal that makes contact dorsally with the distal portion of the squamosal. AAO:0000654 pars_jugalis Anterior part of the quadratojugal that is in contact with the processus posterior of the maxilla. AAO:0000655 processus_dorsalis Dorsal process of the lamella alaris located at the anterior end of the margo orbitalis; a narrow ligament that runs from the frontoparietal is attached to it. AAO:0000656 processus_posterodorsalis Posterior process of the lamella alaris. AAO:0000657 dentigerous_ process Tooth-bearing process of the vomer. torus dentigerous AAO:0000658 prechoanal_process Process that extends laterally from the anterior process; its bifurcation from the postchoanal process occurs at the level of the dentigerous process. processus choanalis anterior AAO:0000659 postchoanal_process Process that extends laterally from the anterior process; its bifurcation from the prechoanal process occurs at the level of the dentigerous process. processus choanalis posterior AAO:0000660 margo_choanalis Margin between the prechoanal and postchoanal process. It bounds the fenestra endochoanalis. AAO:0000661 crista_vomeri Ridge on the dorsal surface of the vomer that runs from the anterior to the postchoanal processes of the vomer; it takes part in the fixation of the bone to the lateral margin of the solum nasi. AAO:0000662 processus_posterior Posterior projection of the median part of the parsphenoid, which may extend over the posterior margins of the subotic alae. AAO:0000663 parahyoid AAO:0000664 hyoid_plate Azygous or paired bone that occurs on the ventral surface of the hyoid plate. AAO:0000665 hyobranchial_skeleton AAO:0000666 ceratohyal Paired elements that lie ventral to the hypobranchials and curve dorsally from their medial articulation with basibranchial toward the suspensorium. ceratohyale; hyale; hyoid; keratohyale; zungenbeinknorpel AAO:0000667 pars_reuniens Area of fusion of the ceratohyals. AAO:0000668 hypoglossal_sinus AAO:0000669 hyale AAO:0000670 anterior_process_of_hyoid_apparatus AAO:0000671 anterolateral_process_of_hyoid_plate Processes that flank the hyales laterally and extend anterolaterally from the anterolateral margin of the hyoid plate. They are formed as a result of new cartilaginous growth lateral to the basibranchial. processus alaris; processus anterolateralis; processus lateralis anterior AAO:0000672 posterolateral_process Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterolateral margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are formed as a result of new cartilaginous growth lateral to the basibranchial and hypobranchial plate. AAO:0000673 posteromedial_process Cartilaginous, paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes invest the laryngeal apparatus and are ossified in the adult. cornua posteriores; hyoid AAO:0000674 arytenoid_cartilage Paired, anteroposteriorly elongated cartilages that are associated with the vocal cords. These cartilages are medially separated and hemispherical, and their concave side faces ventromedially. cartilago arytaenoidea AAO:0000675 cricoid_cartilage Cartilaginous ring that provides support for the arytenoid cartilages. Its ventral part is bent posteriorly to form a V. cartilago cricoidea; cartilago cricotrachealis AAO:0000676 bronchial_process Paired processes that extend posteroventrally from the anterolateral margins of the cricoid ring. processus trachealis AAO:0000677 lateral_process AAO:0000678 esophageal_process Median process located on the posterior end of the cricoid cartilage. spina oesophagea AAO:0000679 humerus Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows. AAO:0000680 manubrium Proximal section of the hyale. processus anteriores AAO:0000681 hyoid_apparatus_opening AAO:0000682 hyoid_apparatus_skeleton AAO:0000683 sinus_nervi_hypoglossi Depression that houses the hypoglossus nerve and is located between the anterolateral process and the proximal part of the hyale. AAO:0000684 hyoid_bone Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are the ossified posteromedial processes and invest the laryngeal apparatus. hyoid; os postero-mediale; ossa thyroidea AAO:0000685 foramen_nervi_hypoglossi Foramen that houses the hypoglossus nerve and is located between the anterolateral process and the proximal part of the hyale. foramen laterale AAO:0000686 basibranchial Medial element to which other parts of the hyoid apparatus are attached. copula I AAO:0000687 processus_confluens Strip of cartilage that forms the lateral margin of the foramen nervi hypoglossi. processus alaris AAO:0000688 prominentia_apicalis_dorsalis Anterior end of the arytenoid cartilage. prominentia apicalis anterior AAO:0000689 prominentia_apicalis_ventralis Posterior (cardiac) end of the arytenoid cartilage. prominentia apicalis posterior AAO:0000690 wrisbergi_cartilage Independent cartilage that may occur dorsal or anterior to the prominentiae apicales dorsales of the arytenoid cartilages. cartilago apicalis intermedia; cartilago apicalis seu cartilago santoriniana AAO:0000691 vertebra Main component of the vertebral column. It consists of two essential parts, a dorsal neural arch and a ventral centrum. AAO:0000692 pedicel Paired stalks located dorsolateral to the vertebral centrum that provide support to the lateral margins of the neural arch laminae. AAO:0000693 neural_canal Canal formed by the vertebral centra ventrally, the pedicels laterally, and the neural arches dorsally that encloses and protects the spinal cord. foramen vertebrale; spinal canal AAO:0000694 atlantal_cotyle Anterior, single or paired concave facets for articulation with the condyle(s) of the urostyle. cavitas glenoidalis AAO:0000695 neural_arch_lamina Paired plates that form the neural arch. The lateral margin of each lamina rests dorsal to the superior end of the pedicel, and the medial end fuses to the medial end of the opposite lamina. AAO:0000696 posterior_intervertebral_notch Indentation on the anterior margin of the pedicel. When two vertebrae articulate, the anterior notch of one vertebra and the posterior notch of the other create a bilateral intervertebral space. AAO:0000697 centrum Cylindrical body of bone, round or oval in cross section, which functionally replaces the notochord. corpus AAO:0000698 transverse_process Projections on each side of the vertebra from the point where the neural arch lamina joins the pedicel for the articulation with the head of a single-headed rib or the upper head of a double-headed rib. Also called diapophyses. They provide surfaces for the attachment of muscles. In anurans, the term transverse process is used in reference to the processes associated with the presacral and postsacral vertebrae. AAO:0000699 vertebral_column_skeleton AAO:0000700 vertebral_column_opening AAO:0000701 intervertebral_space Space formed by the anterior and posterior intervertebral notches. The intervertebral spaces accommodate the spinal nerves as they emerge from the spinal canal. intervertebral space AAO:0000702 postzygapophysis Paired processes at the caudal end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the postzygapophyses face lateroventrally and articulate with the dorsomedially facing facets of the prezygapophyses of the succeeding vertebra. processus obliquus posterior AAO:0000703 prezygapophysis Paired processes at the cephalic end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially and articulate with the lateroventrally facing facets of the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra. processus obliquus anterior AAO:0000704 anterior_intervertebral_notch Indentation on the posterior margin of the pedicel. When two vertebrae articulate, the anterior notch of one vertebra and the posterior notch of the other create a bilateral intervertebral space. AAO:0000705 neural_spine Elaboration of the mid-dorsal keel into a posterior or posterolateral process. processus spinosus AAO:0000706 diapophysis Paired processes that arise near the midpoint of the neural arch lamina, for the attachment of the tuberculum of two-headed ribs. Also called transverse processes. In anurans, the term diapophysis is used in reference to the modified transverse processes of the sacral vertebra elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle. AAO:0000707 pleurapophysis Paired processes that represent the rib attachments to the vertebra plus the ribs. AAO:0000708 parapophysis Paired processes, which arise near the dorsolateral part of the vertebral centrum, for the attachment of the capitulum of two-headed ribs. AAO:0000709 atlas First postcranial vertebra, which is modified anteriorly to articulate with the skull. presacral I AAO:0000710 zygapophysis Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region. processus articularis AAO:0000711 procoelous Holochordal vertebral centra that are concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly; they bear a condyle on the posterior end for the articulation with the posterior adjacent vertebral centrum, forming a ball-and-socket joint that allows extensive motion in most directions. AAO:0000712 opisthocoelous Ectochordal or stegochordal vertebral centra that are convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly; they bear a condyle on the anterior end for the articulation with the posterior adjacent vertebral centrum, forming a ball-and-socket joint that allows extensive motion in most directions. AAO:0000713 epichordal Vertebral centrum that originates from ossification of the dorsal portion of the perichordal tube; the resulting element tends to be depressed in cross section. AAO:0000714 perichordal Vertebral centrum that originates from ossification of the entire perichordal tube; the resulting element is cylindrical in cross section and may have an open (notochord retained) or solid center. AAO:0000715 heterocoelous Vertebral centrum that bears saddle-shaped articular surfaces at both ends, having a convexity in the right-left axis and a concavity in the dorsoventral axis. This morphology allows great lateral and vertical flexion. AAO:0000716 acoelous Vertebral centrum with flat ends. Between successive vertebrae there is a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral body with a gel-like core, the nucleus pulposus, which is derived from the embryonic notochord. Acoelous vertebrae seem especially suited to receive and distribute compressive forces within the vertebral column. AAO:0000717 amphicoelous Ectochordal, biconcave or terminally flat vertebral centrum. This design seems to allow limited motion in most directions. An intervertebral body (which may or may not be independent from the adjacent centra) fills the cavity between successive centra. The intervertebral body usually is formed by soft material that may be derived, at least in part, from the embryonic notochord. AAO:0000718 ectochordal Spool-shaped vertebral centrum with an open center in which the notochord lies. AAO:0000719 holochordal Spool-shaped vertebral centrum with a solid center. All traces of the notochord dissapear. AAO:0000720 stegochordal Vertebral centrum that is depressed dorsoventrally and solid. All traces of the notochord dissapear. AAO:0000721 odontoid_process Anterior process located between the atlantal cotyles that projects into the foramen magnum of the skull and bears facets that articulate with the lateral walls of the foramen. tuberculum interglenoideum AAO:0000722 tuberculum Dorsal head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the diapophysis. AAO:0000723 capitulum_of_rib Ventral head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the parapophysis. AAO:0000724 sacral_region Region of the vertebral column represented by one or two vertebrae. AAO:0000725 neural_arch Bony arch perched on the vertebral centrum; successive arches enclose the neural canal that surrounds and protects the spinal cord dorsally. carina neuralis AAO:0000726 haemal_arch Bony canal attached to the ventral surface or the vertebral centrum that encloses and protects the caudal artery and vein ventrally. The arch consists of right and left halves, which are fused ventrally to give a V- or Y-shape to the ventral aspect of the vertebra. ventral arch AAO:0000727 haemal_arch_lamina Paired plates that form the haemal arch. The lateral margin of each lamina is firmly attached to the ventral surface of the caudal vertebral centrum and the medial end fuses to the medial end of the opposite lamina. AAO:0000728 nucal_keel Longitudinal process found in all cervical vertebrae, except the atlas, for the attachment of dorsal head musculature. AAO:0000729 spinal_foramen Opening on the vertebra for a spinal nerve as it emerges from the spinal canal. AAO:0000730 foramen_nutritium Opening on the lateral side of the vertebra for the passage of blood vessels. AAO:0000731 coccyx Small, bony element consisting of several fused, rudimentary caudal vertebrae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle. AAO:0000732 urostyle Rodlike caudal bony structure unique to anurans that lies within a compartment formed by the elongated, anteriorly oriented pelvic girdle. The urostyle is formed by the fusion of the coccyx and the hypochord. os coccygei AAO:0000733 hypochord Unsegmented ventral structure in the caudal region of anuran larvae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle. AAO:0000734 vertebral_column AAO:0000735 mid-dorsal_keel Ridge-shaped structure present on the dorsomedial surface of the neural arch lamina; this structure is produced at the point of junction of the contralateral sides of each neural arch. AAO:0000736 crista_ventralis Ridge on the ventral aspect of the humeral shaft that extends from the level of the glenoid head to about one-third to one-half the lenfth of the shaft. It serves for the attachment of the mm pectoralis and supra-coracoideus. crista_ventralis_humeri; deltoid crest AAO:0000737 perichordal_tube Coat around the notochord that originates from cells derived from the sclerotomes. AAO:0000738 perichordal_ring Segmental sections of the perichordal tube that give rise to vertebrae. AAO:0000739 spinous_process Small, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina; it is not a neural spine. AAO:0000740 synsacrum Complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end. AAO:0000741 uncinate_process Posteriorly directed process (occasionally directed anteriorly) usually associated with the rib (sometimes with the transverse process) of the third vertebra; they provide the origin of the mm serratus superior, medius, and inferior. AAO:0000742 epiphysis Cartilaginous expansion at the distal end of an anterior rib or transverse process that serves for the attachment of muscles suspending the pectoral girdle to the vertebral column. AAO:0000743 sacral_condyle Anterior, paired convex facets for articulation with the cotyle(s) of the urostyle. AAO:0000744 urostyle_cotyle Anterior, single or paired concave facets for articulation with the sacral condyle(s). fossa condyloidea ossis coccygei AAO:0000745 webbing_of_bone In anurans, pair of bony plates that connect the posteromedial margins of the sacral diapophyses with the lateral margins of the anterior portion of the urostyle. AAO:0000746 urostyle_ridge Longitudinal crest on the dorsal side of the urostyle formed by the caudal neural arches. crista ossi coccygei AAO:0000747 appendicular_skeleton The pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hind limbs, form the appendicular skeleton. AAO:0000748 suprascapula Paired, cartilaginous elements located in the dorsolateral shoulder region. Each suprascapula is a flat broad blade that extends medially. adscapulum; episcapulum; omolita; scapula major AAO:0000749 glenoid_fossa Cavity for the articulation of the forelimb formed by the scapula, coracoid, and clavicle. glenoid cavity AAO:0000750 cleithrum Paired bones of intramembranous origin. Each cleithrum extends medially from a point near the suprascapular-scapular articulation to invest the anterior margin of the suprascapula, and occasionoally it may extend to the dorsal (medial) surface. Usually, this bone is bifurcate. AAO:0000751 scapula Paired bony elements of endochondral origin. They are situated at the level of the jaw articulation, in a vertical position, with the suprascapular margin being dorsal and the glenoid end being ventral. collum scapulae; lower shoulder blade; omoplate; scapula minor AAO:0000752 pars_acromialis Prominent structure (anteromedial head) that forms the anterior section of the ventral margin of the scapula. AAO:0000753 pars_glenoidalis_of_scapula Concave structure (posteromedial head) that forms the posterior head of the ventral margin of the scapula. The pars glenoidalis articulates with the humerus, and comprises the dorsal portion of the glenoid fossa. AAO:0000754 pectoral_girdle_skeleton AAO:0000755 pectoral_girdle_opening AAO:0000756 crista_dorsalis Small hooked process on the dorsal aspect of the humeral shaft; it does not extend on to the glenoid head. The m subscapularis is inserted on it. crista_dorsalis_humeri AAO:0000757 zonal_area All those parts of the pectoral girdle ventral and medial to the glenoid fossa. AAO:0000758 lateral_epicondyle Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus (larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle) and lateral to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the mm extensor antebrachii et carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis, and in part to the m extensor antebrachii et carpi ulnaris. epicondylus_lateralis_humeri AAO:0000759 omosternum Proximal portion of the prezonal element of the pectoral girdle. It may be a flat, midventral cartilaginous structure or a calcified or bony element elaborated into a stylum. episternum; interclavicle; prezonal element; prezonal sternum; sternum superior AAO:0000760 procoracoid Cartilaginous, paired structures located on the anterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle. precoracoid AAO:0000761 clavicle Slender, paired bones of intramembranous origin that invest the anterior margins of the procoracoids. acromial; furcula; os thoracale AAO:0000762 epicoracoid Paired, flat cartilaginous arches that compose the central portion of the zonal area, unites the clavicle and coracoid of each half of the pectoral girdle, and form the medial margins of the pectoral fenestrae. coracoid cartilage; corpus sterni; entosternal; infracoracoid; sterni ossa media AAO:0000763 epicoracoid_bridge A pair of cartilaginous expansions (one from each epicoracoid cartilage) that project anteriorly. They articulate anteriorly with the omosternum. procoracoid bridge AAO:0000764 coracoid Paired cartilaginous structures or endochondral bones located on the posterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle. clavicula; clavicula posterior; clavicula vera; coracoideum; coracoidien; pars sternalis scapulae AAO:0000765 sternum Single element that constitutes the postzonal area of the pectoral girdle. cartilaginula quadrata intermedia; hyposternum; sternum inferius AAO:0000767 pelvic_girdle_opening AAO:0000768 pelvic_girdle_skeleton AAO:0000769 pelvic_girdle_symphisis Medial attachement of the two halves of the pelvic girdle. AAO:0000770 acetabulum Cavity for the articulation of the proximal bone of the hind limb. cavite cotyloide AAO:0000771 acetabular_depression Central, most concave portion of the acetabulum, which remains open. AAO:0000772 ilium Paired, rodlike endochondral bones that constitute the anterior pelvic girdle. os ischii AAO:0000773 ilial_ridge Longitudinal crest on the dorsal side of the shaft of the ilium. ala ossis ilei AAO:0000774 ilial_shaft Anterior rod that articulates with the sacrum. AAO:0000775 ilial_corpus Posterior body of the illium that forms the anterior half of the acetabulum. AAO:0000776 glenoid_foramen Opening on the glenoid fossa. AAO:0000777 epicoracoid_horn A pair of cartilaginous expansions (one from each epicoracoid cartilage) that project posteriorly. They articulate with the sternum by means of grooves, pouches or fossae in the dorsal surface of the sternum and provide a site for the insertion of a pair of muscles derived from the m. rectus abdominis. AAO:0000778 supracoracoid_foramen Opening on the scapulocoracoid bone through which passes the n. supracoracoideus and the corresponding artery and vein. foramen supracoracoideum AAO:0000779 pectoral_fenestra Ovoid space on the pectoral girdle limited anteriorly by the procoracoid, medially by the epicoracoid, and posteriorly by the coracoid. fenestra between procoracoid and coracoid AAO:0000780 incisura_coracoidea Notch that separates the cartilaginous regions of the procoracoid and coracoid. AAO:0000781 scapulocoracoid Fused, ossified portions of the scapula, procoracoid, and coracoid. AAO:0000782 medial_epicondyle Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus and medial to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the flexor muscles antogonistic to those that attach to the lateral epicondyle. epicondylus_medialis_humeri AAO:0000783 fovea_capitis Ovoid roughened pit, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and serves as a site of attachment for ligaments. AAO:0000784 ulnar_condyle Semi-elliptical ball located at the lower end of the humerus, adjacent to the humeral ball. AAO:0000785 trochlear_groove_of_humerus Furrow between the humeral head and the ulnar condyle. AAO:0000786 fossa_cubitalis_ventralis Depresion on the distal end of the humerus, just anterior to the humeral head, in which the end of the radius fits when the forelimb is flexed. AAO:0000787 collum_antibrachii In a fused radio-ulna, the proximal portion of the compound bone (where the sulcus longitudinalis is barely evident or absent) is a cylindrical pillar. AAO:0000788 radius One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the lateral side of the ulna. Its upper end articulates with both the humerus and the ulna, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals. AAO:0000789 ulna One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the medial (inner) side of the radius. The upper end of the ulna articulates with the lower end of the humerus forming a strong hinge joint with the carpals, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals. AAO:0000790 radiale One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates proximally with the radius, mesially with the ulnare (or pars intermedia of the ulnare when the ulnare is fused to the intermedium) and distally with the centrale (also recognized by some authors as element Y). This element originates from one or two condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the ulnare, or other elements. AAO:0000791 episternum Distal, flat, cartilaginous element of the prezonal element of the pectoral girdle. AAO:0000792 anterior_ramus_of cleithrum Subdivision of the cleithrum that extends along the anterior edge of the suprascapula. AAO:0000793 anomocoelous Stegochordal slightly biconcave or flat terminally vertebral centrum. Each intervertebral cartilage is subdivided anteriorly and posteriorly, producing a free intervertebral element between adjacent vertebrae. This element subsequently ossifies and remains free. AAO:0000794 displasiocoelous Vertebral column in which the first seven vertebrae have holochordal centra and the intervertebral cartilages are posteriorly subdivided in the procoelous manner. The eighth presacral vertebra has a holochordal centrum and the intervertebral cartilage is subdivided in the opisthocoelous manner. Thus, the first seven presacral vertebrae are concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly, whereas the eighth is biconcave. AAO:0000795 intervertebral_cartilage Block of cartilage, which usually ossifies, that lies between successive vertebral centra. AAO:0000796 imbricate_neural_arch Overlapping neural arches that obscure the spinal cord dorsally. AAO:0000797 non-imbricate_neural_arch Neural arches that do not overlap, thus exposing the spinal cord dorsally. AAO:0000798 presacral_shield Dorsal, dermal plate of bone that overlies the presacral vertebrae. Such shield usually has irregular, sculptured surfaces, frequently is broadly expanded, and may be composed of several separate plates. AAO:0000799 cartilago_paraglenoidalis Strip of cartilage that separates the coracoid from the scapula. AAO:0000800 intercotylar_space Space between the atlantal cotyles. spatium interglenoidale AAO:0000801 caput_glenoidale Convex articular facet of the vertebral centrum for the articulation with the adjacent centrum. AAO:0000802 fossa_glenoidalis Concave articular facet of the vertebral centrum for the articulation with the adjacent centrum. AAO:0000803 sulcus_articularis_lateralis In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the lateral canal between the carina distalis and the carina medialis. AAO:0000804 sulcus_articularis_medialis In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the medial canal between the carina medialis and the carina proximalis. AAO:0000805 carina_proximalis In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the proximal ridge. AAO:0000806 carina_medialis In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the medial ridge. AAO:0000807 carina_distalis In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the distal ridge. AAO:0000808 parasagittal_processes Paired, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina. AAO:0000809 accessory_articulation Paired, additional vertebral articulations located medial to the intervertebral space, adjacent to the vertebral centrum. AAO:0000810 fissura_sagittalis Medial groove in the longitudinal ridge of the urostyle formed by the incomplete dorsal fusion of the caudal neural arches. AAO:0000811 glenoid_end_of_clavicle Lateral end of the clavicle, which usually lies in close proximity to the pars acromialis of the scapula, and occassionally may fuse to it. extremitas glenoidalis AAO:0000812 sternal_end_of_clavicle Medial end of the clavicle, which usually lies on the ventral side of the epicoracoid cartilage, just posterior to the epicoracoid bridge. extremitas medialis; medial end AAO:0000813 sulcus_pro_cartilagine_praecoracoidealis Canal on the posterior aspect of the clavicle that accomodates the anterior margin of the procoracoid cartilage. AAO:0000814 glenoid_head_of_coracoid Lateral end of the coracoid, which forms the medial portion of the glenoid fossa. intumescentia_glenoidalis AAO:0000815 sternal_head_of_coracoid Medial end of the coracoid, which is synchondrotically fused to the epicoracoid cartilage. pars epicoracoidealis AAO:0000816 margo_fenestralis Anterior margin of the coracoid, which forms the posterior edge of the pectoral fenestra. AAO:0000817 margo_posterior Posterior margin of the coracoid. AAO:0000818 margo_anterior_of_scapula Anterior margin of the scapula. AAO:0000819 margo_clavicularis Inferior margin of the pars acromialis of the scapula, which articulates with the clavicule. AAO:0000820 margo_posterior_of_scapula Posterior margin of the scapula. AAO:0000821 margo_suprascapularis Superior margin of the scapula, which articulates with the suprascapula. AAO:0000822 pars_suprascapularis Superior portion of the scapula, which is thinner than the rest of the shaft. AAO:0000823 sinus_interglenoidalis Notch or indentation between the pars glenoidalis and pars acromialis of the scapula. AAO:0000824 tenuitas_cristaeformis Leading (anterior) portion of the scapula, which is thinner than the rest of the shaft. AAO:0000825 crista_longitudinalis Longitudinal ridge on the medial (inner) face of the scapula. AAO:0000826 acromion Anterior rounded projection of the pars acromialis of the scapula. AAO:0000827 margo_anterior_of_cleithrum Anterior margin of the anterior ramus of the cleithrum. AAO:0000828 margo_posterior_of_cleithrum Posterior margin of the posterior ramus of the cleithrum. AAO:0000829 margo_scapularis Lateral margin of the suprascapula, which articulates with the scapula. AAO:0000830 margo_vertebralis Medial margin of the suprascapula, which lies dorsal to the vertebral column. AAO:0000831 spina_acromioidea Small process of the lamina recurvata that extends laterally toward the scapular-suprascapular articulation. AAO:0000832 anterior_lamina_recurvata Portion of the anterior ramus of the cleithrum that invest the anterior margin of the suprascapula, extending onto its dorsal surface. AAO:0000833 sinus_dorsalis Notch or indentation between the anterior and posterior rami of the cleithrum. AAO:0000834 posterior_lamina_recurvata Portion of the posterior ramus of the cleithrum that invests the posterior margin of the suprascapula, extending onto its dorsal surface. AAO:0000835 glenoid_head Hemispherical ball on the proximal end of the humerus that fits into the glenoid cavity of the pectoral girdle to form the shoulder joint. caput humeri AAO:0000836 crista_lateralis Ridge on the lateral aspect of the humeral shaft located just anterior to the radial (lateral) epicondyle. AAO:0000837 crista_medialis Ridge on the medial aspect of the humeral shaft that extends from the level of the middle portion of the shaft to ulnar (medial) epicondyle. AAO:0000838 humeral_head Hemispherical ball located at the lower end of the humerus that stands out prominently from the surrounding structures toward the flexor surface of the forelimb and fits into the socket joint of the olecranon process. eminentia capitata; radial condyle AAO:0000839 crista_radii Small ridge on the lateral aspect of the radial shaft, located at the level of the collum antibrachii. AAO:0000840 capitulum_of_radius Lateral portion of the proximal (upper) articular surface of the radius that consists of an eminence with a rounded apex. AAO:0000841 capitulum_radii Small eminence on the distal articular head of the radius. AAO:0000842 capitulum_ulnae Small eminence on the distal articular head of the ulna. AAO:0000843 olecranon Large and thick process situated at the proximal (upper) end of the ulna. Its inner face forms the medial articular surface that articulates with the humeral head. ulnar_process AAO:0000844 sulcus_longitudinalis In a fused radio-ulna, longitudinal furrow that demarcates the area of fusion of both elements. This sulcus is deep in the distal portion of the compound bone, but barely evident or absent at the proximal end. AAO:0000845 ulnare One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates with the ulna, radius, radiale, centrale (element Y), and carpal 5(4). This element originates from one condensation center or the fusion of two elements (ulnare and intermedium). Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the radiale, or other elements. AAO:0000846 element_Y_of_fore_mesopodium Oval carpal element that is located on the anteromedial side of the radiale and the anterolateral side of the ulnare. Anteriorly, it articulates with carpals 1 through 4 (or 2 through 5 according to some authors). It is also recognized as centrale by some authors. This element originates from one, two, or three condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 2(1), carpal 3(2), the ulnare, or other elements. AAO:0000847 distal_carpal Series of elements that articulate with the metacarpals. basale AAO:0000848 carpal_2(1) Small element that articulates with the prepollex, metacarpal II(I) and metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to element Y or carpal 3(2). AAO:0000849 carpal_3(2) Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to carpals 2(1), 4(3), 5(4), or other elements. AAO:0000850 carpal_4(3) Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(III). It may be fused to carpal 3(2), 5(4), or other elements. AAO:0000851 carpal_5(4) Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(V). It may be fused to carpal 4(3), 5(4), the ulnare, radiale, or other elements. AAO:0000852 prepollex Two or more elements located ventral and medial to the metacarpal of digit II(I). The proximal prepollex is small and round whereas distal prepollex 1 is usually large and wedge-shaped. When more elements are present, they are smaller than previous elements. cartilago_pre-pollicis AAO:0000853 metacarpal_II(I) Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and carpal 2(1) or carpal 2+3(1+2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II(I) distally. AAO:0000854 metacarpal_III(II) Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 3(2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III(II) distally. AAO:0000855 metacarpal_V(IV) Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 5(4) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V(IV) distally. AAO:0000856 intercalary_element_of_fore_digit Small elements of endochondral origin present in all digits of the manus. Each intercalary element articulates with the anteroventral end of the penultimate phalanx proximally and the distal phalanx distally. AAO:0000857 fore_digit One of the fingers of the manus. AAO:0000858 forelimb_opening AAO:0000859 foramen_perforans_carpi Opening for the passage of the perforans carpi artery from the ventral to the dorsal side. It perforates the compound ulnare + intermedium. AAO:0000860 ischium Paired bones of endochondral origin that constitute the posterior elements of the pelvic girdle. They are synostotically fused to each other and form the posterior part of the acetabulum. AAO:0000861 pubis Paired, cartilaginous (ocassionally calcified) elements that form the ventral portion of the pelvic girdle. Each is located ventral to the acetabulum between the anteroventral margin of the ischium and the posteroventral margin of the illium. When the element calcifies or ossifies, its articulation with adjacent elements is difficult to distinguish. Both pubes are synchondrotically fused to one another. cartilago remanens AAO:0000862 pubo-ischium Composite element formed by the fusion of the ischium and pubis. ilio-pubis AAO:0000863 obturator_foramen Small opening for the passage of the obturatorius nerve that perforates the pubis. AAO:0000864 acetabular_rim Cartilaginous ring that forms the entire acetabular margin. AAO:0000865 epileon Dorsal extremity of the ilial shaft, which remains cartilaginous. AAO:0000866 agger_limitans_anterior Shelf-like expansion of the ilial corpus that forms the anterior border of the acetabulum. AAO:0000867 agger_limitans_posterior Shelf-like expansion of the ischium that forms the posterior border of the acetabulum. AAO:0000868 supra-acetabular_expansion Dorsal portion of the ilial corpus, located above the acetabulum. dorsal acetabular expansion; pars ascendens ilei AAO:0000869 ilial_protuberance Small, dorsolaterally projecting knob located just anterior to the supra-acetabular expansion and about the level of the anterior border of the acetabulum. dorsal protuberance; tuber_superior AAO:0000870 preacetabular_expansion Ventral portion of the ilial corpus, located anteroventral to the acetabulum. pars descendens ilei; ventral acetabular expansion AAO:0000871 fossula_tuberis_superioris Small depression dorsal to the proximal portion of the collum ilei and ventral to the ilial protuberance. AAO:0000872 collum_ilei Cyllindrical pillar that originates anterior to the acetabulum and extends to the ilial shaft. AAO:0000873 pars_cylindriformis_ilei Elongate, cylindrical structure on the ventral side of the shaft of the ilium that extends through its entire length. AAO:0000874 crista_ischii Crest on the posterior side of the ischium, which may also extend to the posteroventral aspect of pubis. AAO:0000875 spina_pelvis_posterior Small, rounded process on the anterodorsal margin of the ischium, just posterior to the area of articulation with the ilium. AAO:0000876 spina_pelvis_anterior Small, rounded process on the anteroventral margin of the preacetabular expansion of the ilial corpus. AAO:0000877 intumescentia_bilateralis_inferior Small protuberance on the ischium, located close to its posteroventral margin. AAO:0000878 intumescentia_bilateralis_superior Small protuberance on the ischium, located at the level of the superior margin of the acetabulum and close to its posterior margin. AAO:0000879 incisura_terminalis Small indentation on the posterior margin of the ischium, ventral to the intumescentia bilateralis superior. AAO:0000880 crista_hypertrophica Large protuberance on the dorsal aspect of the ischium that extends from the ischio-ilium articulation to the spina pelvis posterior. AAO:0000881 lamina_terminalis In those cases in which the interilial region is broadly expanded and the pubis is extremely reduced, the anterior margin of the ischium forms an expanded area. AAO:0000882 interilial_region Area of convergence of the ilial shafts. When the preacetabular ilium is narrow, the interilial configuration is V-shaped or narrowly rounded, whereas when the interilial region is broadly expanded the interilial configuration is U-shaped. AAO:0000883 recessus_coccygealis Area dorsal to the pelvic girdle symphysis, between the dorsal portions of the ilial corpora, where lies the posterior terminus of the urostyle. AAO:0000884 epipubis Small prepubic element formed by a plate of cartilage (which may calcify in the adult) that is synchondrotically united with the pubis. AAO:0000885 postpubis Paired cartilaginous rods that lie within the copulatory organ (or so-called tail) and are attached to the posteroventral part of the pelvic girdle. Nobelian bone AAO:0000886 ypsiloid_cartilage Y-shaped cartilage lying in the middle line, anterior to the pubo-ischium with which it articulates. It lies dorsal to the rectus abdominis muscle with which it articulates. abdominal sternum; Cartilago epipubes; cartilago marsupial; cartilago ypsiloidea; cartilago ypsiloides AAO:0000887 hind_propodium Segment of the hindleg corresponding to the humerus. AAO:0000888 hind_digit One of the toes of the pes. AAO:0000889 femur Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that form the thighs, extending from the pelvic girdles to the knees. AAO:0000890 tibia One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a straight, simple bone whose section is more or less rectangular at the ends and circular at its central portion. AAO:0000891 fibula One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a rather more slender bone than the tibia but of about the same length. AAO:0000892 acetabular_head Proximal head of the femur, which articulates with the acetabulum. caput femoris AAO:0000893 distal_head Head of the femur that articulates with the tibia and fibula. AAO:0000894 femoral_ridge Low crest that arises just behind the acetabular head and extends distally for about one-third the length of the femoral shaft. crista femoris AAO:0000895 trochlear_groove_of_femur Canal on the posteroventral surface of the acetabular head, which articulates with the ischial process on the rim of the acetabulum. AAO:0000896 foveal_depression Ovoid roughened pit situated on the dorsal and anteroventral surface of the acetabular head wherein the ligaments attaching the bone to the acetabulum are inserted. AAO:0000897 femoral_trochanter Process on the ventral surface of the shaft of the femur. AAO:0000898 trochanteric_crest Paired ridges on the ventral surface of the femoral shaft that run toward the femoral trochanter; the posterior crest is less developed. AAO:0000899 tibial_condyle Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the tibia. AAO:0000900 fibular_condyle Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the fibula. AAO:0000901 radio-ulna Paired, long bones of endochondral origin formed by the fusion of the radius and ulna. AAO:0000902 tibiofibula Paired, endochondral bones formed by the fusion of the tibia and fibula. They form the shanks, extending from the knees to the ankles. os cruris AAO:0000903 tibial_crest Ridge that arises from the dorso-masial side of the extensor surface of the tibia. It receives the insertion of the tendon of the extensor ilio-tibialis muscle. AAO:0000904 apophysis_distalis_of_tibiofibula Swelling on the extensor surface of the distal head of the tibiofibula. AAO:0000905 caput_ossis_cruris Proximal head of the tibiofibula that articulates with the distal head of the femur. AAO:0000906 sulcus_pro_musculo_extensori_cruris_brevis Small canal on the proximal head of to the tibiofibula, lateral to the apophysis distalis, for the insertion of the cruris brevis muscle. AAO:0000907 eminentia_arcuata Small crest on the extensor surface of the proximal head of the tibiofibula (tibial side). AAO:0000908 sulcus_distalis_ossis_cruris In a fused tibiofibula, longitudinal furrow in the distal portion of the compound bone that demarcates the area of fusion of both elements. AAO:0000909 sulcus_proximalis_ossis_cruris In a fused tibiofibula, longitudinal furrow in the proximal portion of the compound bone that demarcates the area of fusion of both elements. AAO:0000910 hind_limb_opening AAO:0000911 foramen_nutritium_exterius Foramen for the tibial artery and vein and the deep peroneal nerve; it pierces through the midpoint of the shaft of the tibiofibula. AAO:0000912 tibiale One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The tibiale constitutes the postaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the fibulare. calcaneus AAO:0000913 fibulare One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the tibiale. astragalus AAO:0000914 distal_tarsal Series of elements that articulate with the metatarsals. AAO:0000915 spatium_intertarsale Separation of the tibiale and fibulare along their longitudinal axia. AAO:0000916 apophysis_proximalis Swelling on the extensor surface of the proximal compound head of the tibiale and fibulare. AAO:0000917 apophysis_distalis_of_tibiale_fibulare Swelling on the extensor surface of the distal compound head of the tibiale and fibulare. AAO:0000918 tarsal_1 Small element that articulates with the prehallux, metatarsal I and element Y. It may be fused to tarsal 2. AAO:0000919 tarsal_2 Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal II. It may be fused to tarsal 1 or to tarsal 3. AAO:0000920 tarsal_3 Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal III. It may be fused to tarsal 2. AAO:0000921 element_Y_of_hind_mesopodium Oval tarsal element that is located on the anteromedial side of the tibiale. Anteriorly, it articulates with the proximal prehallux, tarsals 1, 2, and 3. AAO:0000922 prehallux One to three or four elements located ventral and medial to the metatarsal of digit I. When more than one elements are present, they are smaller than the proximal prehallux. AAO:0000923 intermedium Small, wedge-shaped tarsal element of which the thiner edge projects between the tibia and fibula, thus separating the distal ends of this two bones. Distally, it articulates with the centrale, fibulare, and tibiale. AAO:0000924 centrale Oval tarsal element that is located on the center of the mesopodium. It articulates with all other elements of the tarsus except tarsal 5. AAO:0000925 metatarsal_I Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and tarsal 1 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit I distally. AAO:0000926 metatarsal_II Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 2 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II distally. AAO:0000927 metatarsal_III Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 3 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III distally. AAO:0000928 metatarsal_IV Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 4 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit IV distally. AAO:0000929 metatarsal_V Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 5 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V distally. AAO:0000930 phalanges_of_hind_digit Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the five digits of the pes. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the pes, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2(1)-2-3-4(3)-3(2). AAO:0000931 intercalary_element_of_hind_digit Small elements of endochondral origin present in all digits of the pes. Each intercalary element articulates with the anteroventral end of the penultimate phalanx proximally and the distal phalanx distally. AAO:0000932 tarsal_4 Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal IV. It may be absent in some taxa. AAO:0000933 tarsal_5 Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal V. It may be absent in some taxa. AAO:0000934 foramen_perforans_tarsi Small opening between the centrale and fibulare that allows the perforans tarsi artery to pass from the ventral to the dorsal side of the ankle. AAO:0000935 scapular_area Dorso-lateral portion of the pectoral girdle. pars scapularis; scapula et adscapulum; scapula-suprascapula area; scapulum et episcapulum AAO:0000936 zonal_element All those parts of the pectoral girdle in the central region of the zonal area. AAO:0000937 prezonal_element All those parts of the pectoral girdle that lie anterior to the zonal area. AAO:0000938 postzonal_element All those parts of the pectoral girdle that lies posterior to the zonal area. AAO:0000939 mesosternum Proximal portion of the sternum, usually elaborated into a stylum that may be ossified. AAO:0000940 xiphisternum Distal, cartilaginous portion of the sternum. metasternum AAO:0000941 arciferal_girdle Pectoral girdle in which the epicoracoid cartilages are elaborated into posteriorly directed epicoracoid horns. Most arciferal pectoral girdles are characterized by fusion of the epicoracoid cartilages in the interclavicle region. Posterior to the clavicles, the epicoracoids usually are free and overlapping. AAO:0000942 firmisternal_girdle Pectoral girdle that lacks epicoracoid horns. The sternum is fused to the pectoral arch, and the epicoracoid cartilages of each half of the girdle are fused to one another. The midzonal length of the girdle is shorter than that of an arciferal girdle, but pre- and postzonal elements tend to be longer. AAO:0000943 pseudofirmisternal_girdle Modified arciferal pectoral girdle in which the fusion of the epicoracoid cartilages in the interclavicle region is extended posteriorly. Thus, the cartilages no longer overlap freely, and functionally a partially firmisternal condition is created. AAO:0000944 pseudoarciferal_girdle Modified firmisternal pectoral girdle in which the epicoracoid cartilages are partly free and overlapping; however, the epicoracoids are fused to one another and the sternum postermodially. AAO:0000945 inscriptional_rib Three pairs of cartilaginous elements posterior to the sternum that lie in the myosepta of the ventral trunk musculature. abdominal ribs AAO:0000946 fore_metapodium Segment of the forearm corresponding to the metacarpus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end. AAO:0000947 phalanges_of_fore_digit Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the four digits of the manus. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the manus, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2-2-3-3. AAO:0000948 articular_process Paired processes located on the anterior end of the cricoid cartilage. processus articularis anterior AAO:0000949 posterior_ramus_of_cleithrum Laminar subdivision of the cleithrum that extends along the ventral (lateral) midbody of the suprascapula. AAO:0000950 os_triangulare Small, broadly triangular bar of bone lying across the ventral side of the pharynx at the junction of the M. genio-hyoideus and the M. rectus cervicis superficialis. basi-branchial II; os thyroideum; os triquetum; sternum AAO:0000951 anterior_radial Paired, horn-like processes of basibranchial I that protrude in an antero-dorso-lateral direction, being more or less embedded in the tongue musculature. These elements contitute the hypohyals. AAO:0000952 posterior_radial Paired, horn-like processes of basibranchial I that protrude in an antero-dorso-lateral direction, being more or less embedded in the tongue musculature. They arise secondarily during metamorphosis, and are therefore not strictly part of the visceral skeleton. AAO:0000953 ceratobranchials_II--IV Paired bars that articulate with hypobranchial II. Reduction of loss of these elements is common in salamanders. epibranchials AAO:0000954 hypobranchial_I Paired bar that articulates with basibranchial I. It forms the anterior portion of the posterior cornu of the hyoid. AAO:0000955 ceratobranchial_I Paired bar that articulates with, or is fused to, hypobranchial I. It forms the posterior portion of the posterior cornu of the hyoid. epibranchial AAO:0000956 hypobranchial_II Paired bar that articulates anteriorly with basibranchial I and posteriorly with ceratobranchials II--IV. AAO:0000957 basihyal Paired, anterior element that articulates medially with basibranchial I and posterolaterally with the paired hypohyals. AAO:0000958 hypohyal Paired element that articulates anterioly with the basihyal and posteriorly with the ceratohyal hypohyals.