obo-all/amphibian_anatomy/amphibian_anatomy.obo file obo-all/amphibian_anatomy/amphibian_anatomy.obo amphibian_anatomy.obo be2c1a952426e6741a984a5ad2cea450 1260649595 1260649595 is_a is_a relationship inheritance relationship 1 consider consider metadata 1 replaced_by replaced_by metadata 1 is_a 1 1 1 develops_from develops_from amphibanat 1 OBO_REL:part_of part_of amphibanat 1 develops_from 1 OBO_REL:part_of 1 AAO:0000001 adipose_tissue amphibanat Tissue that contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000002 alary_cartilage amphibanat Paired, cup-shaped cartilage that are dorsal to the septomaxillae and anterior to the oblique cartilage. The anterior, convex face of each alary cartilage is synchondrotically fused to the superior prenasal cartilage and the ventral edge is fused to the superior margin of the crista intermedia. AAO LAP 1 alinasal cartilage synonym_scope related related cartilago alaris synonym_scope related related cartilago alaris nasi synonym_scope related related cartilago cupullaris synonym_scope related related copula anterior synonym_scope related related naseflngelknorpel synonym_scope related related processus alaris synonym_scope related related second upper labial synonym_scope related related AAO:0000003 alary_process_of_premaxilla amphibanat Dorsal process that extends toward the nasal bone. The posterior (inner) face of each alary process is concave and is invested dorsomedially by the superior prenasal cartilage and ventromedially by the inferior prenasal cartilage. AAO LAP 1 dorsal process of premaxilla synonym_scope related related pars dorsalis of premaxilla synonym_scope related related pars facialis of premaxilla synonym_scope related related pars frontalis of premaxilla synonym_scope related related pars prenasalis of premaxilla synonym_scope related related premaxillary spine synonym_scope related related processus ascendens of premaxilla synonym_scope related related processus frontalis of premaxilla synonym_scope related related processus nasalis of premaxilla synonym_scope related related AAO:0000006 alveolar_foramen amphibanat Foramen for the R. alveolaris of Nerve VII and the alveolar artery. AAO LAP 1 inferior dental foramen AAO:0000007 anatomical_system amphibanat 1 AAO:0000010 angular amphibanat postoperculare synonym_scope related related praearticulare synonym_scope related related AAO:0000012 angulosplenial_coronoid_process amphibanat Point of insertion of the adductor mandibulae musculature. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000013 animal_tissue amphibanat AAO:0000015 anterior_maxillary_process amphibanat Process that extends anteriorly from the planum triangulare and invests the medial face of the pars facialis of the maxilla. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000016 anterior_nasal_wall amphibanat Paired, vertical, and relatively straight plates that form the anterior limit of the nasal capsule. AAO LAP 1 prenasal wall synonym_scope related related solum anterius synonym_scope related related AAO:0000017 anterior_process_of_pars_palatina_of_maxilla amphibanat AAO:0000018 anterior_ramus_of_pterygoid amphibanat In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends anteriorly towards the maxilla. AAO LAP 1 ramus maxillaris of pterygoid synonym_scope related related AAO:0000020 anterolateral_process_of_frontoparietal amphibanat AAO:0000022 antorbital_process amphibanat AAO:0000024 apertura_nasalis_externa amphibanat Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal cavity with the exterior. AAO LAP 1 external naris synonym_scope related related external nostril synonym_scope related related nostril synonym_scope related related AAO:0000025 apertura_nasalis_interna amphibanat Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal and buccal cavites. AAO LAP 1 Choana synonym_scope related related internal naris synonym_scope related related internal nostril synonym_scope related related AAO:0000027 areolar_connective_tissue amphibanat Also known as loose connective tissue. A pliable, mesh-like tissue with a fluid matrix that functions to cushion and protect body organs. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000028 articular amphibanat Endochondral ossification of the posterior articular part of Meckel's cartilage. AAO LAP 1 angulaire synonym_scope related related angulare synonym_scope related related dermarticulare synonym_scope related related goniale synonym_scope related related operculo angulaire synonym_scope related related AAO:0000031 ascending_process_of_palatoquadrate amphibanat apophyse ascendens synonym_scope related related cartilage craniofacial synonym_scope related related oberste abteilung des zweiten visceralbogens synonym_scope related related pedicle synonym_scope related related pediculus synonym_scope related related processus ascendens of palatoquadrate synonym_scope related related schlafenflugelknorpel synonym_scope related related AAO:0000032 auditory_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000033 autonomic_nervous_system amphibanat AAO:0000034 axial_skeleton amphibanat The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, a metameric, semi-flexible, arched bar located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord. AAO Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 1 spinal column synonym_scope related related vertebral column synonym_scope related related AAO:0000036 basal_process_of_palatoquadrate amphibanat Process that extends medially from the ventromedial corner of the palatoquadrate cartilage and articulates or fuses to the anterior wall of the otic capsule via the basitrabecular process. AAO LAP 1 processus basalis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000037 basicranial_fontanelle amphibanat Ventral opening of the neurocranium. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000038 basimandibulare amphibanat AAO:0000039 basioccipital amphibanat AAO:0000040 basisphenoid amphibanat Endochondral ossification of the ventromedial portion of the braincase. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000041 bidders_organ amphibanat AAO:0000042 blastoderm amphibanat AAO:0000043 blastodisc amphibanat AAO:0000044 blastomere amphibanat AAO:0000045 blastopore amphibanat AAO:0000046 blood amphibanat Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000047 bone amphibanat Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs; organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000049 bottle_cells amphibanat AAO:0000050 braincase_and_auditory_apparatus amphibanat The part of the skull that encloses the brain and surrounds the inner ear. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000051 braincase_and_otic_capsule_opening amphibanat AAO:0000052 braincase_and_otic_capsule_skeleton amphibanat AAO:0000053 buccal_cavity amphibanat AAO:0000054 buccopharyngeal_cavity amphibanat AAO:0000057 canalis_semircularis_anterior amphibanat AAO:0000058 canalis_semircularis_posterior amphibanat AAO:0000059 capsular_process amphibanat Narrow process of the skeletal support that projects forward. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000060 cartilage amphibanat A type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix. Cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, in the throat and between intervertebral disks. It makes up virtually the entire skeleton in chondrichthyes. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000061 cartilage_bridge amphibanat AAO:0000068 cartilago_ectochoanalis amphibanat Lateral cartilaginous border of the fenestra endochoanalis. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000069 cartilago_infranarina amphibanat AAO:0000074 cartilago_orbitalis amphibanat dorsale randspange synonym_scope related related AAO:0000078 cartilago_prootico-occipitalis amphibanat AAO:0000079 cartilago_retronarina amphibanat AAO:0000080 caudal-sacral_region amphibanat Region of the vertebral column posterior to the sacrum consisting of two to four vertebrae. The last of these vertebrae is distinguished by the possession of a well-developed haemal arch; it supports the posterior part of the cloaca and marks the posterior limit of the trunk. AAO Duellman_and_Treub_1994 1 AAO:0000081 caudal_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000082 caudal_region amphibanat Region of the vertebral column posterior to the caudal-sacral region, that may consists of two or three to more than 100 vertebrae. These vertebrae exhibit a gradual reduction in the sizes of their transverse processes and zygapophyses, but these structures are never entirely absent. All caudal vertebrae bear haemal arches. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 postsacral region synonym_scope related related tail region synonym_scope related related AAO:0000085 cavum_inferius amphibanat Accessory cavity located ventral to the cavum principale and cavum medius. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000086 cavum_internasale amphibanat AAO:0000087 cavum_medius amphibanat Small accessory cavity located between the cavum principale and cavum inferius. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000088 cavum_praenasale amphibanat AAO:0000089 cavum_principale amphibanat Largest and most dorsal of the nasal cavities. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000090 central_nervous_system amphibanat AAO:0000091 cervical_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000092 cervical_region amphibanat Anterior region of the vertebral column consisting of one to 19 or 20 vertebrae. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000093 choana amphibanat Opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000094 chondrocranium amphibanat AAO:0000095 cloaca amphibanat AAO:0000098 connective_tissue amphibanat One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000099 connective_tissue_proper amphibanat AAO:0000103 coronoid amphibanat AAO:0000104 coronoid_teeth amphibanat AAO:0000107 cranial_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000108 cranial_nerves amphibanat AAO:0000109 cranial_skeleton amphibanat Bony structure that encases the central nervous system and the primary sense organs of sight, olfaction, hearing, and equilibrium. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000110 crista_contacta amphibanat Thin, horizontal ridge that extends medially from the corpus of the septomaxilla; it lays on the lamina inferior. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000111 crista_dentalis_of_maxilla amphibanat AAO:0000112 crista_dentalis_of_premaxilla amphibanat dental ridge of premaxilla synonym_scope related related AAO:0000113 crista_intermedia amphibanat Paired, oblique plates of cartilage located ventral to the alary cartilages. The dorsomedial margin of each crista intermedia is fused to the transitional zone between the septum nasi and the tectum nasi, whereas the ventrolateral margin bears two laminae, the lamina superior and the lamina inferior. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000115 crista_lateralis_of_premaxilla amphibanat AAO:0000116 crista_parotica amphibanat processus muscularis capsulae auditivae synonym_scope related related processus squamosus synonym_scope related related tegmen tympani synonym_scope related related AAO:0000117 crista_subnasalis amphibanat Ventral crest of the paries nasi. AAO LAP 1 subnasal crest synonym_scope related related AAO:0000118 crista_supraorbitalis amphibanat Short and blunt process that extends posteriorly from the posteromedial margin of the postnasal wall, on the anterodorsal corner of the orbit above the medial orbitonasal foramen. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000119 cutaneous_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000121 dense_connective_tissue amphibanat Also known as fibrous connective tissue. Forms ligaments and tendons and is characterized by densely packed collagen fibers that have great tensile strength. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000124 dentary amphibanat Ossified element of intramembranous origin that invests the lateral margin of the mentomeckelian bone and Meckel's cartilage, thus forming the lateral margin of the mandible. AAO LAP 1 dentale synonym_scope related related os dentale synonym_scope related related sur-angulaire synonym_scope related related AAO:0000125 dentary_teeth amphibanat AAO:0000126 dentition amphibanat Dentition refers to set of teeth, especially with regard to their number, kind, and arrangement, in the mouth. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000128 dermis amphibanat AAO:0000129 digestive_system amphibanat AAO:0000130 digestive_system_glands amphibanat AAO:0000131 dilatatio_alaris amphibanat Flange that extends ventrally from about the middle portion of the margo mandibularis. AAO LAP 1 ventral flange of anterior ramus of pterygoid synonym_scope related related AAO:0000132 dorsal_plate amphibanat AAO:0000135 ductus_endolymphaticus amphibanat AAO:0000136 ductus_perilymphaticus amphibanat AAO:0000137 ectoderm amphibanat AAO:0000138 embryonic_structure amphibanat 1 AAO:0000139 endoderm amphibanat AAO:0000141 endolymphatic_system amphibanat AAO:0000142 epaxial_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000143 epidermis amphibanat AAO:0000144 epithelium amphibanat One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissues composed of layers of cells that cover organ surfaces such as surface of the skin and inner lining of digestive tract. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000145 esophagus amphibanat AAO:0000146 eustachian_canal amphibanat Furrow on the ventral surface of the otic capsule, and occasionally also the parasphenoid, that houses the Eustachian tube. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000147 exoccipital amphibanat Endochondral bone that forms the posterior end of the neurocranium and the margin of the foramen magnum. In addition, this bone contributes to the posteromedial portion of the otic capsule and forms the occipital condyle. AAO LAP 1 exoccipitale synonym_scope related related occipitale laterale synonym_scope related related opisthoticum synonym_scope related related pleurooccipitale synonym_scope related related AAO:0000155 extremitas_anterior amphibanat Large anterior outgrowth of the septomaxilla that is directed into the space between the alary cartilage and the lamina inferior. AAO LAP 1 anterior ramus synonym_scope related related AAO:0000156 eye_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000157 fat_bodies amphibanat AAO:0000160 fenestra_dorsalis_nasi amphibanat AAO:0000161 fenestra_endochoanalis amphibanat Opening on the ventral aspect of the nasal capsule. It contains the apertura nasalis interna. AAO LAP 1 fenestra exochoanalis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000162 fenestra_endonarina_communis amphibanat Opening on the anterolateral aspect of the nasal capsule. It contains the apertura nasalis externa. AAO LAP 1 apertura nasalis externa synonym_scope related related fenestra narina synonym_scope related related narial fenestra synonym_scope related related AAO:0000164 fenestra_lateralis_nasi amphibanat Opening on the lateral side of the nasal capsule. AAO LAP 1 fenestra infraconchalis synonym_scope related related fenestra retronarina synonym_scope related related AAO:0000166 fenestra_nasobasalis amphibanat Small opening at the anterior tip of the nasal capsule, on the floor of the cavum inferius. It is located medially to the base of the inferior prenasal cartilage and serves for the passage of the ramus medialis narium and arteria orbitonasalis. AAO LAP 1 basal fenestra synonym_scope related related fenestra basalis nasi synonym_scope related related foramen apicale synonym_scope related related foramen epiphaniale synonym_scope related related nasobasal fenestra synonym_scope related related AAO:0000167 fenestra_nasolateralis amphibanat Elongated opening located on the lateral side of the nasal capsule. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000169 fenestra_ovalis amphibanat fenestra vestibuli synonym_scope related related foramen ovale synonym_scope related related AAO:0000170 fenestra_precerebralis amphibanat AAO:0000171 fenestra_prechoanalis amphibanat Large opening of the nasal floor anterior to the fenestra endochoanalis. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000177 flange_of_quadratojugal amphibanat AAO:0000178 footplate_of_pars_media_plectri amphibanat Independent, horizontal bar of cartilage located on the anterior part of the fenestra ovalis in front of the pars interna plectri. AAO LAP 1 fenestral plate synonym_scope related related interstapediale synonym_scope related related otostapes synonym_scope related related pars otica columellae synonym_scope related related pseudooperculum synonym_scope related related AAO:0000179 foramen_acusticum amphibanat acoustic foramen synonym_scope related related AAO:0000180 foramen_acusticum_anterius amphibanat AAO:0000181 foramen_acusticum_maius amphibanat AAO:0000182 foramen_acusticum_minus amphibanat AAO:0000183 foramen_acusticum_posterius amphibanat AAO:0000185 foramen_endolymphaticum amphibanat endolymphatic foramen synonym_scope related related AAO:0000189 foramen_orbitonasale_laterale amphibanat AAO:0000190 foramen_orbitonasale_mediale amphibanat canalis orbitonasalis synonym_scope related related canalis orbitonasalis medialis synonym_scope related related foramen orbitonasale synonym_scope related related AAO:0000192 foramen_perilymphaticum amphibanat AAO:0000193 foramen_perilymphaticum_accessorium amphibanat AAO:0000194 foramen_perilymphaticum_superius amphibanat foramen rotundum synonym_scope related related superior perilymphatic formaen synonym_scope related related AAO:0000195 foramen_perilymphaticus_inferius amphibanat foramen pro aquaeducto cochleae synonym_scope related related inferior perilymphatic foramen synonym_scope related related AAO:0000199 fore_propodium amphibanat Segment of the forearm corresponding to the humerus. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000200 fore_epipodium amphibanat Segment of the forearm corresponding to the radius and ulna. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 antibrachium synonym_scope related related AAO:0000201 fore_mesopodium amphibanat Segment of the forearm corresponding to the carpus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the radius and ulna at one end and the metacarpals at the other end. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000202 forelimb_skeleton amphibanat Skeletal structure of the paired, anterior appendages. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000203 forelimb_muscles_proper amphibanat AAO:0000204 forelimb_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000205 forelimb amphibanat Upper limb, which connects the manus with the pectoral girdle. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000206 frontal amphibanat AAO:0000207 frontoparietal amphibanat Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the braincase. AAO LAP 1 fronto-parietaux synonym_scope related related os fronto-parietale synonym_scope related related parietaux synonym_scope related related parietofrontal synonym_scope related related AAO:0000208 frontoparietal_constriction amphibanat AAO:0000209 frontoparietal_fontanelle amphibanat Dorsal opening of the neurocranium. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000211 germ_ring amphibanat AAO:0000212 glands amphibanat AAO:0000213 gonad amphibanat AAO:0000216 hind_epipodium amphibanat Segment of the leg corresponding to the tibia and fibula. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000217 hind_limb_skeleton amphibanat Skeletal structure of the paired, posterior appendages. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000218 hind_limb_muscles_proper amphibanat AAO:0000219 hind_limb amphibanat Lower limb, which connects the pes with the pelvic girdle. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000220 hind_mesopodium amphibanat Segment of the leg corresponding to the tarsus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the tibia and fibula at one end and the metatarsals at the other end. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000221 hind_metapodium amphibanat Segment of the leg corresponding to the metatarsus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000222 hindlimb_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000224 hyobranchial_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000225 hyoid_apparatus amphibanat Apparatus located in the floor of the mouth, under the mandibular arcade. The apparatus consists of a central corpus and four pairs of processes. This apparatus serves as the site of insertion for a variety of muscles associated with movements of the tongue and as the origin of the m. hyoglossus. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 hyobranchial apparatus synonym_scope related related AAO:0000226 hyolaryngeal_complex amphibanat Complex formed by two units, the hyoid and laryngeal apparatuses, which are both derived from the larval hyobranchial skeleton. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000228 hypaxial_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000229 hypoblast amphibanat AAO:0000234 inferior_prenasal_cartilage amphibanat Elongate cartilage that extends anteroventrally from the solum nasi to abut the ventral portion of the posterior aspect of the alary process of the premaxilla. It was first discribed by Wiedersheim in 1876. AAO LAP 1 inferior prenasal process synonym_scope related related processus prenasalis inferior synonym_scope related related processus prenasalis inferior lateralis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000237 infrarrostral_cartilage amphibanat AAO:0000238 inner_ear amphibanat AAO:0000239 integument amphibanat AAO:0000246 intestines amphibanat AAO:0000247 jaw_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000249 jugular_foramen amphibanat Large foramen that houses the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and is located inside the condyloid fossa. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000250 kidney amphibanat AAO:0000253 lagena amphibanat AAO:0000254 lamella_alaris amphibanat Dorsal plate of the squamosal. AAO LAP 1 horizontal arm of squamosal synonym_scope related related AAO:0000255 lamina_anterior_of_pars_facialis amphibanat AAO:0000259 lamina_inferior amphibanat Lateral expansion of the crista intermedia that serves as the floor of the cavum medium. AAO LAP 1 lamina inferior cristae intermediae synonym_scope related related AAO:0000260 lamina_nariochoanalis amphibanat Free, dorsal margin of the lamina inferior. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000262 lamina_orbitonasalis amphibanat In the larva, structure that is fused to the wall of the braincase, lateral to the olfactory foramen, and separates the nasal capsule and orbit. In the adult frog it constitutes the ventral part of postnasal wall. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000263 lamina_precerebralis amphibanat Posterior face of septum nasi. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000264 lamina_superior amphibanat Lateral expansion of the crista intermedia that serves as the roof of the cavum medium. AAO LAP 1 Lamina superior cristae intermediae synonym_scope related related AAO:0000265 larval_structure amphibanat 1 AAO:0000267 laryngeal_apparatus amphibanat Apparatus located between the lungs and the buccal cavity. This apparatus is composed of a pair of arytenoid cartilages that are supported by the cricoid ring. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000268 larynx amphibanat AAO:0000269 lateral_line_system amphibanat AAO:0000272 lower_jaw amphibanat Inferior mandibular arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000273 lower_jaw_opening amphibanat AAO:0000274 lower_jaw_skeleton amphibanat AAO:0000275 lungs amphibanat AAO:0000277 mandibular_symphysis amphibanat AAO:0000280 margo_mandibularis_of_pterygoid amphibanat Ventrally directed margin that connects the anterior and posterior rami of the pterygoid. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000281 margo_orbitalis_of_maxilla amphibanat Dorsal margin of the maxilla between the frontal and zygomatico-maxillary processes. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000282 margo_orbitalis_of_pterygoid amphibanat Margin that connects the anterior and medial rami of the pterygoid. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000283 margo_orbitalis_of_squamosal amphibanat Anterior margin of the squamosal that takes part in the formation of the orbit. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000284 margo_tympanicus_of_pterygoid amphibanat Margin that connects the posterior and medial rami of the pterygoid. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000285 maxilla amphibanat Paired, intramembranous bone located on the lateral sides of the skull, posterior to the premaxillae. AAO LAP 1 os maxillaire synonym_scope related related os maxillare superior synonym_scope related related os maxillo-jugaux synonym_scope related related AAO:0000287 maxillary_teeth amphibanat AAO:0000288 maxillopalatine amphibanat AAO:0000289 Meckel's_cartilage amphibanat Paired, rod-shaped elements that extend the length of the mandible and lie between the dentaries and the angulosplenials. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000290 medial_inferior_prenasal_cartilage amphibanat AAO:0000291 medial_orbitonasal_foramen amphibanat Opening on the postnasal wall for the medial branch (= ramus medialis nasi) of the ophthalmicus nerve. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000292 medial_ramus_of_pterygoid amphibanat In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends medially towards the otic capsule. AAO LAP 1 ramus interior of pterygoid synonym_scope related related AAO:0000294 median_prenasal_process amphibanat Anterior projection of the septum nasi that protrudes through the anterior nasal wall. AAO LAP 1 processus prenasalis medius synonym_scope related related AAO:0000295 median_symphysis amphibanat AAO:0000298 mental_foramen amphibanat AAO:0000301 mentomeckelian amphibanat Paired, cylindrical, and small bones of endochondral origin that lie anteromedial to the anterior end of Meckel's cartilage. The precursors of the mentomeckelian bones are the larval infrarostral cartilages. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000303 mesethmoid amphibanat Endochondral ossification of the anteromedial portion of the braincase. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000304 mesoderm amphibanat AAO:0000306 muscle_tissue amphibanat One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000307 muscular_system amphibanat AAO:0000309 narial_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000311 naris amphibanat AAO:0000312 nasal amphibanat Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the olfactory capsule. AAO LAP 1 frontaux anterieurs synonym_scope related related fronto-nasale synonym_scope related related fronto-nasaux synonym_scope related related nasale synonym_scope related related nasenstirnbein synonym_scope related related supraethmoid synonym_scope related related AAO:0000313 nasal_capsule amphibanat Structure that has both respiratory and olfactory functions and lies anterior to the braincase, in the foremost section of the cranium. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000314 nasal_cavity amphibanat Saclike space internal to the nasal capsule lined by respiratory and sensory epithelium and glandular tissue. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000316 nasal_opening amphibanat AAO:0000320 nasal_skeleton amphibanat Structural framework that provides support to the nasal sacs and ducts. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000323 nasopremaxilla amphibanat AAO:0000324 nervous_system amphibanat AAO:0000325 nervous_tissue amphibanat One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Cells forming the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000327 notochord amphibanat Slender rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a core of fluid-filled cells of mesodermal origin; it lies above the gut and directly beneath the spinal cord. The notochord is present during early development and in a few cases it is retained through life; however, usually the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO:0000329 oblique_cartilage amphibanat Semi-circular cartilaginous sheet that lies lateral to the side of the septum nasi. AAO LAP 1 cartilago obliqua synonym_scope related related cartilago obliqua nasi synonym_scope related related cartilago obliquo synonym_scope related related dorsal process synonym_scope related related lamina obliqua synonym_scope related related AAO:0000330 occipital_condyle amphibanat AAO:0000332 oculomotor_foramen amphibanat AAO:0000333 olfactory_foramen amphibanat AAO:0000334 olfactory_system amphibanat AAO:0000341 optic_fenestra amphibanat AAO:0000342 optic_foramen amphibanat AAO:0000343 orbit amphibanat AAO:0000344 orbitonasal_foramen amphibanat Foramen that forms a passage for one of the branches of the trigeminal nerve into the nasal region. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000345 orbitosphenoid amphibanat Endochondral ossification of the lateral sides of the braincase. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000346 organizer amphibanat AAO:0000347 os_articulare amphibanat Ossified posterior articular portion of Meckel's cartilage. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000348 os_basale amphibanat AAO:0000362 other_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000363 otic_ligament amphibanat AAO:0000364 otic_plate_of_pterygoid amphibanat Osseous expansion of the posterior and medial rami of the pterygoid. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000365 otic_process_of_palatoquadrate amphibanat AAO:0000367 otic_ramus_of_squamosal amphibanat Ramus (process) that extends medially toward the otic capsule. AAO LAP 1 posterior ramus synonym_scope related related ramus paroticus synonym_scope related related AAO:0000368 otoccipital amphibanat Fused prootic and exoccipital bones. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000371 ovary amphibanat AAO:0000372 palatine amphibanat Sliver of bone that invest part of or all the posterior aspect of each antorbital plane. AAO LAP 1 neopalatine synonym_scope broad broad AAO:0000374 palatine_process_of_pars_palatina_of_premaxilla amphibanat median palatal squame synonym_scope related related AAO:0000375 palatine_process_of_the_pars_facialis_of_the_maxilla amphibanat AAO:0000376 palatine_teeth amphibanat AAO:0000379 palatoquadrate amphibanat Column of catilage, remnant in the adult of the larval palatoquadrate cartilage, that is located lateral or antero-lateral to the auditory capsule. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000380 palatoquadrate_articular_process amphibanat AAO:0000381 paranasal_commissure amphibanat Cartilaginous bridge that extends posteriorly to the anterolateral corner of the posterior nasal wall. AAO LAP 1 commissura lateralis nasi synonym_scope related related connection between lamina nariochoanalis and postnasal wall synonym_scope related related processus lingularis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000384 parasagittal_crest amphibanat AAO:0000385 parasphenoid amphibanat Azygous, median bone of intramembranous origin that underlies the ventral surface of the braincase. AAO LAP 1 keilbein synonym_scope related related os parasphenoidale synonym_scope related related os sphenoideum synonym_scope related related parabasale synonym_scope related related AAO:0000386 cultriform_process amphibanat Process that extends anteriorly from the orbitotemporal region. AAO LAP 1 pars medialis synonym_scope related related rostrum synonym_scope related related AAO:0000387 subotic_ala amphibanat Paired, lateral processes that, when present, support the otic capsules ventrally. AAO LAP 1 processus lateralis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000388 parasphenoid_teeth amphibanat AAO:0000389 paries_nasi amphibanat Paired, elongate, ventrolaterally-orieted cartilaginous structures that extend to the premaxilla-maxilla articulation. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000390 parietal amphibanat AAO:0000393 pars_amphibiorum amphibanat AAO:0000394 pars_articularis_of_mandibular_arch amphibanat Posterior end of Meckel's cartilage that forms the articular head of the mandibular arch. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000395 pars_basilaris amphibanat AAO:0000396 pars_dentalis_of_maxilla amphibanat Tooth-bearing part of the maxilla. AAO LAP 1 crista dentalis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000397 pars_dentalis_of_premaxilla amphibanat Tooth-bearing part of the premaxilla. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000399 pars_externa_plectri amphibanat extracolumellare synonym_scope related related extrapediale synonym_scope related related extraplectral synonym_scope related related extrastapes synonym_scope related related hyostapes synonym_scope related related medio-stapedial synonym_scope related related pars quadrata columellae synonym_scope related related AAO:0000400 pars_facialis_of_maxilla amphibanat AAO:0000401 pars_facialis_of_maxillopalatine amphibanat AAO:0000405 pars_inferior_of_labyrinth amphibanat AAO:0000406 pars_interna_plectri amphibanat Plate-like structure that lies in the fenestra ovalis. It arises within the membrana opercularis in the posterior part of the fenestra. AOO LAP 1 operculum auris synonym_scope related related operculum fenestrae ovalis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000408 pars_media_plectri amphibanat AAO:0000413 pars_palatina_of_maxilla amphibanat Lingual ledge on the inner surface of the maxilla. AAO LAP 1 lamina horizontalis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000414 pars_palatina_of_premaxilla amphibanat Lingual ledge on the inner surface of the premaxilla. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000420 pars_superior_of_labyrinth amphibanat AAO:0000422 pectoral_girdle amphibanat Skeletal structure immediately behind the head attached to the vertebral column by muscles and supporting the forelimbs. AAO LAP 1 shoulder girdle synonym_scope related related AAO:0000423 pectoral_girdle_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000426 pelvic_girdle amphibanat Skeletal structure by which the hind limbs are supported and attached to the vertebral column. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000427 pelvic_girdle_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000428 perilymphatic_system amphibanat AAO:0000429 peripheral_nervous_system amphibanat AAO:0000430 pigment_cells amphibanat AAO:0000431 pila_antotica amphibanat AAO:0000432 pila_metoptica amphibanat AAO:0000433 pineal_foramen amphibanat AAO:0000434 planum_antorbitale amphibanat AAO:0000437 planum_conchale amphibanat AAO:0000438 planum_internasale amphibanat AAO:0000440 planum_terminale amphibanat Vertical plate of cartilage that is fused posterodorsally to the oblique cartilage and anteriorly to the lamina inferior. AAO LAP 1 pars terminalis synonym_scope related related terminal plate synonym_scope related related AAO:0000441 planum_triangulare amphibanat Cartilaginous, distal expansion of the lamina orbitonasalis that invests the pars facialis of the maxilla medially. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000443 plectral_apparatus amphibanat Complex sound-conducting anatomical structure. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000446 posterior_condyle amphibanat AAO:0000448 posterior_maxillary_process amphibanat Process that extends posteriorly from the planum triangulare and invests the maxilla laterally and the anterior ramus of the pterygoid medially. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000449 posterior_maxillary_process_dorsal_process amphibanat AAO:0000450 posterior_mental_process amphibanat AAO:0000451 posterior_ramus_of_pterygoid amphibanat In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends posterolaterally towards the jaw articulation. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000453 posterolateral_vomerine_process amphibanat AAO:0000454 postnasal_wall amphibanat Paired, anteriorly concave structures that form the posterior limit of nasal capsule. It consists of two parts: a ventral piece, the lamina orbitonasalis, and a dorsal plate that is part of the tectum nasi. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000458 prearticular amphibanat Osseous element of intramembranous origin that extends along the lingual margin of Meckel's cartilage. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000459 prearticular_coronoid_process amphibanat Point of insertion of the masticatory musculature. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000460 prefrontal amphibanat AAO:0000461 premaxilla amphibanat Paired, intramembranous bones located at the anterior end of the skull; they form the anterior-most segment of the maxillary arch. AAO LAP 1 intermaxillaire synonym_scope related related premaxillary synonym_scope related related AAO:0000464 premaxillary_teeth amphibanat AAO:0000467 preorbital_process_of_the_pars_facialis_of_the_maxilla amphibanat AAO:0000468 presumptive_blood amphibanat AAO:0000469 presumptive_central_nervous_system amphibanat AAO:0000470 presumptive_ectoderm amphibanat AAO:0000471 presumptive_endoderm amphibanat AAO:0000472 presumptive_enteric_nervous_system amphibanat AAO:0000473 presumptive_epidermis amphibanat AAO:0000474 presumptive_hypochord amphibanat AAO:0000475 presumptive_integument amphibanat AAO:0000476 presumptive_mesoderm amphibanat AAO:0000477 presumptive_nervous_system amphibanat AAO:0000478 presumptive_notochord amphibanat AAO:0000479 presumptive_structure amphibanat AAO:0000480 primary_germ_layer amphibanat AAO:0000486 processus_ascendens_plectri amphibanat Cartilaginous or ligamentous connection between the pars externa plectri and the crista parotica. AAO LAP 1 laterohyale synonym_scope related related processus ascendens columellae synonym_scope related related processus dorsalis columellae synonym_scope related related processus superior columellae synonym_scope related related suprastapediale synonym_scope related related AAO:0000492 processus_infrafenestralis amphibanat Posterior part of the corpus of the septomaxilla; the posterior surface of the processus infrafenestralis is in contact with the oblique cartilage. AAO LAP 1 dorsal crest synonym_scope related related AAO:0000493 processus_internus amphibanat AAO:0000494 processus_lingualis_of_pterygoid amphibanat Dorsolateral process of the of the medial ramus of the pterygoid. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000500 processus_posterior_of_maxilla amphibanat Posterior, toothless portion of the maxilla by which it usually comes in contact with the quadratojugal. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000505 processus_pterygoideus_of_maxilla amphibanat Posterior end of the pars palatina of the maxilla that is in contact with the anterior ramus of the pterygoid. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000509 processus_suprafenestralis amphibanat AAO:0000512 processus_zygomatico-maxillaris amphibanat Posterodorsal extension of the maxilla by which it establishes contact with the squamosal. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000514 prootic amphibanat Paired, endochondral bones that form the lateral borders of the posterior portion of the braincase and the dorsal, anterior, and lateral walls of the otic capsules. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000515 pseudoangular amphibanat AAO:0000516 pseudobasal_process amphibanat AAO:0000518 pseudodentary amphibanat AAO:0000519 pseudodentary_teeth amphibanat AAO:0000521 pterygoid amphibanat Palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie anterior to the otic capsules, lateral to the orbits, and medial to the maxillae. AAO LAP 1 pterygoidien synonym_scope related related AAO:0000523 pterygoid_process_of_palatoquadrate amphibanat Process that extends anteriorly from the anterolateral margin of the palatoquadrate and articulates or synchondrotically fuses to the posterior end of the posterior maxillary process. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000524 pterygoquadrate amphibanat AAO:0000525 quadrate_bone amphibanat Ossified pars articularis of the palatoquadrate cartilage. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000527 quadrate_process_of_palatoquadrate amphibanat AAO:0000532 quadratojugal amphibanat Paired intramembranous bones that completes the maxillary arch posteriorly; they appear at the end of, or just after, metamorphosis. AAO LAP 1 jugau synonym_scope related related os jugale synonym_scope related related quadratjochbeine synonym_scope related related quadrato-jugals synonym_scope related related quadrato-maxillare synonym_scope related related quadratojugale synonym_scope related related tympano maleaux synonym_scope related related AAO:0000538 recessus_fenestrae_ovalis amphibanat AAO:0000539 recessus_marsupiatus_of_premaxilla amphibanat AAO:0000540 recessus_vaginiformis amphibanat AAO:0000541 respiratory_system amphibanat AAO:0000542 reticular_connective_tissue amphibanat Network of reticular fibres (fine collagen) that form a soft skeleton to support the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen). AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000543 retroarticular_process amphibanat Point of insertion of the m. interhuoideus posterior. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000545 rib amphibanat Endochondral, rodlike element that articulates with the transverse process and parapophysis (double-headed rib), or with the transverse process only (single-headed rib); it extends into the body wall and provides a site for muscle attachment. AAO Pugener_2002 1 dorsal rib synonym_scope related related AAO:0000547 rostral_process amphibanat AAO:0000550 sacculus amphibanat AAO:0000551 saccus_endolymphaticus amphibanat AAO:0000552 sacrum amphibanat Enlarged vertebra with transverse processes (diapophyses), and ocassionally ribs, that are modified and elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000555 sensory_system amphibanat AAO:0000556 septomaxilla amphibanat Paired, intramembranous bones located within the nasal capsules and embedded in the nasal cartilages; it is pierced by the ductus nasolacrimalis. AAO LAP 1 internasale synonym_scope related related intranasal synonym_scope related related lacrimale synonym_scope related related le cornet synonym_scope related related nariale synonym_scope related related nasale synonym_scope related related os internasale synonym_scope related related os nariale synonym_scope related related septomaxillary synonym_scope related related turbinale synonym_scope related related AAO:0000559 septum_nasi amphibanat Medial, vertical plate that separates the nasal capsules. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000560 septum_semicircularium_anterior amphibanat AAO:0000561 septum_semicircularium_laterale amphibanat AAO:0000562 septum_semircularium_posterior amphibanat AAO:0000563 seydels_palatal_process amphibanat AAO:0000565 skeletal_support_for_eminentia_olfactoria amphibanat Elevation of the dorsal surface of the solum nasi medial to the fenestra endochoanalis that provides support for the eminentia olfactoria. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000566 skeletal_system amphibanat System that provides physical support to the organism. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000569 solum_nasi amphibanat Unpaired, horizontal plate that forms the floor of the nasal capsule. AAO LAP 1 nasal floor synonym_scope related related planum basale synonym_scope related related AAO:0000570 spatium_sacculare amphibanat AAO:0000571 specialized_connective_tissue amphibanat AAO:0000572 sphenethmoid amphibanat Azygous, endochondral bone that houses the anterior portion of the brain. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000573 splenial amphibanat AAO:0000574 squamosal amphibanat Paired, intramembranous bones that lie at the posterolateral margins of the skull. These bones are composed of three rami that give the squamosals their characteristic T shape. AAO LAP 1 os squamosum synonym_scope related related os tympanicum synonym_scope related related paraquadratum synonym_scope related related squamosum synonym_scope related related supratemporale synonym_scope related related supratemporo-squamosum synonym_scope related related temporo-mastoidien synonym_scope related related tympanique synonym_scope related related AAO:0000579 stomach amphibanat AAO:0000580 stylus_of_pars_media_plectri amphibanat columella auris synonym_scope related related columellare synonym_scope related related interstapediale synonym_scope related related mediostapediale synonym_scope related related mesostapediale synonym_scope related related os columellare synonym_scope related related os intermedium synonym_scope related related stapes synonym_scope related related stelidium synonym_scope related related stilus columellare synonym_scope related related AAO:0000581 sulcus_dentalis_of_maxilla amphibanat Groove located between the pars dentalis and the bases of the maxillary teeth. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000582 sulcus_dentalis_of_premaxilla amphibanat AAO:0000583 sulcus_for_Meckels_cartilage amphibanat AAO:0000586 superior_prenasal_cartilage amphibanat Paired, elongate cartilages that extend anteroventrally to abut the dorsomedial margin of the posterior face of the alary process of the premaxilla. The function of these cartilages is to transmit the movement of the premaxilla to the alary cartilages during the closure of the apertura nasalis externa. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000587 supraangular amphibanat AAO:0000588 supraoccipital amphibanat AAO:0000590 supraorbital_flange amphibanat AAO:0000591 suprasphenoid amphibanat Endochondral ossification of the dorsomedial portion of the braincase. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000596 suspensorium amphibanat Apparatus located toward the posterolateral end of the skull, at the level of the anterior margin of the otic capsule that suspends and braces the jaw against the skull. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000597 symphysis_maxillaris amphibanat AAO:0000599 taenia_tecti_marginalis amphibanat AAO:0000601 tectum_nasi amphibanat Roof of the nasal capsule. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000602 tectum_synoticum amphibanat AAO:0000605 tentacular_foramen amphibanat AAO:0000606 testis amphibanat AAO:0000607 tissue amphibanat 1 AAO:0000610 trochlear_foramen amphibanat AAO:0000611 trunk_muscles amphibanat AAO:0000612 trunk_region amphibanat Region of the vertebral column between the atlas and the sacrum consisting of seven to 285 vertebrae. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 presacral region synonym_scope related related thoracolumbar region synonym_scope related related AAO:0000615 tympanic_annulus amphibanat Funnel-like ring structure located lateral to the ventral ramus of the squamosal, beneath the skin; it provides support to the tympanic membrane. AAO LAP 1 annulus tympanicus synonym_scope related related processus basilaris synonym_scope related related tympanic ring synonym_scope related related AAO:0000619 tympanosquamosal amphibanat Central, funnel-shaped, ossified portion of the tympanic annulus fused to the squamosal bone. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000620 upper_jaw amphibanat Superior maxillary arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000621 upper_jaw_opening amphibanat AAO:0000622 upper_jaw_skeleton amphibanat AAO:0000623 urinary_bladder amphibanat AAO:0000624 urogenital_system amphibanat AAO:0000625 utriculus amphibanat AAO:0000628 ventral_ramus_of_squamosal amphibanat Longest of the three squamosal rami; it invests the dorsolateral margin of the palatoquadrate. The distal end of the ventral ramus invests the quadrate and articulates with the quadratojugal. AAO LAP 1 processus posterolateralis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000629 ventrolateral_process_of_palatoquadrate amphibanat AAO:0000631 vestibuloauditory_system amphibanat AAO:0000632 visual_system amphibanat AAO:0000633 vomer amphibanat Paired, palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie ventral to the olfactory region and help to floor the nasal capsules . AAO LAP 1 praevomer synonym_scope related related prevomer synonym_scope related related AAO:0000634 vomerine_canal amphibanat AAO:0000635 vomerine_teeth amphibanat AAO:0000637 Wolffian_duct amphibanat AAO:0000639 zygomatic_ramus_of_squamosal amphibanat Ramus (process) that forms part of the posterior margin of the orbit. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000640 arcus_praeoccipitalis amphibanat Skeletal structure that separates the inferior and superior perilymphatic foramina. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000641 mandibular_teeth amphibanat AAO:0000642 maxillopalatine_teeth amphibanat AAO:0000643 nasolarimal_duct amphibanat canalis nasolacrimalis synonym_scope related related ductus nasolacrimalis synonym_scope related related nasal duct synonym_scope related related AAO:0000644 processus_lingularis amphibanat Rod-shaped process that extends caudally from the inferior edge of the planum terminale. AAO LAP 1 lingular process synonym_scope related related AAO:0000645 corpus amphibanat Basal part of the septomaxilla. AAO LAP 1 pars horizontalis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000646 margo_libera amphibanat Anterior, rounded portion of the corpus of the septomaxilla. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000647 crista_interna amphibanat Sharp ridge that extends medially from the basal part of the processus infrafenestralis; it separates the diverticulum proncipale from the diverticulum medium. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000648 crista_praeopercularis amphibanat Synchondrotic or synostotic connection between the footplate of the pars media plectri and the ventral margin of the fenestra ovalis. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000649 anterior_process_of_vomer amphibanat Process that extends anterolaterally toward the maxilla-premaxilla articulation. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000650 processus_frontalis amphibanat Anterio portion of the maxilla that may contact the nasal and take part in the formation of a groove for the nasolacrimal duct. AAO LAP 1 processus praeorbitalis of the pars facialis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000651 lamina_anterior_of_maxilla amphibanat Most anterior part of the maxilla, which is in contact with the premaxilla. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000652 fossa_maxillaris amphibanat Depression lacated on the inner surface of the maxilla between the palatine process and the pars palatina. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000653 pars_glenoidalis_of_quadratojugal amphibanat Portion of the quadratojugal that makes contact dorsally with the distal portion of the squamosal. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000654 pars_jugalis amphibanat Anterior part of the quadratojugal that is in contact with the processus posterior of the maxilla. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000655 processus_dorsalis amphibanat Dorsal process of the lamella alaris located at the anterior end of the margo orbitalis; a narrow ligament that runs from the frontoparietal is attached to it. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000656 processus_posterodorsalis amphibanat Posterior process of the lamella alaris. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000657 dentigerous_ process amphibanat Tooth-bearing process of the vomer. AAO LAP 1 torus dentigerous synonym_scope related related AAO:0000658 prechoanal_process amphibanat Process that extends laterally from the anterior process; its bifurcation from the postchoanal process occurs at the level of the dentigerous process. AAO LAP 1 processus choanalis anterior synonym_scope related related AAO:0000659 postchoanal_process amphibanat Process that extends laterally from the anterior process; its bifurcation from the prechoanal process occurs at the level of the dentigerous process. AAO LAP 1 processus choanalis posterior synonym_scope related related AAO:0000660 margo_choanalis amphibanat Margin between the prechoanal and postchoanal process. It bounds the fenestra endochoanalis. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000661 crista_vomeri amphibanat Ridge on the dorsal surface of the vomer that runs from the anterior to the postchoanal processes of the vomer; it takes part in the fixation of the bone to the lateral margin of the solum nasi. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000662 processus_posterior amphibanat Posterior projection of the median part of the parsphenoid, which may extend over the posterior margins of the subotic alae. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000663 parahyoid amphibanat AAO:0000664 hyoid_plate amphibanat Azygous or paired bone that occurs on the ventral surface of the hyoid plate. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000665 hyobranchial_skeleton amphibanat AAO:0000666 ceratohyal amphibanat Paired elements that lie ventral to the hypobranchials and curve dorsally from their medial articulation with basibranchial toward the suspensorium. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 ceratohyale synonym_scope related related hyale synonym_scope related related hyoid synonym_scope related related keratohyale synonym_scope related related zungenbeinknorpel synonym_scope related related AAO:0000667 pars_reuniens amphibanat Area of fusion of the ceratohyals. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000668 hypoglossal_sinus amphibanat AAO:0000669 hyale amphibanat AAO:0000670 anterior_process_of_hyoid_apparatus amphibanat AAO:0000671 anterolateral_process_of_hyoid_plate amphibanat Processes that flank the hyales laterally and extend anterolaterally from the anterolateral margin of the hyoid plate. They are formed as a result of new cartilaginous growth lateral to the basibranchial. AAO Rocek_2003 1 processus alaris synonym_scope related related processus anterolateralis synonym_scope related related processus lateralis anterior synonym_scope related related AAO:0000672 posterolateral_process amphibanat Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterolateral margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are formed as a result of new cartilaginous growth lateral to the basibranchial and hypobranchial plate. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000673 posteromedial_process amphibanat Cartilaginous, paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes invest the laryngeal apparatus and are ossified in the adult. AAO LAP 1 cornua posteriores synonym_scope related related hyoid synonym_scope related related AAO:0000674 arytenoid_cartilage amphibanat Paired, anteroposteriorly elongated cartilages that are associated with the vocal cords. These cartilages are medially separated and hemispherical, and their concave side faces ventromedially. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO Rocek_2003 1 cartilago arytaenoidea synonym_scope related related AAO:0000675 cricoid_cartilage amphibanat Cartilaginous ring that provides support for the arytenoid cartilages. Its ventral part is bent posteriorly to form a V. AAO Maglia_et_al_2003 1 AAO Rocek_2003 1 cartilago cricoidea synonym_scope related related cartilago cricotrachealis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000676 bronchial_process amphibanat Paired processes that extend posteroventrally from the anterolateral margins of the cricoid ring. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 processus trachealis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000677 lateral_process amphibanat AAO:0000678 esophageal_process amphibanat Median process located on the posterior end of the cricoid cartilage. AAO Rocek_2003 1 spina oesophagea synonym_scope related related AAO:0000679 humerus amphibanat Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows. AAO Maglia_et_al_1994 1 AAO:0000680 manubrium amphibanat Proximal section of the hyale. AAO Rocek_1993 1 processus anteriores synonym_scope related related AAO:0000681 hyoid_apparatus_opening amphibanat AAO:0000682 hyoid_apparatus_skeleton amphibanat AAO:0000683 sinus_nervi_hypoglossi amphibanat Depression that houses the hypoglossus nerve and is located between the anterolateral process and the proximal part of the hyale. AAO Rocek_2003 1 AAO:0000684 hyoid_bone amphibanat Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are the ossified posteromedial processes and invest the laryngeal apparatus. AAO Rocek_2003 1 hyoid synonym_scope related related os postero-mediale synonym_scope related related ossa thyroidea synonym_scope related related AAO:0000685 foramen_nervi_hypoglossi amphibanat Foramen that houses the hypoglossus nerve and is located between the anterolateral process and the proximal part of the hyale. AAO Rocek_2003 1 foramen laterale synonym_scope related related AAO:0000686 basibranchial amphibanat Medial element to which other parts of the hyoid apparatus are attached. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 copula I synonym_scope related related AAO:0000687 processus_confluens amphibanat Strip of cartilage that forms the lateral margin of the foramen nervi hypoglossi. AAO Rocek_2003 1 processus alaris synonym_scope related related AAO:0000688 prominentia_apicalis_dorsalis amphibanat Anterior end of the arytenoid cartilage. AAO Rocek_2003 1 prominentia apicalis anterior synonym_scope related related AAO:0000689 prominentia_apicalis_ventralis amphibanat Posterior (cardiac) end of the arytenoid cartilage. AAO Rocek_2003 1 prominentia apicalis posterior synonym_scope related related AAO:0000690 wrisbergi_cartilage amphibanat Independent cartilage that may occur dorsal or anterior to the prominentiae apicales dorsales of the arytenoid cartilages. AAO Rocek_2003 1 cartilago apicalis intermedia synonym_scope related related cartilago apicalis seu cartilago santoriniana synonym_scope related related AAO:0000691 vertebra amphibanat Main component of the vertebral column. It consists of two essential parts, a dorsal neural arch and a ventral centrum. AAO Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 1 AAO:0000692 pedicel amphibanat Paired stalks located dorsolateral to the vertebral centrum that provide support to the lateral margins of the neural arch laminae. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000693 neural_canal amphibanat Canal formed by the vertebral centra ventrally, the pedicels laterally, and the neural arches dorsally that encloses and protects the spinal cord. AAO LAP 1 foramen vertebrale synonym_scope related related spinal canal synonym_scope related related AAO:0000694 atlantal_cotyle amphibanat Anterior, single or paired concave facets for articulation with the condyle(s) of the urostyle. AAO Francis_1934 1 cavitas glenoidalis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000695 neural_arch_lamina amphibanat Paired plates that form the neural arch. The lateral margin of each lamina rests dorsal to the superior end of the pedicel, and the medial end fuses to the medial end of the opposite lamina. AAO Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 1 AAO:0000696 posterior_intervertebral_notch amphibanat Indentation on the anterior margin of the pedicel. When two vertebrae articulate, the anterior notch of one vertebra and the posterior notch of the other create a bilateral intervertebral space. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000697 centrum amphibanat Cylindrical body of bone, round or oval in cross section, which functionally replaces the notochord. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_2008 1 corpus synonym_scope related related AAO:0000698 transverse_process amphibanat Projections on each side of the vertebra from the point where the neural arch lamina joins the pedicel for the articulation with the head of a single-headed rib or the upper head of a double-headed rib. Also called diapophyses. They provide surfaces for the attachment of muscles. In anurans, the term transverse process is used in reference to the processes associated with the presacral and postsacral vertebrae. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 1 AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000699 vertebral_column_skeleton amphibanat AAO:0000700 vertebral_column_opening amphibanat AAO:0000701 intervertebral_space amphibanat Space formed by the anterior and posterior intervertebral notches. The intervertebral spaces accommodate the spinal nerves as they emerge from the spinal canal. AAO LAP 1 intervertebral space synonym_scope related related AAO:0000702 postzygapophysis amphibanat Paired processes at the caudal end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the postzygapophyses face lateroventrally and articulate with the dorsomedially facing facets of the prezygapophyses of the succeeding vertebra. AAO LAP 1 processus obliquus posterior synonym_scope related related AAO:0000703 prezygapophysis amphibanat Paired processes at the cephalic end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially and articulate with the lateroventrally facing facets of the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra. AAO Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 1 processus obliquus anterior synonym_scope related related AAO:0000704 anterior_intervertebral_notch amphibanat Indentation on the posterior margin of the pedicel. When two vertebrae articulate, the anterior notch of one vertebra and the posterior notch of the other create a bilateral intervertebral space. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000705 neural_spine amphibanat Elaboration of the mid-dorsal keel into a posterior or posterolateral process. AAO Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 1 processus spinosus synonym_scope related related AAO:0000706 diapophysis amphibanat Paired processes that arise near the midpoint of the neural arch lamina, for the attachment of the tuberculum of two-headed ribs. Also called transverse processes. In anurans, the term diapophysis is used in reference to the modified transverse processes of the sacral vertebra elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO:0000707 pleurapophysis amphibanat Paired processes that represent the rib attachments to the vertebra plus the ribs. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000708 parapophysis amphibanat Paired processes, which arise near the dorsolateral part of the vertebral centrum, for the attachment of the capitulum of two-headed ribs. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000709 atlas amphibanat First postcranial vertebra, which is modified anteriorly to articulate with the skull. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 presacral I synonym_scope related related AAO:0000710 zygapophysis amphibanat Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region. AAO Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 1 processus articularis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000711 procoelous amphibanat Holochordal vertebral centra that are concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly; they bear a condyle on the posterior end for the articulation with the posterior adjacent vertebral centrum, forming a ball-and-socket joint that allows extensive motion in most directions. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000712 opisthocoelous amphibanat Ectochordal or stegochordal vertebral centra that are convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly; they bear a condyle on the anterior end for the articulation with the posterior adjacent vertebral centrum, forming a ball-and-socket joint that allows extensive motion in most directions. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000713 epichordal amphibanat Vertebral centrum that originates from ossification of the dorsal portion of the perichordal tube; the resulting element tends to be depressed in cross section. AAO Kluge_and_Farris_1969 1 AAO:0000714 perichordal amphibanat Vertebral centrum that originates from ossification of the entire perichordal tube; the resulting element is cylindrical in cross section and may have an open (notochord retained) or solid center. AAO Kluge_and_Farris_1969 1 AAO:0000715 heterocoelous amphibanat Vertebral centrum that bears saddle-shaped articular surfaces at both ends, having a convexity in the right-left axis and a concavity in the dorsoventral axis. This morphology allows great lateral and vertical flexion. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000716 acoelous amphibanat Vertebral centrum with flat ends. Between successive vertebrae there is a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral body with a gel-like core, the nucleus pulposus, which is derived from the embryonic notochord. Acoelous vertebrae seem especially suited to receive and distribute compressive forces within the vertebral column. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000717 amphicoelous amphibanat Ectochordal, biconcave or terminally flat vertebral centrum. This design seems to allow limited motion in most directions. An intervertebral body (which may or may not be independent from the adjacent centra) fills the cavity between successive centra. The intervertebral body usually is formed by soft material that may be derived, at least in part, from the embryonic notochord. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000718 ectochordal amphibanat Spool-shaped vertebral centrum with an open center in which the notochord lies. AAO Griffiths_1959 1 AAO:0000719 holochordal amphibanat Spool-shaped vertebral centrum with a solid center. All traces of the notochord dissapear. AAO Griffiths_1959 1 AAO:0000720 stegochordal amphibanat Vertebral centrum that is depressed dorsoventrally and solid. All traces of the notochord dissapear. AAO Griffiths_1959 1 AAO:0000721 odontoid_process amphibanat Anterior process located between the atlantal cotyles that projects into the foramen magnum of the skull and bears facets that articulate with the lateral walls of the foramen. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 tuberculum interglenoideum synonym_scope related related AAO:0000722 tuberculum amphibanat Dorsal head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the diapophysis. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000723 capitulum_of_rib amphibanat Ventral head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the parapophysis. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000724 sacral_region amphibanat Region of the vertebral column represented by one or two vertebrae. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000725 neural_arch amphibanat Bony arch perched on the vertebral centrum; successive arches enclose the neural canal that surrounds and protects the spinal cord dorsally. AAO Pugener_2002 1 carina neuralis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000726 haemal_arch amphibanat Bony canal attached to the ventral surface or the vertebral centrum that encloses and protects the caudal artery and vein ventrally. The arch consists of right and left halves, which are fused ventrally to give a V- or Y-shape to the ventral aspect of the vertebra. AAO Pugener_2002 1 ventral arch synonym_scope related related AAO:0000727 haemal_arch_lamina amphibanat Paired plates that form the haemal arch. The lateral margin of each lamina is firmly attached to the ventral surface of the caudal vertebral centrum and the medial end fuses to the medial end of the opposite lamina. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO:0000728 nucal_keel amphibanat Longitudinal process found in all cervical vertebrae, except the atlas, for the attachment of dorsal head musculature. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000729 spinal_foramen amphibanat Opening on the vertebra for a spinal nerve as it emerges from the spinal canal. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000730 foramen_nutritium amphibanat Opening on the lateral side of the vertebra for the passage of blood vessels. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000731 coccyx amphibanat Small, bony element consisting of several fused, rudimentary caudal vertebrae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 1 AAO:0000732 urostyle amphibanat Rodlike caudal bony structure unique to anurans that lies within a compartment formed by the elongated, anteriorly oriented pelvic girdle. The urostyle is formed by the fusion of the coccyx and the hypochord. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 1 os coccygei synonym_scope related related AAO:0000733 hypochord amphibanat Unsegmented ventral structure in the caudal region of anuran larvae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO:0000734 vertebral_column amphibanat AAO:0000735 mid-dorsal_keel amphibanat Ridge-shaped structure present on the dorsomedial surface of the neural arch lamina; this structure is produced at the point of junction of the contralateral sides of each neural arch. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO:0000736 crista_ventralis amphibanat Ridge on the ventral aspect of the humeral shaft that extends from the level of the glenoid head to about one-third to one-half the lenfth of the shaft. It serves for the attachment of the mm pectoralis and supra-coracoideus. AAO Francis_1934 1 crista_ventralis_humeri synonym_scope related related deltoid crest synonym_scope related related AAO:0000737 perichordal_tube amphibanat Coat around the notochord that originates from cells derived from the sclerotomes. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO:0000738 perichordal_ring amphibanat Segmental sections of the perichordal tube that give rise to vertebrae. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO:0000739 spinous_process amphibanat Small, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina; it is not a neural spine. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO:0000740 synsacrum amphibanat Complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO:0000741 uncinate_process amphibanat Posteriorly directed process (occasionally directed anteriorly) usually associated with the rib (sometimes with the transverse process) of the third vertebra; they provide the origin of the mm serratus superior, medius, and inferior. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO:0000742 epiphysis amphibanat Cartilaginous expansion at the distal end of an anterior rib or transverse process that serves for the attachment of muscles suspending the pectoral girdle to the vertebral column. AAO Pugener_2002 1 AAO:0000743 sacral_condyle amphibanat Anterior, paired convex facets for articulation with the cotyle(s) of the urostyle. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000744 urostyle_cotyle amphibanat Anterior, single or paired concave facets for articulation with the sacral condyle(s). AAO LAP 1 fossa condyloidea ossis coccygei synonym_scope related related AAO:0000745 webbing_of_bone amphibanat In anurans, pair of bony plates that connect the posteromedial margins of the sacral diapophyses with the lateral margins of the anterior portion of the urostyle. AAO Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 1 AAO:0000746 urostyle_ridge amphibanat Longitudinal crest on the dorsal side of the urostyle formed by the caudal neural arches. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 crista ossi coccygei synonym_scope related related AAO:0000747 appendicular_skeleton amphibanat The pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hind limbs, form the appendicular skeleton. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000748 suprascapula amphibanat Paired, cartilaginous elements located in the dorsolateral shoulder region. Each suprascapula is a flat broad blade that extends medially. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 adscapulum synonym_scope related related episcapulum synonym_scope related related omolita synonym_scope related related scapula major synonym_scope related related AAO:0000749 glenoid_fossa amphibanat Cavity for the articulation of the forelimb formed by the scapula, coracoid, and clavicle. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 glenoid cavity synonym_scope related related AAO:0000750 cleithrum amphibanat Paired bones of intramembranous origin. Each cleithrum extends medially from a point near the suprascapular-scapular articulation to invest the anterior margin of the suprascapula, and occasionoally it may extend to the dorsal (medial) surface. Usually, this bone is bifurcate. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000751 scapula amphibanat Paired bony elements of endochondral origin. They are situated at the level of the jaw articulation, in a vertical position, with the suprascapular margin being dorsal and the glenoid end being ventral. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 collum scapulae synonym_scope related related lower shoulder blade synonym_scope related related omoplate synonym_scope related related scapula minor synonym_scope related related AAO:0000752 pars_acromialis amphibanat Prominent structure (anteromedial head) that forms the anterior section of the ventral margin of the scapula. AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000753 pars_glenoidalis_of_scapula amphibanat Concave structure (posteromedial head) that forms the posterior head of the ventral margin of the scapula. The pars glenoidalis articulates with the humerus, and comprises the dorsal portion of the glenoid fossa. AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000754 pectoral_girdle_skeleton amphibanat AAO:0000755 pectoral_girdle_opening amphibanat AAO:0000756 crista_dorsalis amphibanat Small hooked process on the dorsal aspect of the humeral shaft; it does not extend on to the glenoid head. The m subscapularis is inserted on it. AAO Francis_1934 1 crista_dorsalis_humeri synonym_scope related related AAO:0000757 zonal_area amphibanat All those parts of the pectoral girdle ventral and medial to the glenoid fossa. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000758 lateral_epicondyle amphibanat Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus (larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle) and lateral to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the mm extensor antebrachii et carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis, and in part to the m extensor antebrachii et carpi ulnaris. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO LAP 1 epicondylus_lateralis_humeri synonym_scope related related AAO:0000759 omosternum amphibanat Proximal portion of the prezonal element of the pectoral girdle. It may be a flat, midventral cartilaginous structure or a calcified or bony element elaborated into a stylum. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 episternum synonym_scope related related interclavicle synonym_scope related related prezonal element synonym_scope related related prezonal sternum synonym_scope related related sternum superior synonym_scope related related AAO:0000760 procoracoid amphibanat Cartilaginous, paired structures located on the anterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 precoracoid synonym_scope related related AAO:0000761 clavicle amphibanat Slender, paired bones of intramembranous origin that invest the anterior margins of the procoracoids. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 acromial synonym_scope related related furcula synonym_scope related related os thoracale synonym_scope related related AAO:0000762 epicoracoid amphibanat Paired, flat cartilaginous arches that compose the central portion of the zonal area, unites the clavicle and coracoid of each half of the pectoral girdle, and form the medial margins of the pectoral fenestrae. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 coracoid cartilage synonym_scope related related corpus sterni synonym_scope related related entosternal synonym_scope related related infracoracoid synonym_scope related related sterni ossa media synonym_scope related related AAO:0000763 epicoracoid_bridge amphibanat A pair of cartilaginous expansions (one from each epicoracoid cartilage) that project anteriorly. They articulate anteriorly with the omosternum. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 procoracoid bridge synonym_scope related related AAO:0000764 coracoid amphibanat Paired cartilaginous structures or endochondral bones located on the posterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 clavicula synonym_scope related related clavicula posterior synonym_scope related related clavicula vera synonym_scope related related coracoideum synonym_scope related related coracoidien synonym_scope related related pars sternalis scapulae synonym_scope related related AAO:0000765 sternum amphibanat Single element that constitutes the postzonal area of the pectoral girdle. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 cartilaginula quadrata intermedia synonym_scope related related hyposternum synonym_scope related related sternum inferius synonym_scope related related AAO:0000767 pelvic_girdle_opening amphibanat AAO:0000768 pelvic_girdle_skeleton amphibanat AAO:0000769 pelvic_girdle_symphisis amphibanat Medial attachement of the two halves of the pelvic girdle. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000770 acetabulum amphibanat Cavity for the articulation of the proximal bone of the hind limb. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 cavite cotyloide synonym_scope related related AAO:0000771 acetabular_depression amphibanat Central, most concave portion of the acetabulum, which remains open. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000772 ilium amphibanat Paired, rodlike endochondral bones that constitute the anterior pelvic girdle. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 os ischii synonym_scope related related AAO:0000773 ilial_ridge amphibanat Longitudinal crest on the dorsal side of the shaft of the ilium. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 ala ossis ilei synonym_scope related related AAO:0000774 ilial_shaft amphibanat Anterior rod that articulates with the sacrum. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000775 ilial_corpus amphibanat Posterior body of the illium that forms the anterior half of the acetabulum. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000776 glenoid_foramen amphibanat Opening on the glenoid fossa. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000777 epicoracoid_horn amphibanat A pair of cartilaginous expansions (one from each epicoracoid cartilage) that project posteriorly. They articulate with the sternum by means of grooves, pouches or fossae in the dorsal surface of the sternum and provide a site for the insertion of a pair of muscles derived from the m. rectus abdominis. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000778 supracoracoid_foramen amphibanat Opening on the scapulocoracoid bone through which passes the n. supracoracoideus and the corresponding artery and vein. AAO Francis_1934 1 foramen supracoracoideum synonym_scope related related AAO:0000779 pectoral_fenestra amphibanat Ovoid space on the pectoral girdle limited anteriorly by the procoracoid, medially by the epicoracoid, and posteriorly by the coracoid. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 fenestra between procoracoid and coracoid synonym_scope related related AAO:0000780 incisura_coracoidea amphibanat Notch that separates the cartilaginous regions of the procoracoid and coracoid. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000781 scapulocoracoid amphibanat Fused, ossified portions of the scapula, procoracoid, and coracoid. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000782 medial_epicondyle amphibanat Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus and medial to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the flexor muscles antogonistic to those that attach to the lateral epicondyle. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO LAP 1 epicondylus_medialis_humeri synonym_scope related related AAO:0000783 fovea_capitis amphibanat Ovoid roughened pit, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and serves as a site of attachment for ligaments. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000784 ulnar_condyle amphibanat Semi-elliptical ball located at the lower end of the humerus, adjacent to the humeral ball. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000785 trochlear_groove_of_humerus amphibanat Furrow between the humeral head and the ulnar condyle. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000786 fossa_cubitalis_ventralis amphibanat Depresion on the distal end of the humerus, just anterior to the humeral head, in which the end of the radius fits when the forelimb is flexed. AAO Francis_1934 1 LAP Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000787 collum_antibrachii amphibanat In a fused radio-ulna, the proximal portion of the compound bone (where the sulcus longitudinalis is barely evident or absent) is a cylindrical pillar. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000788 radius amphibanat One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the lateral side of the ulna. Its upper end articulates with both the humerus and the ulna, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000789 ulna amphibanat One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the medial (inner) side of the radius. The upper end of the ulna articulates with the lower end of the humerus forming a strong hinge joint with the carpals, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000790 radiale amphibanat One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates proximally with the radius, mesially with the ulnare (or pars intermedia of the ulnare when the ulnare is fused to the intermedium) and distally with the centrale (also recognized by some authors as element Y). This element originates from one or two condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the ulnare, or other elements. AAO Fabrezi_1992 1 AAO Fabrezi_and_Alberch_1996 1 AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000791 episternum amphibanat Distal, flat, cartilaginous element of the prezonal element of the pectoral girdle. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000792 anterior_ramus_of cleithrum amphibanat Subdivision of the cleithrum that extends along the anterior edge of the suprascapula. AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000793 anomocoelous amphibanat Stegochordal slightly biconcave or flat terminally vertebral centrum. Each intervertebral cartilage is subdivided anteriorly and posteriorly, producing a free intervertebral element between adjacent vertebrae. This element subsequently ossifies and remains free. AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000794 displasiocoelous amphibanat Vertebral column in which the first seven vertebrae have holochordal centra and the intervertebral cartilages are posteriorly subdivided in the procoelous manner. The eighth presacral vertebra has a holochordal centrum and the intervertebral cartilage is subdivided in the opisthocoelous manner. Thus, the first seven presacral vertebrae are concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly, whereas the eighth is biconcave. AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000795 intervertebral_cartilage amphibanat Block of cartilage, which usually ossifies, that lies between successive vertebral centra. AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000796 imbricate_neural_arch amphibanat Overlapping neural arches that obscure the spinal cord dorsally. AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000797 non-imbricate_neural_arch amphibanat Neural arches that do not overlap, thus exposing the spinal cord dorsally. AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000798 presacral_shield amphibanat Dorsal, dermal plate of bone that overlies the presacral vertebrae. Such shield usually has irregular, sculptured surfaces, frequently is broadly expanded, and may be composed of several separate plates. AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000799 cartilago_paraglenoidalis amphibanat Strip of cartilage that separates the coracoid from the scapula. AAO Stephenson_1952 1 AAO:0000800 intercotylar_space amphibanat Space between the atlantal cotyles. AAO LAP 1 spatium interglenoidale synonym_scope related related AAO:0000801 caput_glenoidale amphibanat Convex articular facet of the vertebral centrum for the articulation with the adjacent centrum. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000802 fossa_glenoidalis amphibanat Concave articular facet of the vertebral centrum for the articulation with the adjacent centrum. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000803 sulcus_articularis_lateralis amphibanat In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the lateral canal between the carina distalis and the carina medialis. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000804 sulcus_articularis_medialis amphibanat In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the medial canal between the carina medialis and the carina proximalis. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000805 carina_proximalis amphibanat In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the proximal ridge. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000806 carina_medialis amphibanat In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the medial ridge. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000807 carina_distalis amphibanat In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the distal ridge. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000808 parasagittal_processes amphibanat Paired, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina. AAO Cannatella_1985 1 AAO:0000809 accessory_articulation amphibanat Paired, additional vertebral articulations located medial to the intervertebral space, adjacent to the vertebral centrum. AAO Cannatella_1985 1 AAO:0000810 fissura_sagittalis amphibanat Medial groove in the longitudinal ridge of the urostyle formed by the incomplete dorsal fusion of the caudal neural arches. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000811 glenoid_end_of_clavicle amphibanat Lateral end of the clavicle, which usually lies in close proximity to the pars acromialis of the scapula, and occassionally may fuse to it. AAO Cannatella_1985 1 extremitas glenoidalis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000812 sternal_end_of_clavicle amphibanat Medial end of the clavicle, which usually lies on the ventral side of the epicoracoid cartilage, just posterior to the epicoracoid bridge. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 extremitas medialis synonym_scope related related medial end synonym_scope related related AAO:0000813 sulcus_pro_cartilagine_praecoracoidealis amphibanat Canal on the posterior aspect of the clavicle that accomodates the anterior margin of the procoracoid cartilage. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000814 glenoid_head_of_coracoid amphibanat Lateral end of the coracoid, which forms the medial portion of the glenoid fossa. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 intumescentia_glenoidalis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000815 sternal_head_of_coracoid amphibanat Medial end of the coracoid, which is synchondrotically fused to the epicoracoid cartilage. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 pars epicoracoidealis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000816 margo_fenestralis amphibanat Anterior margin of the coracoid, which forms the posterior edge of the pectoral fenestra. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000817 margo_posterior amphibanat Posterior margin of the coracoid. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000818 margo_anterior_of_scapula amphibanat Anterior margin of the scapula. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000819 margo_clavicularis amphibanat Inferior margin of the pars acromialis of the scapula, which articulates with the clavicule. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000820 margo_posterior_of_scapula amphibanat Posterior margin of the scapula. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000821 margo_suprascapularis amphibanat Superior margin of the scapula, which articulates with the suprascapula. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000822 pars_suprascapularis amphibanat Superior portion of the scapula, which is thinner than the rest of the shaft. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000823 sinus_interglenoidalis amphibanat Notch or indentation between the pars glenoidalis and pars acromialis of the scapula. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000824 tenuitas_cristaeformis amphibanat Leading (anterior) portion of the scapula, which is thinner than the rest of the shaft. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000825 crista_longitudinalis amphibanat Longitudinal ridge on the medial (inner) face of the scapula. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000826 acromion amphibanat Anterior rounded projection of the pars acromialis of the scapula. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000827 margo_anterior_of_cleithrum amphibanat Anterior margin of the anterior ramus of the cleithrum. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000828 margo_posterior_of_cleithrum amphibanat Posterior margin of the posterior ramus of the cleithrum. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000829 margo_scapularis amphibanat Lateral margin of the suprascapula, which articulates with the scapula. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000830 margo_vertebralis amphibanat Medial margin of the suprascapula, which lies dorsal to the vertebral column. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000831 spina_acromioidea amphibanat Small process of the lamina recurvata that extends laterally toward the scapular-suprascapular articulation. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000832 anterior_lamina_recurvata amphibanat Portion of the anterior ramus of the cleithrum that invest the anterior margin of the suprascapula, extending onto its dorsal surface. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000833 sinus_dorsalis amphibanat Notch or indentation between the anterior and posterior rami of the cleithrum. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000834 posterior_lamina_recurvata amphibanat Portion of the posterior ramus of the cleithrum that invests the posterior margin of the suprascapula, extending onto its dorsal surface. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000835 glenoid_head amphibanat Hemispherical ball on the proximal end of the humerus that fits into the glenoid cavity of the pectoral girdle to form the shoulder joint. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 caput humeri synonym_scope related related AAO:0000836 crista_lateralis amphibanat Ridge on the lateral aspect of the humeral shaft located just anterior to the radial (lateral) epicondyle. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000837 crista_medialis amphibanat Ridge on the medial aspect of the humeral shaft that extends from the level of the middle portion of the shaft to ulnar (medial) epicondyle. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000838 humeral_head amphibanat Hemispherical ball located at the lower end of the humerus that stands out prominently from the surrounding structures toward the flexor surface of the forelimb and fits into the socket joint of the olecranon process. AAO Francis_1934 1 eminentia capitata synonym_scope related related radial condyle synonym_scope related related AAO:0000839 crista_radii amphibanat Small ridge on the lateral aspect of the radial shaft, located at the level of the collum antibrachii. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000840 capitulum_of_radius amphibanat Lateral portion of the proximal (upper) articular surface of the radius that consists of an eminence with a rounded apex. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000841 capitulum_radii amphibanat Small eminence on the distal articular head of the radius. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000842 capitulum_ulnae amphibanat Small eminence on the distal articular head of the ulna. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000843 olecranon amphibanat Large and thick process situated at the proximal (upper) end of the ulna. Its inner face forms the medial articular surface that articulates with the humeral head. AAO LAP 1 ulnar_process synonym_scope related related AAO:0000844 sulcus_longitudinalis amphibanat In a fused radio-ulna, longitudinal furrow that demarcates the area of fusion of both elements. This sulcus is deep in the distal portion of the compound bone, but barely evident or absent at the proximal end. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000845 ulnare amphibanat One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates with the ulna, radius, radiale, centrale (element Y), and carpal 5(4). This element originates from one condensation center or the fusion of two elements (ulnare and intermedium). Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the radiale, or other elements. AAO Fabrezi_1992 1 AAO Fabrezi_and_Alberch_1996 1 AAO Francis_1994 1 AAO:0000846 element_Y_of_fore_mesopodium amphibanat Oval carpal element that is located on the anteromedial side of the radiale and the anterolateral side of the ulnare. Anteriorly, it articulates with carpals 1 through 4 (or 2 through 5 according to some authors). It is also recognized as centrale by some authors. This element originates from one, two, or three condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 2(1), carpal 3(2), the ulnare, or other elements. AAO Fabrezi_1992 1 AAO Fabrezi_and_Alberch_1996 1 AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000847 distal_carpal amphibanat Series of elements that articulate with the metacarpals. AAO Francis_1934 1 basale synonym_scope related related AAO:0000848 carpal_2(1) amphibanat Small element that articulates with the prepollex, metacarpal II(I) and metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to element Y or carpal 3(2). AAO Fabrezi_1992 1 AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000849 carpal_3(2) amphibanat Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to carpals 2(1), 4(3), 5(4), or other elements. AAO Fabrezi_1992 1 AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000850 carpal_4(3) amphibanat Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(III). It may be fused to carpal 3(2), 5(4), or other elements. AAO Fabrezi_1992 1 AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000851 carpal_5(4) amphibanat Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(V). It may be fused to carpal 4(3), 5(4), the ulnare, radiale, or other elements. AAO Fabrezi_1992 1 AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000852 prepollex amphibanat Two or more elements located ventral and medial to the metacarpal of digit II(I). The proximal prepollex is small and round whereas distal prepollex 1 is usually large and wedge-shaped. When more elements are present, they are smaller than previous elements. AAO Fabrezi_and_Alberch_1996 1 AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 cartilago_pre-pollicis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000853 metacarpal_II(I) amphibanat Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and carpal 2(1) or carpal 2+3(1+2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II(I) distally. AAO Fabrezi_1992 1 AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000854 metacarpal_III(II) amphibanat Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 3(2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III(II) distally. AAO Fabrezi_1992 1 AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000855 metacarpal_V(IV) amphibanat Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 5(4) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V(IV) distally. AAO Fabrezi_1992 1 AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000856 intercalary_element_of_fore_digit amphibanat Small elements of endochondral origin present in all digits of the manus. Each intercalary element articulates with the anteroventral end of the penultimate phalanx proximally and the distal phalanx distally. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000857 fore_digit amphibanat One of the fingers of the manus. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000858 forelimb_opening amphibanat AAO:0000859 foramen_perforans_carpi amphibanat Opening for the passage of the perforans carpi artery from the ventral to the dorsal side. It perforates the compound ulnare + intermedium. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000860 ischium amphibanat Paired bones of endochondral origin that constitute the posterior elements of the pelvic girdle. They are synostotically fused to each other and form the posterior part of the acetabulum. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000861 pubis amphibanat Paired, cartilaginous (ocassionally calcified) elements that form the ventral portion of the pelvic girdle. Each is located ventral to the acetabulum between the anteroventral margin of the ischium and the posteroventral margin of the illium. When the element calcifies or ossifies, its articulation with adjacent elements is difficult to distinguish. Both pubes are synchondrotically fused to one another. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 cartilago remanens synonym_scope related related AAO:0000862 pubo-ischium amphibanat Composite element formed by the fusion of the ischium and pubis. AAO Francis_1943 1 ilio-pubis synonym_scope related related AAO:0000863 obturator_foramen amphibanat Small opening for the passage of the obturatorius nerve that perforates the pubis. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000864 acetabular_rim amphibanat Cartilaginous ring that forms the entire acetabular margin. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000865 epileon amphibanat Dorsal extremity of the ilial shaft, which remains cartilaginous. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000866 agger_limitans_anterior amphibanat Shelf-like expansion of the ilial corpus that forms the anterior border of the acetabulum. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000867 agger_limitans_posterior amphibanat Shelf-like expansion of the ischium that forms the posterior border of the acetabulum. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000868 supra-acetabular_expansion amphibanat Dorsal portion of the ilial corpus, located above the acetabulum. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 dorsal acetabular expansion synonym_scope related related pars ascendens ilei synonym_scope related related AAO:0000869 ilial_protuberance amphibanat Small, dorsolaterally projecting knob located just anterior to the supra-acetabular expansion and about the level of the anterior border of the acetabulum. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 dorsal protuberance synonym_scope related related tuber_superior synonym_scope related related AAO:0000870 preacetabular_expansion amphibanat Ventral portion of the ilial corpus, located anteroventral to the acetabulum. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 pars descendens ilei synonym_scope related related ventral acetabular expansion synonym_scope related related AAO:0000871 fossula_tuberis_superioris amphibanat Small depression dorsal to the proximal portion of the collum ilei and ventral to the ilial protuberance. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000872 collum_ilei amphibanat Cyllindrical pillar that originates anterior to the acetabulum and extends to the ilial shaft. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000873 pars_cylindriformis_ilei amphibanat Elongate, cylindrical structure on the ventral side of the shaft of the ilium that extends through its entire length. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000874 crista_ischii amphibanat Crest on the posterior side of the ischium, which may also extend to the posteroventral aspect of pubis. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000875 spina_pelvis_posterior amphibanat Small, rounded process on the anterodorsal margin of the ischium, just posterior to the area of articulation with the ilium. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000876 spina_pelvis_anterior amphibanat Small, rounded process on the anteroventral margin of the preacetabular expansion of the ilial corpus. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000877 intumescentia_bilateralis_inferior amphibanat Small protuberance on the ischium, located close to its posteroventral margin. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000878 intumescentia_bilateralis_superior amphibanat Small protuberance on the ischium, located at the level of the superior margin of the acetabulum and close to its posterior margin. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000879 incisura_terminalis amphibanat Small indentation on the posterior margin of the ischium, ventral to the intumescentia bilateralis superior. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000880 crista_hypertrophica amphibanat Large protuberance on the dorsal aspect of the ischium that extends from the ischio-ilium articulation to the spina pelvis posterior. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000881 lamina_terminalis amphibanat In those cases in which the interilial region is broadly expanded and the pubis is extremely reduced, the anterior margin of the ischium forms an expanded area. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000882 interilial_region amphibanat Area of convergence of the ilial shafts. When the preacetabular ilium is narrow, the interilial configuration is V-shaped or narrowly rounded, whereas when the interilial region is broadly expanded the interilial configuration is U-shaped. AAO Baez_and_Trueb_1997 1 AAO:0000883 recessus_coccygealis amphibanat Area dorsal to the pelvic girdle symphysis, between the dorsal portions of the ilial corpora, where lies the posterior terminus of the urostyle. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000884 epipubis amphibanat Small prepubic element formed by a plate of cartilage (which may calcify in the adult) that is synchondrotically united with the pubis. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000885 postpubis amphibanat Paired cartilaginous rods that lie within the copulatory organ (or so-called tail) and are attached to the posteroventral part of the pelvic girdle. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 Nobelian bone synonym_scope related related AAO:0000886 ypsiloid_cartilage amphibanat Y-shaped cartilage lying in the middle line, anterior to the pubo-ischium with which it articulates. It lies dorsal to the rectus abdominis muscle with which it articulates. AAO Francis_1934 1 abdominal sternum synonym_scope related related Cartilago epipubes synonym_scope related related cartilago marsupial synonym_scope related related cartilago ypsiloidea synonym_scope related related cartilago ypsiloides synonym_scope related related AAO:0000887 hind_propodium amphibanat Segment of the hindleg corresponding to the humerus. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000888 hind_digit amphibanat One of the toes of the pes. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000889 femur amphibanat Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that form the thighs, extending from the pelvic girdles to the knees. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000890 tibia amphibanat One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a straight, simple bone whose section is more or less rectangular at the ends and circular at its central portion. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000891 fibula amphibanat One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a rather more slender bone than the tibia but of about the same length. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000892 acetabular_head amphibanat Proximal head of the femur, which articulates with the acetabulum. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 caput femoris synonym_scope related related AAO:0000893 distal_head amphibanat Head of the femur that articulates with the tibia and fibula. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000894 femoral_ridge amphibanat Low crest that arises just behind the acetabular head and extends distally for about one-third the length of the femoral shaft. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 crista femoris synonym_scope related related AAO:0000895 trochlear_groove_of_femur amphibanat Canal on the posteroventral surface of the acetabular head, which articulates with the ischial process on the rim of the acetabulum. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000896 foveal_depression amphibanat Ovoid roughened pit situated on the dorsal and anteroventral surface of the acetabular head wherein the ligaments attaching the bone to the acetabulum are inserted. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000897 femoral_trochanter amphibanat Process on the ventral surface of the shaft of the femur. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000898 trochanteric_crest amphibanat Paired ridges on the ventral surface of the femoral shaft that run toward the femoral trochanter; the posterior crest is less developed. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000899 tibial_condyle amphibanat Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the tibia. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000900 fibular_condyle amphibanat Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the fibula. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000901 radio-ulna amphibanat Paired, long bones of endochondral origin formed by the fusion of the radius and ulna. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000902 tibiofibula amphibanat Paired, endochondral bones formed by the fusion of the tibia and fibula. They form the shanks, extending from the knees to the ankles. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 os cruris synonym_scope related related AAO:0000903 tibial_crest amphibanat Ridge that arises from the dorso-masial side of the extensor surface of the tibia. It receives the insertion of the tendon of the extensor ilio-tibialis muscle. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000904 apophysis_distalis_of_tibiofibula amphibanat Swelling on the extensor surface of the distal head of the tibiofibula. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000905 caput_ossis_cruris amphibanat Proximal head of the tibiofibula that articulates with the distal head of the femur. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000906 sulcus_pro_musculo_extensori_cruris_brevis amphibanat Small canal on the proximal head of to the tibiofibula, lateral to the apophysis distalis, for the insertion of the cruris brevis muscle. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000907 eminentia_arcuata amphibanat Small crest on the extensor surface of the proximal head of the tibiofibula (tibial side). AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000908 sulcus_distalis_ossis_cruris amphibanat In a fused tibiofibula, longitudinal furrow in the distal portion of the compound bone that demarcates the area of fusion of both elements. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000909 sulcus_proximalis_ossis_cruris amphibanat In a fused tibiofibula, longitudinal furrow in the proximal portion of the compound bone that demarcates the area of fusion of both elements. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000910 hind_limb_opening amphibanat AAO:0000911 foramen_nutritium_exterius amphibanat Foramen for the tibial artery and vein and the deep peroneal nerve; it pierces through the midpoint of the shaft of the tibiofibula. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000912 tibiale amphibanat One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The tibiale constitutes the postaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the fibulare. AAO LAP 1 calcaneus synonym_scope related related AAO:0000913 fibulare amphibanat One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the tibiale. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 astragalus synonym_scope related related AAO:0000914 distal_tarsal amphibanat Series of elements that articulate with the metatarsals. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000915 spatium_intertarsale amphibanat Separation of the tibiale and fibulare along their longitudinal axia. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000916 apophysis_proximalis amphibanat Swelling on the extensor surface of the proximal compound head of the tibiale and fibulare. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000917 apophysis_distalis_of_tibiale_fibulare amphibanat Swelling on the extensor surface of the distal compound head of the tibiale and fibulare. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000918 tarsal_1 amphibanat Small element that articulates with the prehallux, metatarsal I and element Y. It may be fused to tarsal 2. AAO Fabrezi_1993 1 AAO Fancis_1934 1 AAO:0000919 tarsal_2 amphibanat Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal II. It may be fused to tarsal 1 or to tarsal 3. AAO Fabrezi_1993 1 AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000920 tarsal_3 amphibanat Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal III. It may be fused to tarsal 2. AAO Fabrezi_1993 1 AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000921 element_Y_of_hind_mesopodium amphibanat Oval tarsal element that is located on the anteromedial side of the tibiale. Anteriorly, it articulates with the proximal prehallux, tarsals 1, 2, and 3. AAO Fabrezi_1993 1 AAO:0000922 prehallux amphibanat One to three or four elements located ventral and medial to the metatarsal of digit I. When more than one elements are present, they are smaller than the proximal prehallux. AAO Fabrezi_1993 1 AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000923 intermedium amphibanat Small, wedge-shaped tarsal element of which the thiner edge projects between the tibia and fibula, thus separating the distal ends of this two bones. Distally, it articulates with the centrale, fibulare, and tibiale. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000924 centrale amphibanat Oval tarsal element that is located on the center of the mesopodium. It articulates with all other elements of the tarsus except tarsal 5. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000925 metatarsal_I amphibanat Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and tarsal 1 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit I distally. AAO Fabrezi_1993 1 AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000926 metatarsal_II amphibanat Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 2 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II distally. AAO Fabrezi_1993 1 AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000927 metatarsal_III amphibanat Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 3 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III distally. AAO Fabrezi_1993 1 AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000928 metatarsal_IV amphibanat Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 4 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit IV distally. AAO Fabrezi_1993 1 AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000929 metatarsal_V amphibanat Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 5 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V distally. AAO Fabrezi_1993 1 AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000930 phalanges_of_hind_digit amphibanat Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the five digits of the pes. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the pes, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2(1)-2-3-4(3)-3(2). AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000931 intercalary_element_of_hind_digit amphibanat Small elements of endochondral origin present in all digits of the pes. Each intercalary element articulates with the anteroventral end of the penultimate phalanx proximally and the distal phalanx distally. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000932 tarsal_4 amphibanat Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal IV. It may be absent in some taxa. AAO Fabrezi_1993 1 AAO:0000933 tarsal_5 amphibanat Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal V. It may be absent in some taxa. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000934 foramen_perforans_tarsi amphibanat Small opening between the centrale and fibulare that allows the perforans tarsi artery to pass from the ventral to the dorsal side of the ankle. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000935 scapular_area amphibanat Dorso-lateral portion of the pectoral girdle. AAO Francis_1934 1 pars scapularis synonym_scope related related scapula et adscapulum synonym_scope related related scapula-suprascapula area synonym_scope related related scapulum et episcapulum synonym_scope related related AAO:0000936 zonal_element amphibanat All those parts of the pectoral girdle in the central region of the zonal area. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000937 prezonal_element amphibanat All those parts of the pectoral girdle that lie anterior to the zonal area. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000938 postzonal_element amphibanat All those parts of the pectoral girdle that lies posterior to the zonal area. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000939 mesosternum amphibanat Proximal portion of the sternum, usually elaborated into a stylum that may be ossified. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000940 xiphisternum amphibanat Distal, cartilaginous portion of the sternum. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 metasternum synonym_scope related related AAO:0000941 arciferal_girdle amphibanat Pectoral girdle in which the epicoracoid cartilages are elaborated into posteriorly directed epicoracoid horns. Most arciferal pectoral girdles are characterized by fusion of the epicoracoid cartilages in the interclavicle region. Posterior to the clavicles, the epicoracoids usually are free and overlapping. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO Griffiths_1959 1 AAO:0000942 firmisternal_girdle amphibanat Pectoral girdle that lacks epicoracoid horns. The sternum is fused to the pectoral arch, and the epicoracoid cartilages of each half of the girdle are fused to one another. The midzonal length of the girdle is shorter than that of an arciferal girdle, but pre- and postzonal elements tend to be longer. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO Griffiths_1959 1 AAO:0000943 pseudofirmisternal_girdle amphibanat Modified arciferal pectoral girdle in which the fusion of the epicoracoid cartilages in the interclavicle region is extended posteriorly. Thus, the cartilages no longer overlap freely, and functionally a partially firmisternal condition is created. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000944 pseudoarciferal_girdle amphibanat Modified firmisternal pectoral girdle in which the epicoracoid cartilages are partly free and overlapping; however, the epicoracoids are fused to one another and the sternum postermodially. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000945 inscriptional_rib amphibanat Three pairs of cartilaginous elements posterior to the sternum that lie in the myosepta of the ventral trunk musculature. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 abdominal ribs synonym_scope related related AAO:0000946 fore_metapodium amphibanat Segment of the forearm corresponding to the metacarpus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000947 phalanges_of_fore_digit amphibanat Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the four digits of the manus. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the manus, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2-2-3-3. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 AAO:0000948 articular_process amphibanat Paired processes located on the anterior end of the cricoid cartilage. AAO Maglia_et_al_2007 1 processus articularis anterior synonym_scope related related AAO:0000949 posterior_ramus_of_cleithrum amphibanat Laminar subdivision of the cleithrum that extends along the ventral (lateral) midbody of the suprascapula. AAO Trueb_1973 1 AAO:0000950 os_triangulare amphibanat Small, broadly triangular bar of bone lying across the ventral side of the pharynx at the junction of the M. genio-hyoideus and the M. rectus cervicis superficialis. AAO Francis_1934 1 basi-branchial II synonym_scope related related os thyroideum synonym_scope related related os triquetum synonym_scope related related sternum synonym_scope related related AAO:0000951 anterior_radial amphibanat Paired, horn-like processes of basibranchial I that protrude in an antero-dorso-lateral direction, being more or less embedded in the tongue musculature. These elements contitute the hypohyals. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000952 posterior_radial amphibanat Paired, horn-like processes of basibranchial I that protrude in an antero-dorso-lateral direction, being more or less embedded in the tongue musculature. They arise secondarily during metamorphosis, and are therefore not strictly part of the visceral skeleton. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000953 ceratobranchials_II--IV amphibanat Paired bars that articulate with hypobranchial II. Reduction of loss of these elements is common in salamanders. AAO LAP 1 epibranchials synonym_scope related related AAO:0000954 hypobranchial_I amphibanat Paired bar that articulates with basibranchial I. It forms the anterior portion of the posterior cornu of the hyoid. AAO Francis_1934 1 AAO:0000955 ceratobranchial_I amphibanat Paired bar that articulates with, or is fused to, hypobranchial I. It forms the posterior portion of the posterior cornu of the hyoid. AAO Francis_1934 1 epibranchial synonym_scope related related AAO:0000956 hypobranchial_II amphibanat Paired bar that articulates anteriorly with basibranchial I and posteriorly with ceratobranchials II--IV. AAO Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 1 AAO:0000957 basihyal amphibanat Paired, anterior element that articulates medially with basibranchial I and posterolaterally with the paired hypohyals. AAO LAP 1 AAO:0000958 hypohyal amphibanat Paired element that articulates anterioly with the basihyal and posteriorly with the ceratohyal hypohyals. 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