| adipose_tissue | Tissue that contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage. |
| alary_cartilage | Paired, cup-shaped cartilage that are dorsal to the septomaxillae and anterior to the oblique cartilage. The anterior, convex face of each alary cartilage is synchondrotically fused to the superior prenasal cartilage and the ventral edge is fused to the superior margin of the crista intermedia. |
| alary_process_of_premaxilla | Dorsal process that extends toward the nasal bone. The posterior (inner) face of each alary process is concave and is invested dorsomedially by the superior prenasal cartilage and ventromedially by the inferior prenasal cartilage. |
| alveolar_foramen | Foramen for the R. alveolaris of Nerve VII and the alveolar artery. |
| anatomical_system | |
| angular | |
| angulosplenial_coronoid_process | Point of insertion of the adductor mandibulae musculature. |
| animal_tissue | |
| anterior_maxillary_process | Process that extends anteriorly from the planum triangulare and invests the medial face of the pars facialis of the maxilla. |
| anterior_nasal_wall | Paired, vertical, and relatively straight plates that form the anterior limit of the nasal capsule. |
| anterior_process_of_pars_palatina_of_maxilla | |
| anterior_ramus_of_pterygoid | In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends anteriorly towards the maxilla. |
| anterolateral_process_of_frontoparietal | |
| antorbital_process | |
| apertura_nasalis_externa | Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal cavity with the exterior. |
| apertura_nasalis_interna | Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal and buccal cavites. |
| areolar_connective_tissue | Also known as loose connective tissue. A pliable, mesh-like tissue with a fluid matrix that functions to cushion and protect body organs. |
| articular | Endochondral ossification of the posterior articular part of Meckel's cartilage. |
| ascending_process_of_palatoquadrate | |
| auditory_muscles | |
| autonomic_nervous_system | |
| axial_skeleton | The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, a metameric, semi-flexible, arched bar located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord. |
| basal_process_of_palatoquadrate | Process that extends medially from the ventromedial corner of the palatoquadrate cartilage and articulates or fuses to the anterior wall of the otic capsule via the basitrabecular process. |
| basicranial_fontanelle | Ventral opening of the neurocranium. |
| basimandibulare | |
| basioccipital | |
| basisphenoid | Endochondral ossification of the ventromedial portion of the braincase. |
| bidders_organ | |
| blastoderm | |
| blastodisc | |
| blastomere | |
| blastopore | |
| blood | Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma. |
| bone | Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs; organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage. |
| bottle_cells | |
| braincase_and_auditory_apparatus | The part of the skull that encloses the brain and surrounds the inner ear. |
| braincase_and_otic_capsule_opening | |
| braincase_and_otic_capsule_skeleton | |
| buccal_cavity | |
| buccopharyngeal_cavity | |
| canalis_semircularis_anterior | |
| canalis_semircularis_posterior | |
| capsular_process | Narrow process of the skeletal support that projects forward. |
| cartilage | A type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix. Cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, in the throat and between intervertebral disks. It makes up virtually the entire skeleton in chondrichthyes. |
| cartilage_bridge | |
| cartilago_ectochoanalis | Lateral cartilaginous border of the fenestra endochoanalis. |
| cartilago_infranarina | |
| cartilago_orbitalis | |
| cartilago_prootico-occipitalis | |
| cartilago_retronarina | |
| caudal-sacral_region | Region of the vertebral column posterior to the sacrum consisting of two to four vertebrae. The last of these vertebrae is distinguished by the possession of a well-developed haemal arch; it supports the posterior part of the cloaca and marks the posterior limit of the trunk. |
| caudal_muscles | |
| caudal_region | Region of the vertebral column posterior to the caudal-sacral region, that may consists of two or three to more than 100 vertebrae. These vertebrae exhibit a gradual reduction in the sizes of their transverse processes and zygapophyses, but these structures are never entirely absent. All caudal vertebrae bear haemal arches. |
| cavum_inferius | Accessory cavity located ventral to the cavum principale and cavum medius. |
| cavum_internasale | |
| cavum_medius | Small accessory cavity located between the cavum principale and cavum inferius. |
| cavum_praenasale | |
| cavum_principale | Largest and most dorsal of the nasal cavities. |
| central_nervous_system | |
| cervical_muscles | |
| cervical_region | Anterior region of the vertebral column consisting of one to 19 or 20 vertebrae. |
| choana | Opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx. |
| chondrocranium | |
| cloaca | |
| connective_tissue | One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue. |
| connective_tissue_proper | |
| coronoid | |
| coronoid_teeth | |
| cranial_muscles | |
| cranial_nerves | |
| cranial_skeleton | Bony structure that encases the central nervous system and the primary sense organs of sight, olfaction, hearing, and equilibrium. |
| crista_contacta | Thin, horizontal ridge that extends medially from the corpus of the septomaxilla; it lays on the lamina inferior. |
| crista_dentalis_of_maxilla | |
| crista_dentalis_of_premaxilla | |
| crista_intermedia | Paired, oblique plates of cartilage located ventral to the alary cartilages. The dorsomedial margin of each crista intermedia is fused to the transitional zone between the septum nasi and the tectum nasi, whereas the ventrolateral margin bears two laminae, the lamina superior and the lamina inferior. |
| crista_lateralis_of_premaxilla | |
| crista_parotica | |
| crista_subnasalis | Ventral crest of the paries nasi. |
| crista_supraorbitalis | Short and blunt process that extends posteriorly from the posteromedial margin of the postnasal wall, on the anterodorsal corner of the orbit above the medial orbitonasal foramen. |
| cutaneous_muscles | |
| dense_connective_tissue | Also known as fibrous connective tissue. Forms ligaments and tendons and is characterized by densely packed collagen fibers that have great tensile strength. |
| dentary | Ossified element of intramembranous origin that invests the lateral margin of the mentomeckelian bone and Meckel's cartilage, thus forming the lateral margin of the mandible. |
| dentary_teeth | |
| dentition | Dentition refers to set of teeth, especially with regard to their number, kind, and arrangement, in the mouth. |
| dermis | |
| digestive_system | |
| digestive_system_glands | |
| dilatatio_alaris | Flange that extends ventrally from about the middle portion of the margo mandibularis. |
| dorsal_plate | |
| ductus_endolymphaticus | |
| ductus_perilymphaticus | |
| ectoderm | |
| embryonic_structure | |
| endoderm | |
| endolymphatic_system | |
| epaxial_muscles | |
| epidermis | |
| epithelium | One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissues composed of layers of cells that cover organ surfaces such as surface of the skin and inner lining of digestive tract. |
| esophagus | |
| eustachian_canal | Furrow on the ventral surface of the otic capsule, and occasionally also the parasphenoid, that houses the Eustachian tube. |
| exoccipital | Endochondral bone that forms the posterior end of the neurocranium and the margin of the foramen magnum. In addition, this bone contributes to the posteromedial portion of the otic capsule and forms the occipital condyle. |
| extremitas_anterior | Large anterior outgrowth of the septomaxilla that is directed into the space between the alary cartilage and the lamina inferior. |
| eye_muscles | |
| fat_bodies | |
| fenestra_dorsalis_nasi | |
| fenestra_endochoanalis | Opening on the ventral aspect of the nasal capsule. It contains the apertura nasalis interna. |
| fenestra_endonarina_communis | Opening on the anterolateral aspect of the nasal capsule. It contains the apertura nasalis externa. |
| fenestra_lateralis_nasi | Opening on the lateral side of the nasal capsule. |
| fenestra_nasobasalis | Small opening at the anterior tip of the nasal capsule, on the floor of the cavum inferius. It is located medially to the base of the inferior prenasal cartilage and serves for the passage of the ramus medialis narium and arteria orbitonasalis. |
| fenestra_nasolateralis | Elongated opening located on the lateral side of the nasal capsule. |
| fenestra_ovalis | |
| fenestra_precerebralis | |
| fenestra_prechoanalis | Large opening of the nasal floor anterior to the fenestra endochoanalis. |
| flange_of_quadratojugal | |
| footplate_of_pars_media_plectri | Independent, horizontal bar of cartilage located on the anterior part of the fenestra ovalis in front of the pars interna plectri. |
| foramen_acusticum | |
| foramen_acusticum_anterius | |
| foramen_acusticum_maius | |
| foramen_acusticum_minus | |
| foramen_acusticum_posterius | |
| foramen_endolymphaticum | |
| foramen_orbitonasale_laterale | |
| foramen_orbitonasale_mediale | |
| foramen_perilymphaticum | |
| foramen_perilymphaticum_accessorium | |
| foramen_perilymphaticum_superius | |
| foramen_perilymphaticus_inferius | |
| fore_propodium | Segment of the forearm corresponding to the humerus. |
| fore_epipodium | Segment of the forearm corresponding to the radius and ulna. |
| fore_mesopodium | Segment of the forearm corresponding to the carpus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the radius and ulna at one end and the metacarpals at the other end. |
| forelimb_skeleton | Skeletal structure of the paired, anterior appendages. |
| forelimb_muscles_proper | |
| forelimb_muscles | |
| forelimb | Upper limb, which connects the manus with the pectoral girdle. |
| frontal | |
| frontoparietal | Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the braincase. |
| frontoparietal_constriction | |
| frontoparietal_fontanelle | Dorsal opening of the neurocranium. |
| germ_ring | |
| glands | |
| gonad | |
| hind_epipodium | Segment of the leg corresponding to the tibia and fibula. |
| hind_limb_skeleton | Skeletal structure of the paired, posterior appendages. |
| hind_limb_muscles_proper | |
| hind_limb | Lower limb, which connects the pes with the pelvic girdle. |
| hind_mesopodium | Segment of the leg corresponding to the tarsus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the tibia and fibula at one end and the metatarsals at the other end. |
| hind_metapodium | Segment of the leg corresponding to the metatarsus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end. |
| hindlimb_muscles | |
| hyobranchial_muscles | |
| hyoid_apparatus | Apparatus located in the floor of the mouth, under the mandibular arcade. The apparatus consists of a central corpus and four pairs of processes. This apparatus serves as the site of insertion for a variety of muscles associated with movements of the tongue and as the origin of the m. hyoglossus. |
| hyolaryngeal_complex | Complex formed by two units, the hyoid and laryngeal apparatuses, which are both derived from the larval hyobranchial skeleton. |
| hypaxial_muscles | |
| hypoblast | |
| inferior_prenasal_cartilage | Elongate cartilage that extends anteroventrally from the solum nasi to abut the ventral portion of the posterior aspect of the alary process of the premaxilla. It was first discribed by Wiedersheim in 1876. |
| infrarrostral_cartilage | |
| inner_ear | |
| integument | |
| intestines | |
| jaw_muscles | |
| jugular_foramen | Large foramen that houses the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and is located inside the condyloid fossa. |
| kidney | |
| lagena | |
| lamella_alaris | Dorsal plate of the squamosal. |
| lamina_anterior_of_pars_facialis | |
| lamina_inferior | Lateral expansion of the crista intermedia that serves as the floor of the cavum medium. |
| lamina_nariochoanalis | Free, dorsal margin of the lamina inferior. |
| lamina_orbitonasalis | In the larva, structure that is fused to the wall of the braincase, lateral to the olfactory foramen, and separates the nasal capsule and orbit. In the adult frog it constitutes the ventral part of postnasal wall. |
| lamina_precerebralis | Posterior face of septum nasi. |
| lamina_superior | Lateral expansion of the crista intermedia that serves as the roof of the cavum medium. |
| larval_structure | |
| laryngeal_apparatus | Apparatus located between the lungs and the buccal cavity. This apparatus is composed of a pair of arytenoid cartilages that are supported by the cricoid ring. |
| larynx | |
| lateral_line_system | |
| lower_jaw | Inferior mandibular arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull. |
| lower_jaw_opening | |
| lower_jaw_skeleton | |
| lungs | |
| mandibular_symphysis | |
| margo_mandibularis_of_pterygoid | Ventrally directed margin that connects the anterior and posterior rami of the pterygoid. |
| margo_orbitalis_of_maxilla | Dorsal margin of the maxilla between the frontal and zygomatico-maxillary processes. |
| margo_orbitalis_of_pterygoid | Margin that connects the anterior and medial rami of the pterygoid. |
| margo_orbitalis_of_squamosal | Anterior margin of the squamosal that takes part in the formation of the orbit. |
| margo_tympanicus_of_pterygoid | Margin that connects the posterior and medial rami of the pterygoid. |
| maxilla | Paired, intramembranous bone located on the lateral sides of the skull, posterior to the premaxillae. |
| maxillary_teeth | |
| maxillopalatine | |
| Meckel's_cartilage | Paired, rod-shaped elements that extend the length of the mandible and lie between the dentaries and the angulosplenials. |
| medial_inferior_prenasal_cartilage | |
| medial_orbitonasal_foramen | Opening on the postnasal wall for the medial branch (= ramus medialis nasi) of the ophthalmicus nerve. |
| medial_ramus_of_pterygoid | In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends medially towards the otic capsule. |
| median_prenasal_process | Anterior projection of the septum nasi that protrudes through the anterior nasal wall. |
| median_symphysis | |
| mental_foramen | |
| mentomeckelian | Paired, cylindrical, and small bones of endochondral origin that lie anteromedial to the anterior end of Meckel's cartilage. The precursors of the mentomeckelian bones are the larval infrarostral cartilages. |
| mesethmoid | Endochondral ossification of the anteromedial portion of the braincase. |
| mesoderm | |
| muscle_tissue | One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories. |
| muscular_system | |
| narial_muscles | |
| naris | |
| nasal | Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the olfactory capsule. |
| nasal_capsule | Structure that has both respiratory and olfactory functions and lies anterior to the braincase, in the foremost section of the cranium. |
| nasal_cavity | Saclike space internal to the nasal capsule lined by respiratory and sensory epithelium and glandular tissue. |
| nasal_opening | |
| nasal_skeleton | Structural framework that provides support to the nasal sacs and ducts. |
| nasopremaxilla | |
| nervous_system | |
| nervous_tissue | One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Cells forming the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. |
| notochord | Slender rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a core of fluid-filled cells of mesodermal origin; it lies above the gut and directly beneath the spinal cord. The notochord is present during early development and in a few cases it is retained through life; however, usually the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column. |
| oblique_cartilage | Semi-circular cartilaginous sheet that lies lateral to the side of the septum nasi. |
| occipital_condyle | |
| oculomotor_foramen | |
| olfactory_foramen | |
| olfactory_system | |
| optic_fenestra | |
| optic_foramen | |
| orbit | |
| orbitonasal_foramen | Foramen that forms a passage for one of the branches of the trigeminal nerve into the nasal region. |
| orbitosphenoid | Endochondral ossification of the lateral sides of the braincase. |
| organizer | |
| os_articulare | Ossified posterior articular portion of Meckel's cartilage. |
| os_basale | |
| other_muscles | |
| otic_ligament | |
| otic_plate_of_pterygoid | Osseous expansion of the posterior and medial rami of the pterygoid. |
| otic_process_of_palatoquadrate | |
| otic_ramus_of_squamosal | Ramus (process) that extends medially toward the otic capsule. |
| otoccipital | Fused prootic and exoccipital bones. |
| ovary | |
| palatine | Sliver of bone that invest part of or all the posterior aspect of each antorbital plane. |
| palatine_process_of_pars_palatina_of_premaxilla | |
| palatine_process_of_the_pars_facialis_of_the_maxilla | |
| palatine_teeth | |
| palatoquadrate | Column of catilage, remnant in the adult of the larval palatoquadrate cartilage, that is located lateral or antero-lateral to the auditory capsule. |
| palatoquadrate_articular_process | |
| paranasal_commissure | Cartilaginous bridge that extends posteriorly to the anterolateral corner of the posterior nasal wall. |
| parasagittal_crest | |
| parasphenoid | Azygous, median bone of intramembranous origin that underlies the ventral surface of the braincase. |
| cultriform_process | Process that extends anteriorly from the orbitotemporal region. |
| subotic_ala | Paired, lateral processes that, when present, support the otic capsules ventrally. |
| parasphenoid_teeth | |
| paries_nasi | Paired, elongate, ventrolaterally-orieted cartilaginous structures that extend to the premaxilla-maxilla articulation. |
| parietal | |
| pars_amphibiorum | |
| pars_articularis_of_mandibular_arch | Posterior end of Meckel's cartilage that forms the articular head of the mandibular arch. |
| pars_basilaris | |
| pars_dentalis_of_maxilla | Tooth-bearing part of the maxilla. |
| pars_dentalis_of_premaxilla | Tooth-bearing part of the premaxilla. |
| pars_externa_plectri | |
| pars_facialis_of_maxilla | |
| pars_facialis_of_maxillopalatine | |
| pars_inferior_of_labyrinth | |
| pars_interna_plectri | Plate-like structure that lies in the fenestra ovalis. It arises within the membrana opercularis in the posterior part of the fenestra. |
| pars_media_plectri | |
| pars_palatina_of_maxilla | Lingual ledge on the inner surface of the maxilla. |
| pars_palatina_of_premaxilla | Lingual ledge on the inner surface of the premaxilla. |
| pars_superior_of_labyrinth | |
| pectoral_girdle | Skeletal structure immediately behind the head attached to the vertebral column by muscles and supporting the forelimbs. |
| pectoral_girdle_muscles | |
| pelvic_girdle | Skeletal structure by which the hind limbs are supported and attached to the vertebral column. |
| pelvic_girdle_muscles | |
| perilymphatic_system | |
| peripheral_nervous_system | |
| pigment_cells | |
| pila_antotica | |
| pila_metoptica | |
| pineal_foramen | |
| planum_antorbitale | |
| planum_conchale | |
| planum_internasale | |
| planum_terminale | Vertical plate of cartilage that is fused posterodorsally to the oblique cartilage and anteriorly to the lamina inferior. |
| planum_triangulare | Cartilaginous, distal expansion of the lamina orbitonasalis that invests the pars facialis of the maxilla medially. |
| plectral_apparatus | Complex sound-conducting anatomical structure. |
| posterior_condyle | |
| posterior_maxillary_process | Process that extends posteriorly from the planum triangulare and invests the maxilla laterally and the anterior ramus of the pterygoid medially. |
| posterior_maxillary_process_dorsal_process | |
| posterior_mental_process | |
| posterior_ramus_of_pterygoid | In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends posterolaterally towards the jaw articulation. |
| posterolateral_vomerine_process | |
| postnasal_wall | Paired, anteriorly concave structures that form the posterior limit of nasal capsule. It consists of two parts: a ventral piece, the lamina orbitonasalis, and a dorsal plate that is part of the tectum nasi. |
| prearticular | Osseous element of intramembranous origin that extends along the lingual margin of Meckel's cartilage. |
| prearticular_coronoid_process | Point of insertion of the masticatory musculature. |
| prefrontal | |
| premaxilla | Paired, intramembranous bones located at the anterior end of the skull; they form the anterior-most segment of the maxillary arch. |
| premaxillary_teeth | |
| preorbital_process_of_the_pars_facialis_of_the_maxilla | |
| presumptive_blood | |
| presumptive_central_nervous_system | |
| presumptive_ectoderm | |
| presumptive_endoderm | |
| presumptive_enteric_nervous_system | |
| presumptive_epidermis | |
| presumptive_hypochord | |
| presumptive_integument | |
| presumptive_mesoderm | |
| presumptive_nervous_system | |
| presumptive_notochord | |
| presumptive_structure | |
| primary_germ_layer | |
| processus_ascendens_plectri | Cartilaginous or ligamentous connection between the pars externa plectri and the crista parotica. |
| processus_infrafenestralis | Posterior part of the corpus of the septomaxilla; the posterior surface of the processus infrafenestralis is in contact with the oblique cartilage. |
| processus_internus | |
| processus_lingualis_of_pterygoid | Dorsolateral process of the of the medial ramus of the pterygoid. |
| processus_posterior_of_maxilla | Posterior, toothless portion of the maxilla by which it usually comes in contact with the quadratojugal. |
| processus_pterygoideus_of_maxilla | Posterior end of the pars palatina of the maxilla that is in contact with the anterior ramus of the pterygoid. |
| processus_suprafenestralis | |
| processus_zygomatico-maxillaris | Posterodorsal extension of the maxilla by which it establishes contact with the squamosal. |
| prootic | Paired, endochondral bones that form the lateral borders of the posterior portion of the braincase and the dorsal, anterior, and lateral walls of the otic capsules. |
| pseudoangular | |
| pseudobasal_process | |
| pseudodentary | |
| pseudodentary_teeth | |
| pterygoid | Palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie anterior to the otic capsules, lateral to the orbits, and medial to the maxillae. |
| pterygoid_process_of_palatoquadrate | Process that extends anteriorly from the anterolateral margin of the palatoquadrate and articulates or synchondrotically fuses to the posterior end of the posterior maxillary process. |
| pterygoquadrate | |
| quadrate_bone | Ossified pars articularis of the palatoquadrate cartilage. |
| quadrate_process_of_palatoquadrate | |
| quadratojugal | Paired intramembranous bones that completes the maxillary arch posteriorly; they appear at the end of, or just after, metamorphosis. |
| recessus_fenestrae_ovalis | |
| recessus_marsupiatus_of_premaxilla | |
| recessus_vaginiformis | |
| respiratory_system | |
| reticular_connective_tissue | Network of reticular fibres (fine collagen) that form a soft skeleton to support the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen). |
| retroarticular_process | Point of insertion of the m. interhuoideus posterior. |
| rib | Endochondral, rodlike element that articulates with the transverse process and parapophysis (double-headed rib), or with the transverse process only (single-headed rib); it extends into the body wall and provides a site for muscle attachment. |
| rostral_process | |
| sacculus | |
| saccus_endolymphaticus | |
| sacrum | Enlarged vertebra with transverse processes (diapophyses), and ocassionally ribs, that are modified and elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle. |
| sensory_system | |
| septomaxilla | Paired, intramembranous bones located within the nasal capsules and embedded in the nasal cartilages; it is pierced by the ductus nasolacrimalis. |
| septum_nasi | Medial, vertical plate that separates the nasal capsules. |
| septum_semicircularium_anterior | |
| septum_semicircularium_laterale | |
| septum_semircularium_posterior | |
| seydels_palatal_process | |
| skeletal_support_for_eminentia_olfactoria | Elevation of the dorsal surface of the solum nasi medial to the fenestra endochoanalis that provides support for the eminentia olfactoria. |
| skeletal_system | System that provides physical support to the organism. |
| solum_nasi | Unpaired, horizontal plate that forms the floor of the nasal capsule. |
| spatium_sacculare | |
| specialized_connective_tissue | |
| sphenethmoid | Azygous, endochondral bone that houses the anterior portion of the brain. |
| splenial | |
| squamosal | Paired, intramembranous bones that lie at the posterolateral margins of the skull. These bones are composed of three rami that give the squamosals their characteristic T shape. |
| stomach | |
| stylus_of_pars_media_plectri | |
| sulcus_dentalis_of_maxilla | Groove located between the pars dentalis and the bases of the maxillary teeth. |
| sulcus_dentalis_of_premaxilla | |
| sulcus_for_Meckels_cartilage | |
| superior_prenasal_cartilage | Paired, elongate cartilages that extend anteroventrally to abut the dorsomedial margin of the posterior face of the alary process of the premaxilla. The function of these cartilages is to transmit the movement of the premaxilla to the alary cartilages during the closure of the apertura nasalis externa. |
| supraangular | |
| supraoccipital | |
| supraorbital_flange | |
| suprasphenoid | Endochondral ossification of the dorsomedial portion of the braincase. |
| suspensorium | Apparatus located toward the posterolateral end of the skull, at the level of the anterior margin of the otic capsule that suspends and braces the jaw against the skull. |
| symphysis_maxillaris | |
| taenia_tecti_marginalis | |
| tectum_nasi | Roof of the nasal capsule. |
| tectum_synoticum | |
| tentacular_foramen | |
| testis | |
| tissue | |
| trochlear_foramen | |
| trunk_muscles | |
| trunk_region | Region of the vertebral column between the atlas and the sacrum consisting of seven to 285 vertebrae. |
| tympanic_annulus | Funnel-like ring structure located lateral to the ventral ramus of the squamosal, beneath the skin; it provides support to the tympanic membrane. |
| tympanosquamosal | Central, funnel-shaped, ossified portion of the tympanic annulus fused to the squamosal bone. |
| upper_jaw | Superior maxillary arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull. |
| upper_jaw_opening | |
| upper_jaw_skeleton | |
| urinary_bladder | |
| urogenital_system | |
| utriculus | |
| ventral_ramus_of_squamosal | Longest of the three squamosal rami; it invests the dorsolateral margin of the palatoquadrate. The distal end of the ventral ramus invests the quadrate and articulates with the quadratojugal. |
| ventrolateral_process_of_palatoquadrate | |
| vestibuloauditory_system | |
| visual_system | |
| vomer | Paired, palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie ventral to the olfactory region and help to floor the nasal capsules . |
| vomerine_canal | |
| vomerine_teeth | |
| Wolffian_duct | |
| zygomatic_ramus_of_squamosal | Ramus (process) that forms part of the posterior margin of the orbit. |
| arcus_praeoccipitalis | Skeletal structure that separates the inferior and superior perilymphatic foramina. |
| mandibular_teeth | |
| maxillopalatine_teeth | |
| nasolarimal_duct | |
| processus_lingularis | Rod-shaped process that extends caudally from the inferior edge of the planum terminale. |
| corpus | Basal part of the septomaxilla. |
| margo_libera | Anterior, rounded portion of the corpus of the septomaxilla. |
| crista_interna | Sharp ridge that extends medially from the basal part of the processus infrafenestralis; it separates the diverticulum proncipale from the diverticulum medium. |
| crista_praeopercularis | Synchondrotic or synostotic connection between the footplate of the pars media plectri and the ventral margin of the fenestra ovalis. |
| anterior_process_of_vomer | Process that extends anterolaterally toward the maxilla-premaxilla articulation. |
| processus_frontalis | Anterio portion of the maxilla that may contact the nasal and take part in the formation of a groove for the nasolacrimal duct. |
| lamina_anterior_of_maxilla | Most anterior part of the maxilla, which is in contact with the premaxilla. |
| fossa_maxillaris | Depression lacated on the inner surface of the maxilla between the palatine process and the pars palatina. |
| pars_glenoidalis_of_quadratojugal | Portion of the quadratojugal that makes contact dorsally with the distal portion of the squamosal. |
| pars_jugalis | Anterior part of the quadratojugal that is in contact with the processus posterior of the maxilla. |
| processus_dorsalis | Dorsal process of the lamella alaris located at the anterior end of the margo orbitalis; a narrow ligament that runs from the frontoparietal is attached to it. |
| processus_posterodorsalis | Posterior process of the lamella alaris. |
| dentigerous_ process | Tooth-bearing process of the vomer. |
| prechoanal_process | Process that extends laterally from the anterior process; its bifurcation from the postchoanal process occurs at the level of the dentigerous process. |
| postchoanal_process | Process that extends laterally from the anterior process; its bifurcation from the prechoanal process occurs at the level of the dentigerous process. |
| margo_choanalis | Margin between the prechoanal and postchoanal process. It bounds the fenestra endochoanalis. |
| crista_vomeri | Ridge on the dorsal surface of the vomer that runs from the anterior to the postchoanal processes of the vomer; it takes part in the fixation of the bone to the lateral margin of the solum nasi. |
| processus_posterior | Posterior projection of the median part of the parsphenoid, which may extend over the posterior margins of the subotic alae. |
| parahyoid | |
| hyoid_plate | Azygous or paired bone that occurs on the ventral surface of the hyoid plate. |
| hyobranchial_skeleton | |
| ceratohyal | Paired elements that lie ventral to the hypobranchials and curve dorsally from their medial articulation with basibranchial toward the suspensorium. |
| pars_reuniens | Area of fusion of the ceratohyals. |
| hypoglossal_sinus | |
| hyale | |
| anterior_process_of_hyoid_apparatus | |
| anterolateral_process_of_hyoid_plate | Processes that flank the hyales laterally and extend anterolaterally from the anterolateral margin of the hyoid plate. They are formed as a result of new cartilaginous growth lateral to the basibranchial. |
| posterolateral_process | Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterolateral margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are formed as a result of new cartilaginous growth lateral to the basibranchial and hypobranchial plate. |
| posteromedial_process | Cartilaginous, paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes invest the laryngeal apparatus and are ossified in the adult. |
| arytenoid_cartilage | Paired, anteroposteriorly elongated cartilages that are associated with the vocal cords. These cartilages are medially separated and hemispherical, and their concave side faces ventromedially. |
| cricoid_cartilage | Cartilaginous ring that provides support for the arytenoid cartilages. Its ventral part is bent posteriorly to form a V. |
| bronchial_process | Paired processes that extend posteroventrally from the anterolateral margins of the cricoid ring. |
| lateral_process | |
| esophageal_process | Median process located on the posterior end of the cricoid cartilage. |
| humerus | Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows. |
| manubrium | Proximal section of the hyale. |
| hyoid_apparatus_opening | |
| hyoid_apparatus_skeleton | |
| sinus_nervi_hypoglossi | Depression that houses the hypoglossus nerve and is located between the anterolateral process and the proximal part of the hyale. |
| hyoid_bone | Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are the ossified posteromedial processes and invest the laryngeal apparatus. |
| foramen_nervi_hypoglossi | Foramen that houses the hypoglossus nerve and is located between the anterolateral process and the proximal part of the hyale. |
| basibranchial | Medial element to which other parts of the hyoid apparatus are attached. |
| processus_confluens | Strip of cartilage that forms the lateral margin of the foramen nervi hypoglossi. |
| prominentia_apicalis_dorsalis | Anterior end of the arytenoid cartilage. |
| prominentia_apicalis_ventralis | Posterior (cardiac) end of the arytenoid cartilage. |
| wrisbergi_cartilage | Independent cartilage that may occur dorsal or anterior to the prominentiae apicales dorsales of the arytenoid cartilages. |
| vertebra | Main component of the vertebral column. It consists of two essential parts, a dorsal neural arch and a ventral centrum. |
| pedicel | Paired stalks located dorsolateral to the vertebral centrum that provide support to the lateral margins of the neural arch laminae. |
| neural_canal | Canal formed by the vertebral centra ventrally, the pedicels laterally, and the neural arches dorsally that encloses and protects the spinal cord. |
| atlantal_cotyle | Anterior, single or paired concave facets for articulation with the condyle(s) of the urostyle. |
| neural_arch_lamina | Paired plates that form the neural arch. The lateral margin of each lamina rests dorsal to the superior end of the pedicel, and the medial end fuses to the medial end of the opposite lamina. |
| posterior_intervertebral_notch | Indentation on the anterior margin of the pedicel. When two vertebrae articulate, the anterior notch of one vertebra and the posterior notch of the other create a bilateral intervertebral space. |
| centrum | Cylindrical body of bone, round or oval in cross section, which functionally replaces the notochord. |
| transverse_process | Projections on each side of the vertebra from the point where the neural arch lamina joins the pedicel for the articulation with the head of a single-headed rib or the upper head of a double-headed rib. Also called diapophyses. They provide surfaces for the attachment of muscles. In anurans, the term transverse process is used in reference to the processes associated with the presacral and postsacral vertebrae. |
| vertebral_column_skeleton | |
| vertebral_column_opening | |
| intervertebral_space | Space formed by the anterior and posterior intervertebral notches. The intervertebral spaces accommodate the spinal nerves as they emerge from the spinal canal. |
| postzygapophysis | Paired processes at the caudal end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the postzygapophyses face lateroventrally and articulate with the dorsomedially facing facets of the prezygapophyses of the succeeding vertebra. |
| prezygapophysis | Paired processes at the cephalic end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially and articulate with the lateroventrally facing facets of the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra. |
| anterior_intervertebral_notch | Indentation on the posterior margin of the pedicel. When two vertebrae articulate, the anterior notch of one vertebra and the posterior notch of the other create a bilateral intervertebral space. |
| neural_spine | Elaboration of the mid-dorsal keel into a posterior or posterolateral process. |
| diapophysis | Paired processes that arise near the midpoint of the neural arch lamina, for the attachment of the tuberculum of two-headed ribs. Also called transverse processes. In anurans, the term diapophysis is used in reference to the modified transverse processes of the sacral vertebra elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle. |
| pleurapophysis | Paired processes that represent the rib attachments to the vertebra plus the ribs. |
| parapophysis | Paired processes, which arise near the dorsolateral part of the vertebral centrum, for the attachment of the capitulum of two-headed ribs. |
| atlas | First postcranial vertebra, which is modified anteriorly to articulate with the skull. |
| zygapophysis | Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region. |
| procoelous | Holochordal vertebral centra that are concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly; they bear a condyle on the posterior end for the articulation with the posterior adjacent vertebral centrum, forming a ball-and-socket joint that allows extensive motion in most directions. |
| opisthocoelous | Ectochordal or stegochordal vertebral centra that are convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly; they bear a condyle on the anterior end for the articulation with the posterior adjacent vertebral centrum, forming a ball-and-socket joint that allows extensive motion in most directions. |
| epichordal | Vertebral centrum that originates from ossification of the dorsal portion of the perichordal tube; the resulting element tends to be depressed in cross section. |
| perichordal | Vertebral centrum that originates from ossification of the entire perichordal tube; the resulting element is cylindrical in cross section and may have an open (notochord retained) or solid center. |
| heterocoelous | Vertebral centrum that bears saddle-shaped articular surfaces at both ends, having a convexity in the right-left axis and a concavity in the dorsoventral axis. This morphology allows great lateral and vertical flexion. |
| acoelous | Vertebral centrum with flat ends. Between successive vertebrae there is a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral body with a gel-like core, the nucleus pulposus, which is derived from the embryonic notochord. Acoelous vertebrae seem especially suited to receive and distribute compressive forces within the vertebral column. |
| amphicoelous | Ectochordal, biconcave or terminally flat vertebral centrum. This design seems to allow limited motion in most directions. An intervertebral body (which may or may not be independent from the adjacent centra) fills the cavity between successive centra. The intervertebral body usually is formed by soft material that may be derived, at least in part, from the embryonic notochord. |
| ectochordal | Spool-shaped vertebral centrum with an open center in which the notochord lies. |
| holochordal | Spool-shaped vertebral centrum with a solid center. All traces of the notochord dissapear. |
| stegochordal | Vertebral centrum that is depressed dorsoventrally and solid. All traces of the notochord dissapear. |
| odontoid_process | Anterior process located between the atlantal cotyles that projects into the foramen magnum of the skull and bears facets that articulate with the lateral walls of the foramen. |
| tuberculum | Dorsal head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the diapophysis. |
| capitulum_of_rib | Ventral head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the parapophysis. |
| sacral_region | Region of the vertebral column represented by one or two vertebrae. |
| neural_arch | Bony arch perched on the vertebral centrum; successive arches enclose the neural canal that surrounds and protects the spinal cord dorsally. |
| haemal_arch | Bony canal attached to the ventral surface or the vertebral centrum that encloses and protects the caudal artery and vein ventrally. The arch consists of right and left halves, which are fused ventrally to give a V- or Y-shape to the ventral aspect of the vertebra. |
| haemal_arch_lamina | Paired plates that form the haemal arch. The lateral margin of each lamina is firmly attached to the ventral surface of the caudal vertebral centrum and the medial end fuses to the medial end of the opposite lamina. |
| nucal_keel | Longitudinal process found in all cervical vertebrae, except the atlas, for the attachment of dorsal head musculature. |
| spinal_foramen | Opening on the vertebra for a spinal nerve as it emerges from the spinal canal. |
| foramen_nutritium | Opening on the lateral side of the vertebra for the passage of blood vessels. |
| coccyx | Small, bony element consisting of several fused, rudimentary caudal vertebrae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle. |
| urostyle | Rodlike caudal bony structure unique to anurans that lies within a compartment formed by the elongated, anteriorly oriented pelvic girdle. The urostyle is formed by the fusion of the coccyx and the hypochord. |
| hypochord | Unsegmented ventral structure in the caudal region of anuran larvae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle. |
| vertebral_column | |
| mid-dorsal_keel | Ridge-shaped structure present on the dorsomedial surface of the neural arch lamina; this structure is produced at the point of junction of the contralateral sides of each neural arch. |
| crista_ventralis | Ridge on the ventral aspect of the humeral shaft that extends from the level of the glenoid head to about one-third to one-half the lenfth of the shaft. It serves for the attachment of the mm pectoralis and supra-coracoideus. |
| perichordal_tube | Coat around the notochord that originates from cells derived from the sclerotomes. |
| perichordal_ring | Segmental sections of the perichordal tube that give rise to vertebrae. |
| spinous_process | Small, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina; it is not a neural spine. |
| synsacrum | Complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end. |
| uncinate_process | Posteriorly directed process (occasionally directed anteriorly) usually associated with the rib (sometimes with the transverse process) of the third vertebra; they provide the origin of the mm serratus superior, medius, and inferior. |
| epiphysis | Cartilaginous expansion at the distal end of an anterior rib or transverse process that serves for the attachment of muscles suspending the pectoral girdle to the vertebral column. |
| sacral_condyle | Anterior, paired convex facets for articulation with the cotyle(s) of the urostyle. |
| urostyle_cotyle | Anterior, single or paired concave facets for articulation with the sacral condyle(s). |
| webbing_of_bone | In anurans, pair of bony plates that connect the posteromedial margins of the sacral diapophyses with the lateral margins of the anterior portion of the urostyle. |
| urostyle_ridge | Longitudinal crest on the dorsal side of the urostyle formed by the caudal neural arches. |
| appendicular_skeleton | The pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hind limbs, form the appendicular skeleton. |
| suprascapula | Paired, cartilaginous elements located in the dorsolateral shoulder region. Each suprascapula is a flat broad blade that extends medially. |
| glenoid_fossa | Cavity for the articulation of the forelimb formed by the scapula, coracoid, and clavicle. |
| cleithrum | Paired bones of intramembranous origin. Each cleithrum extends medially from a point near the suprascapular-scapular articulation to invest the anterior margin of the suprascapula, and occasionoally it may extend to the dorsal (medial) surface. Usually, this bone is bifurcate. |
| scapula | Paired bony elements of endochondral origin. They are situated at the level of the jaw articulation, in a vertical position, with the suprascapular margin being dorsal and the glenoid end being ventral. |
| pars_acromialis | Prominent structure (anteromedial head) that forms the anterior section of the ventral margin of the scapula. |
| pars_glenoidalis_of_scapula | Concave structure (posteromedial head) that forms the posterior head of the ventral margin of the scapula. The pars glenoidalis articulates with the humerus, and comprises the dorsal portion of the glenoid fossa. |
| pectoral_girdle_skeleton | |
| pectoral_girdle_opening | |
| crista_dorsalis | Small hooked process on the dorsal aspect of the humeral shaft; it does not extend on to the glenoid head. The m subscapularis is inserted on it. |
| zonal_area | All those parts of the pectoral girdle ventral and medial to the glenoid fossa. |
| lateral_epicondyle | Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus (larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle) and lateral to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the mm extensor antebrachii et carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis, and in part to the m extensor antebrachii et carpi ulnaris. |
| omosternum | Proximal portion of the prezonal element of the pectoral girdle. It may be a flat, midventral cartilaginous structure or a calcified or bony element elaborated into a stylum. |
| procoracoid | Cartilaginous, paired structures located on the anterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle. |
| clavicle | Slender, paired bones of intramembranous origin that invest the anterior margins of the procoracoids. |
| epicoracoid | Paired, flat cartilaginous arches that compose the central portion of the zonal area, unites the clavicle and coracoid of each half of the pectoral girdle, and form the medial margins of the pectoral fenestrae. |
| epicoracoid_bridge | A pair of cartilaginous expansions (one from each epicoracoid cartilage) that project anteriorly. They articulate anteriorly with the omosternum. |
| coracoid | Paired cartilaginous structures or endochondral bones located on the posterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle. |
| sternum | Single element that constitutes the postzonal area of the pectoral girdle. |
| pelvic_girdle_opening | |
| pelvic_girdle_skeleton | |
| pelvic_girdle_symphisis | Medial attachement of the two halves of the pelvic girdle. |
| acetabulum | Cavity for the articulation of the proximal bone of the hind limb. |
| acetabular_depression | Central, most concave portion of the acetabulum, which remains open. |
| ilium | Paired, rodlike endochondral bones that constitute the anterior pelvic girdle. |
| ilial_ridge | Longitudinal crest on the dorsal side of the shaft of the ilium. |
| ilial_shaft | Anterior rod that articulates with the sacrum. |
| ilial_corpus | Posterior body of the illium that forms the anterior half of the acetabulum. |
| glenoid_foramen | Opening on the glenoid fossa. |
| epicoracoid_horn | A pair of cartilaginous expansions (one from each epicoracoid cartilage) that project posteriorly. They articulate with the sternum by means of grooves, pouches or fossae in the dorsal surface of the sternum and provide a site for the insertion of a pair of muscles derived from the m. rectus abdominis. |
| supracoracoid_foramen | Opening on the scapulocoracoid bone through which passes the n. supracoracoideus and the corresponding artery and vein. |
| pectoral_fenestra | Ovoid space on the pectoral girdle limited anteriorly by the procoracoid, medially by the epicoracoid, and posteriorly by the coracoid. |
| incisura_coracoidea | Notch that separates the cartilaginous regions of the procoracoid and coracoid. |
| scapulocoracoid | Fused, ossified portions of the scapula, procoracoid, and coracoid. |
| medial_epicondyle | Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus and medial to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the flexor muscles antogonistic to those that attach to the lateral epicondyle. |
| fovea_capitis | Ovoid roughened pit, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and serves as a site of attachment for ligaments. |
| ulnar_condyle | Semi-elliptical ball located at the lower end of the humerus, adjacent to the humeral ball. |
| trochlear_groove_of_humerus | Furrow between the humeral head and the ulnar condyle. |
| fossa_cubitalis_ventralis | Depresion on the distal end of the humerus, just anterior to the humeral head, in which the end of the radius fits when the forelimb is flexed. |
| collum_antibrachii | In a fused radio-ulna, the proximal portion of the compound bone (where the sulcus longitudinalis is barely evident or absent) is a cylindrical pillar. |
| radius | One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the lateral side of the ulna. Its upper end articulates with both the humerus and the ulna, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals. |
| ulna | One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the medial (inner) side of the radius. The upper end of the ulna articulates with the lower end of the humerus forming a strong hinge joint with the carpals, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals. |
| radiale | One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates proximally with the radius, mesially with the ulnare (or pars intermedia of the ulnare when the ulnare is fused to the intermedium) and distally with the centrale (also recognized by some authors as element Y). This element originates from one or two condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the ulnare, or other elements. |
| episternum | Distal, flat, cartilaginous element of the prezonal element of the pectoral girdle. |
| anterior_ramus_of cleithrum | Subdivision of the cleithrum that extends along the anterior edge of the suprascapula. |
| anomocoelous | Stegochordal slightly biconcave or flat terminally vertebral centrum. Each intervertebral cartilage is subdivided anteriorly and posteriorly, producing a free intervertebral element between adjacent vertebrae. This element subsequently ossifies and remains free. |
| displasiocoelous | Vertebral column in which the first seven vertebrae have holochordal centra and the intervertebral cartilages are posteriorly subdivided in the procoelous manner. The eighth presacral vertebra has a holochordal centrum and the intervertebral cartilage is subdivided in the opisthocoelous manner. Thus, the first seven presacral vertebrae are concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly, whereas the eighth is biconcave. |
| intervertebral_cartilage | Block of cartilage, which usually ossifies, that lies between successive vertebral centra. |
| imbricate_neural_arch | Overlapping neural arches that obscure the spinal cord dorsally. |
| non-imbricate_neural_arch | Neural arches that do not overlap, thus exposing the spinal cord dorsally. |
| presacral_shield | Dorsal, dermal plate of bone that overlies the presacral vertebrae. Such shield usually has irregular, sculptured surfaces, frequently is broadly expanded, and may be composed of several separate plates. |
| cartilago_paraglenoidalis | Strip of cartilage that separates the coracoid from the scapula. |
| intercotylar_space | Space between the atlantal cotyles. |
| caput_glenoidale | Convex articular facet of the vertebral centrum for the articulation with the adjacent centrum. |
| fossa_glenoidalis | Concave articular facet of the vertebral centrum for the articulation with the adjacent centrum. |
| sulcus_articularis_lateralis | In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the lateral canal between the carina distalis and the carina medialis. |
| sulcus_articularis_medialis | In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the medial canal between the carina medialis and the carina proximalis. |
| carina_proximalis | In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the proximal ridge. |
| carina_medialis | In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the medial ridge. |
| carina_distalis | In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the distal ridge. |
| parasagittal_processes | Paired, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina. |
| accessory_articulation | Paired, additional vertebral articulations located medial to the intervertebral space, adjacent to the vertebral centrum. |
| fissura_sagittalis | Medial groove in the longitudinal ridge of the urostyle formed by the incomplete dorsal fusion of the caudal neural arches. |
| glenoid_end_of_clavicle | Lateral end of the clavicle, which usually lies in close proximity to the pars acromialis of the scapula, and occassionally may fuse to it. |
| sternal_end_of_clavicle | Medial end of the clavicle, which usually lies on the ventral side of the epicoracoid cartilage, just posterior to the epicoracoid bridge. |
| sulcus_pro_cartilagine_praecoracoidealis | Canal on the posterior aspect of the clavicle that accomodates the anterior margin of the procoracoid cartilage. |
| glenoid_head_of_coracoid | Lateral end of the coracoid, which forms the medial portion of the glenoid fossa. |
| sternal_head_of_coracoid | Medial end of the coracoid, which is synchondrotically fused to the epicoracoid cartilage. |
| margo_fenestralis | Anterior margin of the coracoid, which forms the posterior edge of the pectoral fenestra. |
| margo_posterior | Posterior margin of the coracoid. |
| margo_anterior_of_scapula | Anterior margin of the scapula. |
| margo_clavicularis | Inferior margin of the pars acromialis of the scapula, which articulates with the clavicule. |
| margo_posterior_of_scapula | Posterior margin of the scapula. |
| margo_suprascapularis | Superior margin of the scapula, which articulates with the suprascapula. |
| pars_suprascapularis | Superior portion of the scapula, which is thinner than the rest of the shaft. |
| sinus_interglenoidalis | Notch or indentation between the pars glenoidalis and pars acromialis of the scapula. |
| tenuitas_cristaeformis | Leading (anterior) portion of the scapula, which is thinner than the rest of the shaft. |
| crista_longitudinalis | Longitudinal ridge on the medial (inner) face of the scapula. |
| acromion | Anterior rounded projection of the pars acromialis of the scapula. |
| margo_anterior_of_cleithrum | Anterior margin of the anterior ramus of the cleithrum. |
| margo_posterior_of_cleithrum | Posterior margin of the posterior ramus of the cleithrum. |
| margo_scapularis | Lateral margin of the suprascapula, which articulates with the scapula. |
| margo_vertebralis | Medial margin of the suprascapula, which lies dorsal to the vertebral column. |
| spina_acromioidea | Small process of the lamina recurvata that extends laterally toward the scapular-suprascapular articulation. |
| anterior_lamina_recurvata | Portion of the anterior ramus of the cleithrum that invest the anterior margin of the suprascapula, extending onto its dorsal surface. |
| sinus_dorsalis | Notch or indentation between the anterior and posterior rami of the cleithrum. |
| posterior_lamina_recurvata | Portion of the posterior ramus of the cleithrum that invests the posterior margin of the suprascapula, extending onto its dorsal surface. |
| glenoid_head | Hemispherical ball on the proximal end of the humerus that fits into the glenoid cavity of the pectoral girdle to form the shoulder joint. |
| crista_lateralis | Ridge on the lateral aspect of the humeral shaft located just anterior to the radial (lateral) epicondyle. |
| crista_medialis | Ridge on the medial aspect of the humeral shaft that extends from the level of the middle portion of the shaft to ulnar (medial) epicondyle. |
| humeral_head | Hemispherical ball located at the lower end of the humerus that stands out prominently from the surrounding structures toward the flexor surface of the forelimb and fits into the socket joint of the olecranon process. |
| crista_radii | Small ridge on the lateral aspect of the radial shaft, located at the level of the collum antibrachii. |
| capitulum_of_radius | Lateral portion of the proximal (upper) articular surface of the radius that consists of an eminence with a rounded apex. |
| capitulum_radii | Small eminence on the distal articular head of the radius. |
| capitulum_ulnae | Small eminence on the distal articular head of the ulna. |
| olecranon | Large and thick process situated at the proximal (upper) end of the ulna. Its inner face forms the medial articular surface that articulates with the humeral head. |
| sulcus_longitudinalis | In a fused radio-ulna, longitudinal furrow that demarcates the area of fusion of both elements. This sulcus is deep in the distal portion of the compound bone, but barely evident or absent at the proximal end. |
| ulnare | One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates with the ulna, radius, radiale, centrale (element Y), and carpal 5(4). This element originates from one condensation center or the fusion of two elements (ulnare and intermedium). Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the radiale, or other elements. |
| element_Y_of_fore_mesopodium | Oval carpal element that is located on the anteromedial side of the radiale and the anterolateral side of the ulnare. Anteriorly, it articulates with carpals 1 through 4 (or 2 through 5 according to some authors). It is also recognized as centrale by some authors. This element originates from one, two, or three condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 2(1), carpal 3(2), the ulnare, or other elements. |
| distal_carpal | Series of elements that articulate with the metacarpals. |
| carpal_2(1) | Small element that articulates with the prepollex, metacarpal II(I) and metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to element Y or carpal 3(2). |
| carpal_3(2) | Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to carpals 2(1), 4(3), 5(4), or other elements. |
| carpal_4(3) | Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(III). It may be fused to carpal 3(2), 5(4), or other elements. |
| carpal_5(4) | Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(V). It may be fused to carpal 4(3), 5(4), the ulnare, radiale, or other elements. |
| prepollex | Two or more elements located ventral and medial to the metacarpal of digit II(I). The proximal prepollex is small and round whereas distal prepollex 1 is usually large and wedge-shaped. When more elements are present, they are smaller than previous elements. |
| metacarpal_II(I) | Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and carpal 2(1) or carpal 2+3(1+2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II(I) distally. |
| metacarpal_III(II) | Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 3(2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III(II) distally. |
| metacarpal_V(IV) | Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 5(4) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V(IV) distally. |
| intercalary_element_of_fore_digit | Small elements of endochondral origin present in all digits of the manus. Each intercalary element articulates with the anteroventral end of the penultimate phalanx proximally and the distal phalanx distally. |
| fore_digit | One of the fingers of the manus. |
| forelimb_opening | |
| foramen_perforans_carpi | Opening for the passage of the perforans carpi artery from the ventral to the dorsal side. It perforates the compound ulnare + intermedium. |
| ischium | Paired bones of endochondral origin that constitute the posterior elements of the pelvic girdle. They are synostotically fused to each other and form the posterior part of the acetabulum. |
| pubis | Paired, cartilaginous (ocassionally calcified) elements that form the ventral portion of the pelvic girdle. Each is located ventral to the acetabulum between the anteroventral margin of the ischium and the posteroventral margin of the illium. When the element calcifies or ossifies, its articulation with adjacent elements is difficult to distinguish. Both pubes are synchondrotically fused to one another. |
| pubo-ischium | Composite element formed by the fusion of the ischium and pubis. |
| obturator_foramen | Small opening for the passage of the obturatorius nerve that perforates the pubis. |
| acetabular_rim | Cartilaginous ring that forms the entire acetabular margin. |
| epileon | Dorsal extremity of the ilial shaft, which remains cartilaginous. |
| agger_limitans_anterior | Shelf-like expansion of the ilial corpus that forms the anterior border of the acetabulum. |
| agger_limitans_posterior | Shelf-like expansion of the ischium that forms the posterior border of the acetabulum. |
| supra-acetabular_expansion | Dorsal portion of the ilial corpus, located above the acetabulum. |
| ilial_protuberance | Small, dorsolaterally projecting knob located just anterior to the supra-acetabular expansion and about the level of the anterior border of the acetabulum. |
| preacetabular_expansion | Ventral portion of the ilial corpus, located anteroventral to the acetabulum. |
| fossula_tuberis_superioris | Small depression dorsal to the proximal portion of the collum ilei and ventral to the ilial protuberance. |
| collum_ilei | Cyllindrical pillar that originates anterior to the acetabulum and extends to the ilial shaft. |
| pars_cylindriformis_ilei | Elongate, cylindrical structure on the ventral side of the shaft of the ilium that extends through its entire length. |
| crista_ischii | Crest on the posterior side of the ischium, which may also extend to the posteroventral aspect of pubis. |
| spina_pelvis_posterior | Small, rounded process on the anterodorsal margin of the ischium, just posterior to the area of articulation with the ilium. |
| spina_pelvis_anterior | Small, rounded process on the anteroventral margin of the preacetabular expansion of the ilial corpus. |
| intumescentia_bilateralis_inferior | Small protuberance on the ischium, located close to its posteroventral margin. |
| intumescentia_bilateralis_superior | Small protuberance on the ischium, located at the level of the superior margin of the acetabulum and close to its posterior margin. |
| incisura_terminalis | Small indentation on the posterior margin of the ischium, ventral to the intumescentia bilateralis superior. |
| crista_hypertrophica | Large protuberance on the dorsal aspect of the ischium that extends from the ischio-ilium articulation to the spina pelvis posterior. |
| lamina_terminalis | In those cases in which the interilial region is broadly expanded and the pubis is extremely reduced, the anterior margin of the ischium forms an expanded area. |
| interilial_region | Area of convergence of the ilial shafts. When the preacetabular ilium is narrow, the interilial configuration is V-shaped or narrowly rounded, whereas when the interilial region is broadly expanded the interilial configuration is U-shaped. |
| recessus_coccygealis | Area dorsal to the pelvic girdle symphysis, between the dorsal portions of the ilial corpora, where lies the posterior terminus of the urostyle. |
| epipubis | Small prepubic element formed by a plate of cartilage (which may calcify in the adult) that is synchondrotically united with the pubis. |
| postpubis | Paired cartilaginous rods that lie within the copulatory organ (or so-called tail) and are attached to the posteroventral part of the pelvic girdle. |
| ypsiloid_cartilage | Y-shaped cartilage lying in the middle line, anterior to the pubo-ischium with which it articulates. It lies dorsal to the rectus abdominis muscle with which it articulates. |
| hind_propodium | Segment of the hindleg corresponding to the humerus. |
| hind_digit | One of the toes of the pes. |
| femur | Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that form the thighs, extending from the pelvic girdles to the knees. |
| tibia | One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a straight, simple bone whose section is more or less rectangular at the ends and circular at its central portion. |
| fibula | One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a rather more slender bone than the tibia but of about the same length. |
| acetabular_head | Proximal head of the femur, which articulates with the acetabulum. |
| distal_head | Head of the femur that articulates with the tibia and fibula. |
| femoral_ridge | Low crest that arises just behind the acetabular head and extends distally for about one-third the length of the femoral shaft. |
| trochlear_groove_of_femur | Canal on the posteroventral surface of the acetabular head, which articulates with the ischial process on the rim of the acetabulum. |
| foveal_depression | Ovoid roughened pit situated on the dorsal and anteroventral surface of the acetabular head wherein the ligaments attaching the bone to the acetabulum are inserted. |
| femoral_trochanter | Process on the ventral surface of the shaft of the femur. |
| trochanteric_crest | Paired ridges on the ventral surface of the femoral shaft that run toward the femoral trochanter; the posterior crest is less developed. |
| tibial_condyle | Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the tibia. |
| fibular_condyle | Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the fibula. |
| radio-ulna | Paired, long bones of endochondral origin formed by the fusion of the radius and ulna. |
| tibiofibula | Paired, endochondral bones formed by the fusion of the tibia and fibula. They form the shanks, extending from the knees to the ankles. |
| tibial_crest | Ridge that arises from the dorso-masial side of the extensor surface of the tibia. It receives the insertion of the tendon of the extensor ilio-tibialis muscle. |
| apophysis_distalis_of_tibiofibula | Swelling on the extensor surface of the distal head of the tibiofibula. |
| caput_ossis_cruris | Proximal head of the tibiofibula that articulates with the distal head of the femur. |
| sulcus_pro_musculo_extensori_cruris_brevis | Small canal on the proximal head of to the tibiofibula, lateral to the apophysis distalis, for the insertion of the cruris brevis muscle. |
| eminentia_arcuata | Small crest on the extensor surface of the proximal head of the tibiofibula (tibial side). |
| sulcus_distalis_ossis_cruris | In a fused tibiofibula, longitudinal furrow in the distal portion of the compound bone that demarcates the area of fusion of both elements. |
| sulcus_proximalis_ossis_cruris | In a fused tibiofibula, longitudinal furrow in the proximal portion of the compound bone that demarcates the area of fusion of both elements. |
| hind_limb_opening | |
| foramen_nutritium_exterius | Foramen for the tibial artery and vein and the deep peroneal nerve; it pierces through the midpoint of the shaft of the tibiofibula. |
| tibiale | One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The tibiale constitutes the postaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the fibulare. |
| fibulare | One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the tibiale. |
| distal_tarsal | Series of elements that articulate with the metatarsals. |
| spatium_intertarsale | Separation of the tibiale and fibulare along their longitudinal axia. |
| apophysis_proximalis | Swelling on the extensor surface of the proximal compound head of the tibiale and fibulare. |
| apophysis_distalis_of_tibiale_fibulare | Swelling on the extensor surface of the distal compound head of the tibiale and fibulare. |
| tarsal_1 | Small element that articulates with the prehallux, metatarsal I and element Y. It may be fused to tarsal 2. |
| tarsal_2 | Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal II. It may be fused to tarsal 1 or to tarsal 3. |
| tarsal_3 | Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal III. It may be fused to tarsal 2. |
| element_Y_of_hind_mesopodium | Oval tarsal element that is located on the anteromedial side of the tibiale. Anteriorly, it articulates with the proximal prehallux, tarsals 1, 2, and 3. |
| prehallux | One to three or four elements located ventral and medial to the metatarsal of digit I. When more than one elements are present, they are smaller than the proximal prehallux. |
| intermedium | Small, wedge-shaped tarsal element of which the thiner edge projects between the tibia and fibula, thus separating the distal ends of this two bones. Distally, it articulates with the centrale, fibulare, and tibiale. |
| centrale | Oval tarsal element that is located on the center of the mesopodium. It articulates with all other elements of the tarsus except tarsal 5. |
| metatarsal_I | Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and tarsal 1 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit I distally. |
| metatarsal_II | Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 2 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II distally. |
| metatarsal_III | Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 3 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III distally. |
| metatarsal_IV | Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 4 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit IV distally. |
| metatarsal_V | Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 5 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V distally. |
| phalanges_of_hind_digit | Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the five digits of the pes. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the pes, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2(1)-2-3-4(3)-3(2). |
| intercalary_element_of_hind_digit | Small elements of endochondral origin present in all digits of the pes. Each intercalary element articulates with the anteroventral end of the penultimate phalanx proximally and the distal phalanx distally. |
| tarsal_4 | Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal IV. It may be absent in some taxa. |
| tarsal_5 | Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal V. It may be absent in some taxa. |
| foramen_perforans_tarsi | Small opening between the centrale and fibulare that allows the perforans tarsi artery to pass from the ventral to the dorsal side of the ankle. |
| scapular_area | Dorso-lateral portion of the pectoral girdle. |
| zonal_element | All those parts of the pectoral girdle in the central region of the zonal area. |
| prezonal_element | All those parts of the pectoral girdle that lie anterior to the zonal area. |
| postzonal_element | All those parts of the pectoral girdle that lies posterior to the zonal area. |
| mesosternum | Proximal portion of the sternum, usually elaborated into a stylum that may be ossified. |
| xiphisternum | Distal, cartilaginous portion of the sternum. |
| arciferal_girdle | Pectoral girdle in which the epicoracoid cartilages are elaborated into posteriorly directed epicoracoid horns. Most arciferal pectoral girdles are characterized by fusion of the epicoracoid cartilages in the interclavicle region. Posterior to the clavicles, the epicoracoids usually are free and overlapping. |
| firmisternal_girdle | Pectoral girdle that lacks epicoracoid horns. The sternum is fused to the pectoral arch, and the epicoracoid cartilages of each half of the girdle are fused to one another. The midzonal length of the girdle is shorter than that of an arciferal girdle, but pre- and postzonal elements tend to be longer. |
| pseudofirmisternal_girdle | Modified arciferal pectoral girdle in which the fusion of the epicoracoid cartilages in the interclavicle region is extended posteriorly. Thus, the cartilages no longer overlap freely, and functionally a partially firmisternal condition is created. |
| pseudoarciferal_girdle | Modified firmisternal pectoral girdle in which the epicoracoid cartilages are partly free and overlapping; however, the epicoracoids are fused to one another and the sternum postermodially. |
| inscriptional_rib | Three pairs of cartilaginous elements posterior to the sternum that lie in the myosepta of the ventral trunk musculature. |
| fore_metapodium | Segment of the forearm corresponding to the metacarpus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end. |
| phalanges_of_fore_digit | Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the four digits of the manus. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the manus, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2-2-3-3. |
| articular_process | Paired processes located on the anterior end of the cricoid cartilage. |
| posterior_ramus_of_cleithrum | Laminar subdivision of the cleithrum that extends along the ventral (lateral) midbody of the suprascapula. |
| os_triangulare | Small, broadly triangular bar of bone lying across the ventral side of the pharynx at the junction of the M. genio-hyoideus and the M. rectus cervicis superficialis. |
| anterior_radial | Paired, horn-like processes of basibranchial I that protrude in an antero-dorso-lateral direction, being more or less embedded in the tongue musculature. These elements contitute the hypohyals. |
| posterior_radial | Paired, horn-like processes of basibranchial I that protrude in an antero-dorso-lateral direction, being more or less embedded in the tongue musculature. They arise secondarily during metamorphosis, and are therefore not strictly part of the visceral skeleton. |
| ceratobranchials_II--IV | Paired bars that articulate with hypobranchial II. Reduction of loss of these elements is common in salamanders. |
| hypobranchial_I | Paired bar that articulates with basibranchial I. It forms the anterior portion of the posterior cornu of the hyoid. |
| ceratobranchial_I | Paired bar that articulates with, or is fused to, hypobranchial I. It forms the posterior portion of the posterior cornu of the hyoid. |
| hypobranchial_II | Paired bar that articulates anteriorly with basibranchial I and posteriorly with ceratobranchials II--IV. |
| basihyal | Paired, anterior element that articulates medially with basibranchial I and posterolaterally with the paired hypohyals. |
| hypohyal | Paired element that articulates anterioly with the basihyal and posteriorly with the ceratohyal hypohyals. |
| develops_from | |
| part_of |